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Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892–October 9, 1954) was United States Attorney General (1940–1941) and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1941–1954). He was also the chief United States prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials. Download high resolution version (776x1000, 175 KB) This work is copyrighted. ...
July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining. ...
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October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as the dean of Columbia Law School, Attorney General of the United States, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and later Chief Justice of the United States. ...
John Marshall Harlan II (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. ...
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ...
February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
Spring Creek Township is a township located in Warren County, Pennsylvania. ...
Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area Ranked 33rd - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²) - Width 160 miles (255 km) - Length 280 miles (455 km) - % water 2. ...
October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...
February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...
October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Alberto Gonzales, current Attorney General of the United States The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ...
1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ...
This article is about the year. ...
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the United States federal government. ...
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1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Süddeutsche Zeitung announces The Verdict in Nuremberg. ...
Early life Born in Spring Creek Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania and raised in Frewsburg, New York, Jackson graduated from Frewsburg High School in 1909 and spent the next year as a post-graduate student attending Jamestown High School in Jamestown, New York. Jackson never attended college. At age 18, he went to work as an apprentice in a Jamestown law office, then attended Albany Law School, in Albany, New York, completing Albany's two-year course of study. During the summer of 1912, Jackson returned to Jamestown and apprenticed for the next year. He passed the New York Bar Exam in 1913 and set up practice in Jamestown, New York. Over the next twenty years, he became a very successful lawyer in New York State and, through bar association activities, a rising young lawyer nationally. Spring Creek Township is a township located in Warren County, Pennsylvania. ...
Frewsburg is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the Town of Carroll in Chautauqua County, New York. ...
Jamestown High School (often abbreviated to JHS) is a public high school located in Jamestown, New York. ...
The only law school in the capital of New York State, Albany Law School is the oldest private, independent law school in North America. ...
Flag Seal Location Location in Albany County and the State of New York Coordinates , Government Country State County United States New York Albany Founded Incorporated 1614 1686 Mayor Gerald D. Jennings Geographical characteristics Area City 56. ...
Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area Ranked 27th - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²) - Width 285 miles (455 km) - Length 330 miles (530 km) - % water 13. ...
A bar examination is an series of tests conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given American examination usually consists of the following: complicated essay questions concerning that jurisdictions law; the Multistate Bar Examination, a standardized, nationwide examination containing generalized...
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
Jamestown is a city located in Chautauqua County, New York in the USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 31,730. ...
U.S. Federal appointments, 1934–1940 Jackson was appointed to federal office by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1934. Jackson served initially as general counsel of the U.S. Treasury Department's Bureau of Internal Revenue (today's Internal Revenue Service). In 1936, Jackson became Assistant Attorney General heading the Tax Division of the Department of Justice, and in 1937 he became Assistant Attorney General heading the Antitrust Division. In 1938, Jackson became United States Solicitor General, serving until January 1940 as the government's chief advocate before the Supreme Court. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ...
. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the United States government agency that collects taxes and enforces the tax laws. ...
Many of the divisions and offices of the United States Department of Justice are headed by an Assistant Attorney General. ...
The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States, when the government is party to a case. ...
U.S. Attorney General, 1940–1941 Jackson was appointed Attorney General by Roosevelt in 1940, replacing Frank Murphy. When Harlan Fiske Stone replaced the retiring Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice in 1941, Roosevelt appointed Jackson to the resulting vacant Associate's seat. For the Australian rules footballer, see Frank Murphy (footballer). ...
Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as the dean of Columbia Law School, Attorney General of the United States, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and later Chief Justice of the United States. ...
Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the United States. ...
The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the Supreme Court of the United States. ...
U.S. Supreme Court, 1941–1954 Jackson is widely considered by legal scholars as one of the greatest Supreme Court justices in history, known particularly for his vivid writing style. In 1943, Jackson authored the majority opinion in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), which overturned a public school regulation making it mandatory to salute the flag and imposing penalties of expulsion and prosecution upon students that failed to comply. Jackson's stirring language in Barnette concerning individual rights is widely quoted. Jackson's concurring opinion in 1952's Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (involving President Harry Truman's seizure of steel mills during the Korean War to avert a strike), where Jackson formulated a three-tier test for evaluating claims of presidential power, remains one of the most widely-cited opinions in Supreme Court history (it was quoted repeatedly by Supreme Court nominees John Roberts and Samuel Alito during their recent confirmation hearings). 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...
Holding The First Amendment prohibits public schools from forcing students to salute the American flag and say the Pledge of Allegiance. ...
1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...
Holding The President did not have the inherent authority to seize private property in the absence of either specifically enumerated authority under Article Two of the Constitution or statutory authority conferred on him by Congress. ...
For the victim of Mt. ...
John Glover Roberts, Jr. ...
Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. ...
International Military Tribunal, 1945–c. 1946 In 1945, President Truman appointed Jackson, who took a leave of absence from the Supreme Court, to serve as U.S. chief of counsel for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals. He helped draft the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal, which created the legal basis for the Nuremberg Trials. He then served in Nuremberg, Germany, as United States chief prosecutor at the international Nuremberg trial. Jackson pursued his prosecutorial role with a great deal of vigor (for instance, referring in arguments to Hermann Göring as being "half militarist, half gangster"), and not a little oratorical elegance (his opening and closing arguments before the Nuremberg court are widely considered among the best speeches of the 20th century). However, his management of the American prosecution case lacked clarity and drive and his inexperience of effective use of cross-examination was exposed, in particular, by Göring himself. He resigned his position as prosecutor after the first trial and returned to the U.S. in the midst of controversy. The London Charter of the International Military Tribunal (usually referred to simply as the London Charter) was the decree that set down the laws and procedures by which the Nuremberg trials were to be conducted. ...
Hermann Wilhelm Göring. ...
The following is a transcript exerpt of the Nuremberg Trials:
MR. JUSTICE JACKSON: Well, those preparations were preparations for armed occupation of the Rhineland, were they not? GOERING: No, that is altogether wrong. If Germany had become involved in a war, no matter from which side, let us assume from the East, then mobilization measures would have had to be carried out for security reasons throughout the Reich, in this event even in the demilitarized Rhineland; but not for the purpose of occupation, of liberating the Rhineland. MR. JUSTICE JACKSON: You mean the preparations were not military preparations? GOERING: Those were general preparations for mobilization, such as every country makes, and not for the purpose of the occupation of the Rhineland. MR. JUSTICE JACKSON: But were of a character which had to be kept entirely secret from foreign powers? GOERING: I do not think I can recall reading beforehand the publication of the mobilization preparations of the United States. MR. JUSTICE JACKSON: Well, I respectfully submit to the Tribunal that this witness is not being responsive, and has not been in his examination, and that it is . . . [The defendant interposed a few words which were not recorded.] It is perfectly futile to spend our time if we cannot have responsive answers to our questions. [The defendant interposed a few words which were not recorded.] We can strike these things out. I do not want to spend time doing that, but this witness, it seems to me, is adopting, and has adopted in the witness box and in the dock, an arrogant and contemptuous attitude toward the Tribunal which is giving him the trial which he never gave a living soul, nor dead ones either. I respectfully submit that the witness be instructed to make notes, if he wishes, of his explanations, but that he be required to answer my questions and reserve his explanations for his counsel to bring out. THE PRESIDENT: I have already laid down the general rule which is binding upon this defendant as upon other witnesses. Perhaps we had better adjourn now at this state.
Later life, controversy and internal Supreme Court bickering
Jackson had informally been promised the Chief Justiceship by Roosevelt; however, the seat came open while Jackson was in Germany, and FDR was no longer alive. President Truman was faced with two factions, one recommending Jackson for the seat, the other advocating Hugo Black. In an attempt to avoid controversy, Truman appointed Fred M. Vinson. Jackson blamed machinations by Black for his being passed over for the seat and publicly exposed some of Black's controversial behavior and feuding within the Court. The controversy was heavily covered in the press and cast the New Deal Court in a negative light. For the victim of Mt. ...
Hugo Black Hugo LaFayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1937 - 1971). ...
Frederick Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890–September 8, 1953) served the United States in all three branches of government. ...
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Jackson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 62 and, after funeral services in Washington's National Cathedral and then in Jamestown's St. Luke's Church, was interred near his boyhood home in Frewsburg, New York. Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...
Frewsburg is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the Town of Carroll in Chautauqua County, New York. ...
One of Jackson's law clerks during 1952-53, William H. Rehnquist, was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1971 and became Chief Justice in 1986. In December 1971, after Rehnquist's nomination had been approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee and was pending before the full Senate, a memorandum came to light that he had written as Jackson's law clerk in connection with the landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education that argued in favor of affirming the separate-but-equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. Rehnquist wrote a brief letter attributing the views to Jackson and was confirmed. In his 1986 hearing he was questioned about the matter. His explanation of the memorandum was disputed in both 1971 and 1986 by Jackson's former secretary, and scholars have questioned its plausibility. See the discussion in the Rehnquist article. In the United States, a law clerk is a person who assists a judge in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions. ...
William H. Rehnquist has served as the Chief Justice of the United States since 1986. ...
1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ...
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Holding Racial segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. ...
Holding The separate but equal provision of public accommodations by state governments is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. ...
William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist and political figure, who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. ...
Jackson was played by Alec Baldwin in the 2000 TNT television film Nuremberg. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
An extensive collection of Jackson's personal and judicial papers is archived at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress and open for research. Smaller collections are available at several other repositories. The Great Hall interior. ...
 Statue of Justice Jackson in Jamestown, New York Image File history File links Justicejackson. ...
Image File history File links Justicejackson. ...
Quotes - "The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials, and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts. One's right to life, liberty, and property, to free speech, a free press, freedom of worship and assembly, and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections." - Opinion for the Court in West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
- "Those who begin coercive elimination of dissent soon find themselves exterminating dissenters. Compulsory unification of opinion achieves only the unanimity of the graveyard." - from the Barnette opinion
- "We must make clear to the Germans that the wrong for which their fallen leaders are on trial is not that they lost the war, but that they started it. And we must not allow ourselves to be drawn into a trial of the causes of the war, for our position is that no grievances or policies will justify resort to aggressive war. It is utterly renounced and condemned as an instrument of policy."
- "If certain acts of violation of treaties are crimes, they are crimes whether the United States does them or whether Germany does them, and we are not prepared to lay down a rule of criminal conduct against others which we would not be willing to have invoked against us." - Nuremberg Tribunal
- "We must never forget that the record on which we judge these defendants is the record on which history will judge us tomorrow. To pass these defendants a poisoned chalice is to put it to our own lips as well." - Nuremberg Tribunal
- "[T]he effect of the religious freedom Amendment to our Constitution was to take every form of propagation of religion out of the realm of things which could directly or indirectly be made public business, and thereby be supported in whole or in part at taxpayers' expense. That is a difference which the Constitution sets up between religion and almost every other subject matter of legislation, a difference which goes to the very root of religious freedom[...] This freedom was first in the Bill of Rights because it was first in the forefathers' minds; it was set forth in absolute terms, and its strength is its rigidity. It was intended not only to keep the states' hands out of religion, but to keep religion's hands off the state, and, above all, to keep bitter religious controversy out of public life by denying to every denomination any advantage from getting control of public policy or the public purse." - dissent in Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)
- "The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact." (paraphrase) - comment in his dissent to Terminello v. City of Chicago, 337 U.S. 1 (1949).)
- "But when notice is a person's due, process which is a mere gesture is not 'due process.'" Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950)
- "It is possible to hold a faith with enough confidence to believe that what should be rendered to God does not need to be decided and collected by Caesar." From the dissent in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952)
- "The day that this country ceases to be free for irreligion it will cease to be free for religion - except for the sect that can win political power." From the dissent in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952)
- "We are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible only because we are final" - on the Supreme Court; opinion concurring in judgement in Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443 (1953).
The Constitution is not a suicide pact is a political phrase that was coined by Justice Robert H. Jackson in his dissenting opinion in Terminiello v. ...
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