Robert James Manion (November 19, 1881 Pembroke, Ontario - July 2, 1943 Ottawa, Ontario) was a physician and Canadian politician. He was leader of the Canadian Conservative Party 1938-1940.

Of Irish descent, Manion studied medicine at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario and at Edinburgh before settling in his hometown of Fort William, Ontario where his parents had lived since 1888. In 1915 he enrolled with the Canadian Army Medical Corps. Attached to the 21st Canadian Batallion, he was awarded the Military Cross for heroism at the battle of Vimy Ridge

He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons during the conscription election of 1917 as a Liberal-Unionist MP for Fort William, Ontario. A member of the Liberal Party before the war, Manion remained with the Conservative Party after the war. The new Prime minister Arthur Meighen appointed him Minister of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment in 1921. He spent most of the 1920's on the opposition benches , except for a few months in 1926 when he served as a minister in the second Meighen administration, including the position of Postmaster-General.

Following the federal election of 1930, the new Conservative Prime minister R. B. Bennett appointed Manion Minister of Railways and Canals. However, the economic crisis of the Great Depression destroyed the Bennett government, and Manion, with many others, lost his seat in the 1935 election. According to historian Roy Piovesana, Manion's loss was partly attributable to his failure to cultivate his Fort William riding. Despite not having a seat, Manion won the 1938 Conservative leadership convention in hopes that his Catholicism and marriage to a French-Canadian, Yvonne Desaulniers, would help the party in Quebec where the perception of the Tories as being anti-French and anti-Catholic Orangemen hurt their prospects. Manion entered the House of Commons through a by-election in 1938. He subsequently campaigned against conscription despite the fact that he had joined the Unionists in 1917 because he favoured the draft.

The defeat of the government of Maurice Duplessis in Quebec hurt Manion's hopes of building an electoral alliance with the conservative Premier. As well, his stance against conscription turned much of the Tory base in Ontario against the leader. In the March 1940 general election Manion's Tories campaigned under the name National Government with the platform of forming a wartime coalition government but the renamed Tories were unable to make any gains from their 1935 result and Manion failed to win his seat leading to his resignation as party leader two months later. He would die three years later, sick and disillusioned.

References

• Manion, R.J. A surgeon in arms. Toronto : McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart, 1918.
• Manion, R.J. Life is an adventure. Toronto : Ryerson Press, 1936.
• Naugler, Harold Adelbert. R.J. Manion and the Conservative Party 1938-1940. M.A. thesis 1966, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
• Piovesana, Roy H. Robert J. Manion member of Parliament for Fort William 1917-1935. Thunder Bay : Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 1990.

See also

• Conscription Crisis of 1944