Robert Anthony Pape, Jr. (b. 1960), is an American political scientist known for his work on international security affairs, especially strategic air power and suicide terrorism. He is currently a professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death (see suicide, suicide weapons). ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ...

Academic career

Pape graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Pittsburgh in 1982, majoring in political science, and earned his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1988 in the same field. During his doctoral program he was a teaching assistant for a class taught by the high-profile realist international relations scholar John Mearsheimer. He taught international relations at Dartmouth College from 1991 to 1996 and air power strategy at the United States Air Force's School of Advanced Airpower Studies from 1996 to 1999. Since 1999, he has taught at the University of Chicago, where he is now tenured.^{[citation needed]} He defines the focus of his current work as "the effect of technological change on conflict and cooperation among major powers and the theory and practice of suicide terrorism."^{[citation needed]} After presenting preliminary data on his research into suicide terrorism in the American Political Science Review in 2003, Pape founded the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, which he directs. The project is funded by the Carnegie Corporation, the Pentagon's Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the University of Chicago, and the Argonne National Laboratory.^{[citation needed]} The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an honor society which considers its mission to be fostering and recognizing excellence in undergraduate liberal arts and sciences. ... The University of Pittsburgh is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A teaching assistant (TA) is a junior scholar employed on a temporary contract by a college or university for the purpose of assisting a professor by teaching students in recitation or discussion sessions, holding office hours, grading homework or exams, supervising labs (in science and engineering courses), and sometimes teaching... It has been suggested that Defensive realism be merged into this article or section. ... Professor John J. Mearsheimer John J. Mearsheimer (born December 1947) is the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. ... Dartmouth College is a private academic institution in Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Aircraft of the 379th Air Expeditionary Wing and coalition counterparts stationed together at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, in southwest Asia, fly over the desert. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... The University of Chicago is a private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. ... The American Political Science Review, or APSR as its often referred to, is the flagship publication of the American Political Science Association and one of the most prestigious journals in the field of contemporary political science. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Carnegie Corporation was founded by the will of Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding. ... The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located at 48 N. Rotary Road, Arlington, Virginia 22211 (Map). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Argonne National Laboratory is one of the United States governments oldest and largest science and engineering research national laboratories and is the largest in the Midwest. ...

On air power

Pape's writings criticize the idea that wars can be won through air power alone. He argues that the use of air power for punishment, that is, attacking civilian and economic targets (such as in Operation Rolling Thunder or the firebombing of Japan in 1945), has almost universally failed in coercing targets. Instead, Pape suggests that successful usage of air power has come when it is used against conventional military targets and denies the target the ability to achieve their aims (such as in Operation Linebacker). Operation Rolling Thunder (also known as the Rolling Thunder Program, in terminology of the McNamara Department of Defense) was the code name for a U.S. military campaign during the Vietnam War, the bombing of North Vietnam by air units of the U.S. Seventh Air Force, Task Force 77... Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire rather than the blast effects of large bombs. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Coercion is the practice of compelling a person to act by employing threat of harm (usually physical force, sometimes other forms of harm). ... Operation Linebacker was the name of a United States military operation during the Vietnam War. ...

Pape also argues that air power and land power should be used together in a "hammer and anvil" fashion. In Pape's model, enemy land forces faced with both air and land power will be forced to either mass and therefore be vulnerable to attack from the air, or will be forced to scatter and therefore be vulnerable to being mopped up by land power. Pape cites certain battles in Afghanistan as examples of a hammer and anvil approach.

On suicide terrorism

Pape's Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (2005) controverts many widely held beliefs about suicide terrorism. Based on an analysis of every known case of suicide terrorism from 1980 to 2005 (315 attacks as part of 18 campaigns), he concludes that there is "little connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism, or any one of the world’s religions... . Rather, what nearly all suicide terrorist attacks have in common is a specific secular and strategic goal: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from territory that the terrorists consider to be their homeland" (p. 4). "The taproot of suicide terrorism is nationalism," he argues; it is "an extreme strategy for national liberation" (pp. 79-80). Pape's work examines groups as diverse as the Basque ETA to the the Sri Lankan Tamil Tigers. This has lead to criticism by other scholars that his finding of the importance of nationalism as a motivating ideology for terror is only relevant on a macro-statistical level, when in reality, most nations are only concerned with the motivations of a given group. For instance, the United States government exhibits more concern towards the inner workings of the Al-Qaeda terrorist network than that of the nationally irrelevant Irish Republican Army. Pape also notably provides further evidence to a growing body of literature that finds that the majority of suicide terrorists do not come from impovershed background, but rather have middle class origins. Terrorist redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Islamism. ... Basque may refer to: Look up Basque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... ETA symbol or ETA (Basque for Basque Homeland and Freedom; IPA pronunciation: [), is a paramilitary Basque nationalist organization founded in 1959. ... Tamil Tigers emblem The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), also known as the Tamil Tigers, is a military and political organization that has waged a violent secessionist campaign against the Sri Lankan Government since the 1970s in order to secure independence for the Tamil portions of Sri Lanka. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... This article is about the historical army of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (1919–1922) which fought in the Irish War of Independence 1919-21, and the Irish Civil War 1922-23. ...

Selected publications

Books by Robert A. Pape

• Coercive Air Power. University of Chicago, 1988. (Dissertation)
• Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War. Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8014-3134-4 (hardcover). ISBN 0-8014-8311-5 (paperback). Debated in Security Studies 7.2 (Winter 1997/98) p.93-214.
• Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6317-5 (hardcover). London: Gibson Square 2006 (updated). ISBN 978-978-1-903933-40-4 (hardcover)link title.

Book[s] about Robert A. Pape

• Precision and Purpose: Debating Robert A. Pape's Bombing to Win, edited by Jonathan Frankel. Frank Cass Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-7146-8108-3 (not yet published)

Articles

• "Coercive Air Power in the Vietnam War," International Security 15.2 (1990) p.103-146.
• "Coercion and Military Strategy : Why Denial Works and Punishment Doesn't," Journal of Strategic Studies 15.4 (1992) p.423-475.
• "Why Japan Surrendered," International Security 18.2 (1993) p.154-201.
• "The Answer (A Partition Plan for Bosnia)," New Republic 208.24 June 14 (1993) p.22-28. (With John J. Mearsheimer)
• "A Surgical Strike that Could Backfire," New York Times April 27, 1996, p.23.
• "Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work," International Security 22.2 (Fall 1997).
• "Partition : an Exit Strategy for Bosnia," Survival 39.4 (1997/98) p.25-28.
• "The Limits of Precision Guided Air Power," Security Studies 7.2 (Winter 1997/98) p.93-114.
• "The Air Force Strikes Back : a Reply to Barry Watts and John Warden," Security Studies 7.2 (Winter 1997/98) p.191-214.
• "Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work," International Security 23.1 (Summer 1998).
• "A Workable Policy on Iraq," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 54.3 (1998) p.6.
• "The Determinants of International Moral Action," International Organization 53.4 (Autumn 1999).
• "Explaining Costly International Moral Action : Britain's Sixty-year Campaign Against the Atlantic Slave Trade," International Organization 53.4 (1999) p.631-668. (With Chaim D. Kaufmann).
• "Our Iraq Policy is not Working," New York Times February 24 (2001) p.A-13.
• "Show the Evidence," New York Times October 4 (2001) p.A-27. (With Chaim Kaufmann)
• "The Wrong Battle Plan," Washington Post October 19 (2001) p.A-29.
• "Wars Can't Be Won Only From Above," New York Times March 21 (2003) p.A-19.
• "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism," American Political Science Review 97.3 (August 2003) p.343-361.
• "Dying to Kill Us," New York Times September 22 (2003).
• "The True Worth of Air Power," Foreign Affairs (March/April 2004) p.116-130.
• "Hit or Miss," an exchange with Merrill A. McPeak," Foreign Affairs (September/October 2004)p.160-163.
• "Soft Balancing Against the United States International Security 30.1 (2005) p.7-45.
• "Al Qaeda's Smart Bombs," New York Times July 9 (2005) p.A-13.
• "Blowing Up an Assumption," New York Times, May 18, 2005. (Summarizes the ideas of Dying to Win.)
• "Ground to a Halt," New York Times August 3 (2006) p.A-21.
• "The Growth of Suicide Terrorism," Chicago Tribune September 11 (2006).

This politics-related article is a stub. ... The Journal of Strategic Studies, first published in 1978, is a multi-disciplinary review of forward-looking articles on military and diplomatic strategy. ... This politics-related article is a stub. ... New Republic can be: The New Republic, an American magazine. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... This politics-related article is a stub. ... Survival may refer to: Survival skills Survival kit Survivalism Survival, a studio album by Grand Funk Railroad Survival (album), a Bob Marley reggae album Survival (Doctor Who), an episode of Doctor Who Survival (television), a British wildlife television program Survival International a charity Survival Festival, Australia This is a disambiguation... This politics-related article is a stub. ... The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a journal concerned with global security issues, especially related to the dangers posed nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. ... An international organization (also called intergovernmental organization) is an organization of international scope or character. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The American Political Science Review, or APSR as its often referred to, is the flagship publication of the American Political Science Association and one of the most prestigious journals in the field of contemporary political science. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... This article is about a journal. ... This article is about a journal. ... This politics-related article is a stub. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois. ...

Articles about Robert A. Pape

• "Ignoring Reality : Problems of Theory and Evidence in Security Studies," Security Studies 7.2 (Winter 1997/98) p.115-171.
• "Success in Modern War : a Response to Robert Pape's Bombing to Win," Security Studies 7.2 (Winter 1997/98) p.172-190.
• "A Scholarly Look at Terror Sees Bootprints in the Sand," Washington Post, July 10, 2005.