Sir Robert Taylor (1714 – 1788) was a notable English architect of the mid-late 18th century.

Born at Woodford, Essex, Taylor followed in his father’s footsteps and started working as a stone-mason and sculptor. Despite some important commissions (including a bust of London merchant Christopher Emmott today held in the church of St Bartholomew, Colne, Lancashire), he enjoyed little success and turned instead to architecture, where, through hard work and not little talent, he became a leading architect of the time.

Among his earliest projects was Asgill House, built for a wealthy banker, Sir Charles Asgill, in Richmond-upon-Thames (circa 1760), and nearby Oak House. Through such connections, he came to be appointed as architect to the Bank of England until his death in 1788 (when he was succeeded by Sir John Soane). In 1769 he succeeded Sir William Chambers as Architect of the King's Works.

Other projects include:

• Harleyford House, near Marlow, Buckinghamshire (1755)
• Barlaston Hall, Staffordshire (1756-1758)
• Trewithan House, Cornwall (1763-1764)
• Danson Park Mansion, Bexley, Kent (1760-1768)
• Chute Lodge, near Devizes, Wiltshire (1768)
• Kevington Hall, near Orpington, Kent (1767-1769)
• Swinford Bridge, over the River Thames at Eynsham (1769), plus Maidenhead road bridge (1777)
• Beckenham Place, Kent (1773)
• Clermont Lodge, Norfolk (1769-1775)
• Ely House, Dover Street, Mayfair, London (1773-1776)
• 14 houses in Grafton Street, London
• Gorhambury Manor, St Albans (1777)
• Heveningham Hall (1778)
• alterations to 10 Downing Street, London SW1 (c. 1780)
• The Oaks, Carshalton, Surrey (c.1782)
• alterations at The Grove, Chandler's Cross, Hertfordshire
• Belfast Assembly Rooms, Belfast, Northern Ireland
• Northmet House in Cannon Hill (today: Southgate House), near Arnos Grove, north London.

His pupils included John Nash, George Byfield and William Pilkington.

He had a son, Michael Angelo Taylor (1757-1834), who, as MP for Poole, became a Whig politician during the 1830s. Father and son were both buried in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields in Trafalgar Square, London.

The Taylor Institution, Oxford University's centre for the study of medieval and modern European languages and literatures, takes its name from a bequest for that purpose from Sir Robert who left his fortune to the University.