Roger John Traynor (February 12, 1900 – May 14, 1983) served as the 23rd Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California from 1964 to 1970, and as an Associate Justice from 1940 to 1964. A nationally-respected jurist, Traynor's thirty-year career as California's 77th Justice coincided with tremendous demographic, social, and governmental growth in California and in the United States of America, and was marked by a belief (in the words of one commentator) that "the increased presence of government in American life was a necessary and beneficial phenomenon."^[1] February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Justices of the Supreme Court of California (circa May 2005). ... A jurist is a professional who studies, develops, applies or otherwise deals with the law. ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Sacramento Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq. ...

Traynor has generally been viewed by the American legal community as the single greatest judge in the history of the California judiciary, and one of the greatest judges in the history of the United States^[2]. His obituary in the New York Times noted that "Traynor was often called one of the greatest judicial talents never to sit on the United States Supreme Court."^[3] A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ... Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Sacramento Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... Obituary for World War I death For information on the death metal band, see Obituary (band). ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the U.S. and leads the judicial branch of the U.S. federal government. ...

He wrote a 1948 opinion that was the first instance of a state supreme court striking down laws prohibiting miscegenation and wrote a 1952 opinion that abolished the defense of recrimination in the context of divorce and paved the way for the social revolution of no-fault divorce; but his most significant and well-known contribution to contemporary American law is probably his 1963 creation of true strict liability in product liability cases. Look up Opinion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary An opinion is a persons ideas and thoughts towards something. ... In the United States, the state supreme court (known by various names in various states) is the highest state court in the state court system. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Interethnic marriage be merged into this article or section. ... Recrimination is a defense in an action for divorce in which the accused party makes a similar accusation, as of adultery or cruelty, against the plaintiff. ... Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse, which can be contrasted with an annulment, which is a declaration that a marriage is void, though the effects of marriage may be recognized in such unions, such as spousal support, child custody... No-fault divorce is the dissolution of a marriage, upon petition to the court by either party, without the requirement that the petitioner show fault on the part of the other party. ... The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law of the United Kingdom, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. ... Strict liability is a legal doctrine in tort law that makes a person responsible for the damages caused by their actions regardless of culpability (fault) or mens rea. ... Product liability encompasses a number of legal claims that allow an injured party to recover financial compensation from the manufacturer or seller of a product. ...

An earlier generation of judges had timidly experimented with legal fictions like warranties to avoid leaving severely injured plaintiffs without any recourse. Traynor simply threw those away and imposed strict liability as a matter of public policy. In the common law, legal fictions are suppositions of fact taken to be true by the courts of law, but which are not necessarily true. ... A plaintiff, also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. ... Public policy is a policy or set of policies which forms the foundation of public law. ...

To those skeptical of the power of government to redress social wrongs, Traynor's extraordinary work is notable for the degree to which it asserted the power of the judiciary to resolve difficult issues of public policy, and to redefine the boundaries of corporate and governmental liability.

Personal Life & Family

Traynor was born and raised in the rugged mining town of Park City, Utah by Felix and Elizabeth Traynor, who were impoverished Irish immigrants from Hilltown in what is now Northern Ireland ^[4][5]. The El Chino Mine located near Silver City, New Mexico is an open-pit copper mine This article is about mineral extraction. ... Main street in Bastrop, Texas, a small town A town is a residential community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... Park City is a city located in Utah. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... Hilltown is a medium sized village in County Down, Northern Ireland. ... Dieu et mon droit (motto) (French for God and my right)2 Northern Irelands location within the UK Main language English Other recognised languages Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain MP Area  - Total Ranked 4th...

In 1919, upon the advice of a high school teacher, he entered the University of California, Berkeley, though he had only $500 in savings to finance his college education ^[6]. Fortunately, he won a scholarship at the end of his first year due to his excellent grades, and went on to earn a B.A. in 1923, a M.A. in 1924, and a Ph.D. in 1926; all these degrees were in political science. He also earned a J.D. from Boalt Hall in 1927. He earned the two latter degrees at the same time, while teaching undergraduates and serving as editor-in-chief of the California Law Review. He was subsequently admitted to the State Bar of California that same year^[7]. The University of California, Berkeley (also known as the University of California at Berkeley, UC Berkeley, Cal, California, or Berkeley) is the oldest and flagship campus of the ten-campus University of California system. ... A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual (a scholar) for the purposes of furthering their education. ... A Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in the arts and/or sciences. ... A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. ... Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... J.D. redirects here; for alternate uses, see J.D. (disambiguation) J.D. is an abbreviation for the Latin Juris Doctor, also called a Doctor of Law or Doctorate of Jurisprudence, and is the law degree typically awarded by an accredited U.S. law school after successfully completing three years... Boalt Halls law library was expanded in 1996 with the North Addition, pictured above. ... The State Bars main office in San Francisco is housed on several floors of this office building The State Bar of California is Californias official bar association. ...

On August 23, 1933, Traynor married Madeleine Emilie Lackman, a woman who shared his love of learning: she already held a M.A. in political science from UC Berkeley and would go on to earn a J.D. in 1956^[8]. They had three sons: John Michael (who goes by Michael), Joseph, and Stephen. This is the song that never ends yes it gos on and on my friends some people started singing it not knowing what it was they just started singing it forever just becauseThis is the song that never ends yes it gos on and on my friends some... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ê:For other degrees, see Academic degree M.S. redirects here. ...

Only Michael would follow his father into law; he attended Harvard Law School and became a partner with Cooley Godward LLP[9] and [10] (f.k.a. Cooley Crowley Gaither Godward Castro & Huddleson and Cooley Godward Castro Huddleson & Tatum). Michael married Shirley Williams Traynor on February 11, 1956. Shirley is the daughter of Ann S. Williams and the late Edward T. Williams, who was United States Commmissioner of Customs in Canton, China, in the 1940's.[11] He has three children, Kathleen Suzanne Traynor Millard, Elizabeth Ann Traynor Fowler, and Thomas J. Traynor. [12]. The crest of Harvard Law School is drawn from the Royall coat of arms Harvard Law School (HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. ...

Elizabeth was at one time an associate editor at G.K. Hall & Company. [13] Her first marriage in 1985 to Nicholas Priest Holder, a Harvard classmate, [14] [15] ended in divorce. She was married to Thomas Grasselli Fowler in 1988. [16]

Kathleen was married to Richard Dudensing Millard in 1986. [17] Kathleen is a managing director and portfolio manager for Bessemer Investment Management. Prior to joining BIM, Kathleen served as managing director and head of the large cap core portfolio selection team at Deutsche Asset Management. Millard had been in lead equity portfolio management positions at what is now Deutsche since 1991. [18] Prior to Deutsche, she was an analyst and portfolio manager at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York. [19]. She holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and the Bank of the Manhattan Company in 1955. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Largest city Albany New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi  (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ...

Early career in academia and government

At UC Berkeley, Traynor wrote groundbreaking articles on taxation, and became a full professor in 1936^[20]. He also acted as a consultant to the California State Board of Equalization from 1932 to 1940, and to the United States Department of the Treasury from 1937 to 1940. He took a leave of absence from the University in 1933 to work full-time for the Board of Equalization, and another leave in 1937 to help the Treasury Department draft the Revenue Act of 1938 (the precursor of the modern Internal Revenue Code)^[21]. The meaning of the word professor (Latin: one who claims publicly to be an expert) varies. ... A consultant (from the latin consultus meaning legal expert) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular domain or area of expertise such as accountancy, technology, the law, human resources, marketing, medicine, finance, public affairs, communication, or more esoteric areas of knowledge, for example engineering of different kinds... The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the treasury of the United States government. ... The Internal Revenue Code (or IRC) (more formally, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) is the main body of domestic tax law of the United States organized topically, including laws covering the income tax (see Income tax in the United States), payroll taxes, and excise taxes. ...

Through his work for the Board of Equalization during the Great Depression, Traynor was responsible for creating much of California's modern tax regime, including the vehicle registration fee (1933), sales tax (1933), income tax (1935), use tax (1935), corporate income tax (1937), and fuel tax (1937)^[22]. He served as the first administrator of the California sales tax and supervised its deployment across 200,000 retailers.^[23] The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn, starting in 1929 and lasting through most of the 1930s. ... // A vehicle registration plate, usually called license plate or number plate (often referred to simply as a plate, or colloquially tag) is a small metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle for official identification purposes. ... A sales tax is a tax on consumption. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A use tax is a type of excise tax levied in the United States. ... Corporate tax refers to direct taxes charged by various jurisdictions on the profits made by companies or associations. ... A fuel tax (also known as a petrol tax, gasoline tax, gas tax or fuel duty) is a sales tax imposed on the sale of fuel. ... Drawing of a self-service store. ...

In January 1940, he started working part-time as a Deputy Attorney General under California Attorney General Earl Warren (who later became Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court)^[24]. He also started serving as Acting Dean of Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley's law school^[25]. In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney of Alameda County, the 30th Governor of California, and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (from 1953 to 1969). ... The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth- or other countries with an Anglosaxon type of justice, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the Supreme... The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C. The Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., (large image) The Supreme Court of the United States, located in Washington, D.C., is the highest court (see supreme court) in the United States; that is, it has ultimate judicial authority within the United States... Boalt Halls law library was expanded in 1996 with the North Addition, pictured above. ...

On July 31, 1940, Traynor was nominated to the Supreme Court of California by Governor Culbert Olson. He was unanimously confirmed by the Qualifications Committee on August 13 and was sworn in the same day^[26]. July 31 is the 212th day (213th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 153 days remaining. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Governors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gray Davis with President George W. Bush (2003) Seal of the Governor of California (without the Roman numerals designating the governors sequence) See also: List of pre-statehood governors of California, List of Governors of California The Governor of California is the highest executive authority... Culbert Levy Olson (November 7, 1876 – April 13, 1962) was an American politician and governor of California. ...

Contributions to the law

During his long and distinguished career, Traynor authored more than 900 opinions, and he gained a reputation as the nation's leading state court judge.^[27][28] During his tenure, the decisions of the Supreme Court of California became the most frequently cited by all other state courts in the nation.[29] In the U.S., a state court has jurisdiction over disputes which occur in a state. ...

Several of these decisions were majority opinions that transformed California from a conservative and somewhat repressive state into a progressive, innovative jurisdiction in the forefront of American law.^[30] In opinions written by Traynor, California adopted or developed:

• true strict liability in tort for defective products (see product liability) in Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., 59 Cal. 2d 57 (1963) [31], which a 1996 panel of tort law experts subsequently ranked as the top development in tort law of the past 50 years ^[32];
• the extension of such strict liability from manufacturers to retailers and all others involved in the "overall producing and marketing enterprise that should bear the cost of injuries resulting from defective products," in Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 61 Cal. 2d 256 (1964) [33];
• the cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) in State Rubbish Collectors Ass'n v. Siliznoff, 38 Cal. 2d 330 (1952) [34];
• the "moderate and restrained interpretation" doctrine for resolving conflict-of-laws problems, in Bernkrant v. Fowler, 55 Cal. 2d 588 (1961) [35];
• the rule that majority shareholders of closely held corporations have a duty to not destroy the value of the shares held by minority shareholders, in Jones v. H. F. Ahmanson & Co., 1 Cal. 3d 93 (1969) [36];
• the rule that extrinsic evidence of trade usage or custom is admissible where relevant to prove a meaning to which the language of a contract is reasonably susceptible, in Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage Co., 69 Cal. 2d 33 (1968) [37];
• the exclusionary rule barring admissibility of evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution (as suggested by the U.S. Supreme Court in Wolf v. Colorado, 338 U.S. 25 (1949)) in People v. Cahan, 44 Cal. 2d 434 (1955) [38] (though Cahan would be rendered moot by Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961));
• the nonmutual collateral estoppel doctrine in Bernhard v. Bank of America, 19 Cal. 2d 807 (1942) [39], under which a litigant could be collaterally estopped from relitigating an issue that had been previously decided in an earlier suit against a different party.

—and also abolished: Strict liability is a legal doctrine in tort law that makes a person responsible for the damages caused by their actions regardless of culpability (fault) or mens rea. ... In the common law, a tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, for which the law provides a remedy. ... Product liability encompasses a number of legal claims that allow an injured party to recover financial compensation from the manufacturer or seller of a product. ... Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) is a common law tort claim for intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress. ... Private International Law, International Private Law, or Conflict of Laws is that branch of law regulating all lawsuits involving a foreign law element where a difference in result will occur depending on which laws are applied as the lex causae. ... A contract is a promise or an agreement that is enforced or recognized by the law. ... In United States constitutional law, the exclusionary rule is a legal principle holding that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the U.S. Constitution is not admissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law (that is, it cannot be used in a criminal trial). ... Amendment IV (the Fourth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. ... Holding The Fourteenth Amendment did not impose specific limitations on criminal justice in the states, and that illegally obtained evidence did not necessarily have to be excluded from trials in all cases. ... Holding The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth, excludes unconstitutionally obtained evidence from use in criminal prosecutions. ... Collateral estoppel, also sometimes known as issue preclusion, is a common law estoppel doctrine that prevents a person from relitigating an issue. ...

• the doctrine of sovereign immunity, in Muskopf v. Corning Hospital District, 55 Cal. 2d 211 (1961) [40], although the Legislature promptly overrode Muskopf with the Tort Claims Act of 1963 as explained in Biggers v. Sacramento City Unified School District, 25 Cal. App. 3d 269 (1972) [41];
• the defense of recrimination in the context of divorce, in De Burgh v. De Burgh, 39 Cal. 2d 858 (1952) [42];
• a state law prohibiting miscegenation, Civil Code Section 69, in Perez v. Sharp, 32 Cal. 2d 711 (1948) [43]. The Supreme Court of California was the first state supreme court to abolish such laws.

Traynor was also noted for the quality of his writing and reasoning^[44], and was honored during his lifetime with membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (a rare honor for a judge)^[45]. Many of his opinions are still mandatory reading for American law students. Sovereign immunity or crown immunity is a type of immunity that, in common law jurisdictions traces its origins from early English law. ... Recrimination is a defense in an action for divorce in which the accused party makes a similar accusation, as of adultery or cruelty, against the plaintiff. ... Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse, which can be contrasted with an annulment, which is a declaration that a marriage is void, though the effects of marriage may be recognized in such unions, such as spousal support, child custody... It has been suggested that Interethnic marriage be merged into this article or section. ... The House of the Academy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ...

Criticism

The liberal tendencies of much of Traynor's work has since made him the subject of extensive criticism from American libertarians and conservatives, and tort reformers have often grouped Traynor together with Earl Warren as examples of judicial activists. For example, the conservative magazine National Review attacked Traynor's reasoning in the Pacific Gas and Electric case in a 1991 cover story^[46]. See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ... Conservatism or political conservatism is any of several historically related political philosophies or political ideologies. ... Tort reform is a term generally used to describe the contention that revision of the American civil justice system is desirable, in order to reduce litigations perceived adverse effects on the economy. ... Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was a California district attorney of Alameda County, the 30th Governor of California, and the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (from 1953 to 1969). ... This article needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... National Review (NR) is a conservative/libertarian political magazine founded by author William F. Buckley Jr. ...

In 1998, Regulation (the Cato Institute's journal) published a harsh critique of the California tort law system by Stephen Hayward. He claimed that "rather than protecting life, liberty, and property, [it] has ... become a threat to these."^[47] In blunt language apparently based upon a misunderstanding of the extent of judicial power under the rule of stare decisis, Hayward identified Roger Traynor's liberalizing influence on the Court's view of liability as "the first breach": The Cato Institute is a large libertarian, non-profit public policy research foundation (think tank) headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Institutes stated mission is to broaden the parameters of public policy debate to allow consideration of the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and... Stare decisis (Latin: , Anglicisation: , to stand by things decided) (more fully, stare decisis et non quieta movere) is a Latin legal term, used in common law to express the notion that prior court decisions must be recognized as precedents, according to case law. ...

In the 1944 case of Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. [48] ... Traynor introduced the idea of broad social fault. "I believe," Traynor wrote, "the manufacturer's negligence should no longer be singled out as the basis of a plaintiff's right to recover in cases like the present one." .... "Even if there is no negligence," Traynor wrote further, "public policy demands that responsibility be fixed wherever it will most effectively reduce the hazards to life and health inherent in defective products that reach the market." Note the appeal to the demands of public policy, rather than law .... While this line of reasoning might be the basis for a legislative debate over which public policies should be adopted to allocate and compensate for risk, Justice Traynor's opinion represents a clear case of legislation by judicial fiat.

In a 1966 essay addressed to both the legal community of his time and future generations, Traynor defended his judicial philosophy:

There are always some who note with alarm any appellate opinion that goes beyond a mechanical canvass of more or less established precedents. They include the diehards, dead set against all but familiar routines. They include the slothful, who would rationalize their own inertia. They also include carpers hostile toward any enlightenment, who would knowingly impair judicial vigil by keeping the visibility low. Slyly they equate justice with the blindfold image without articulating the corollary that decision would then be reduced to a blind toss of the coin. They do not state how problematic are the problems that reach the Supreme Court, and how great the need for judicial reasoning beyond formulas.^[49]

Retirement

On January 2, 1970, Traynor announced his retirement in order to avoid losing eligibility for retirement benefits under a California law that stripped judges of most benefits if they chose to remain on the bench past the age of 70^[50]. He retired to Berkeley and subsequently died there in his home from cancer. January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Retirement is the status of a worker who has stopped working. ... Berkeley as seen from the Claremont Canyon Regional Preserve. ... When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. ...

In July of 1983, the California Law Review gave over all its space in issue 4, volume 71 to publishing eloquent tributes to Justice Traynor from several esteemed judges, law professors, and politicians, including Warren Burger ^[51], Henry Friendly ^[52], and Edmund G. Brown ^[53]. A politician is an individual involved in politics to the extent of holding or running for public office. ... Warren Burger at a press conference in May 1969 shortly after he was nominated to be Chief Justice of the United States. ... Henry Jacob Friendly (July 3, 1903 in Elmira, New York - 1986) served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on active service from 1959 through 1974 and in senior status from 1974 to 1986. ... Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. ...

Phil S. Gibson was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California. ... Justices of the Supreme Court of California (circa. ... For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). ... 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Donald R. Wright was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California. ...

References

↑  Anonymous, "Chief Explains New Sales Law: Director Traynor Clears Up Disputed Points," Los Angeles Times, 4 August 1933, 11. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the western United States. ...

↑  Anonymous, "Coast Chief Justice to Resign; Reagan Will Choose Successor," New York Times, 3 January 1970, 7. The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

↑  Edmund G. Brown, "A judicial giant," California Law Review 71, no. 4 (July 1983): 1053-1054.

↑  Warren Burger, "A tribute," California Law Review 71, no. 4 (July 1983): 1037-1038.

↑  L. Gordon Crovitz and Stephen Bates, "How law destroys order," National Review, 11 February 1991, 28-33. National Review (NR) is a conservative/libertarian political magazine founded by author William F. Buckley Jr. ...

↑  Don J. DeBenedictis, "Traynor dies at 83: led state court in progressive era," Los Angeles Daily Journal, 17 May 1983, 1.

↑  Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 688.

↑  Henry J. Friendly, "Ablest judge of his generation," California Law Review 71, no. 4 (July 1983): 1039-1044.

↑  Stephen Hayward, "Golden Lawsuits in the Golden State," Regulation 17, no. 3 (Summer 1998). [54]

↑  J. Edward Johnson, "Roger J. Traynor," in History of the Supreme Court Justices of California: Volume II, 1900-1950, ed. J. Edward Johnson, 182-196 (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Company, 1966), 182-184.

↑  Johnson, 184.

↑  Johnson, 186.

↑  Johnson, 187.

↑  Johnson, 187-188.

↑  Johnson, 189.

↑  Johnson, 190.

↑  Johnson, 191.

↑  Johnson, 192.

↑  Johnson, 193.

↑  Les Ledbetter, "Roger J. Traynor, California Justice," New York Times, 17 May 1983, B6. The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

↑  Roger J. Traynor, "The Supreme Court's Watch On The Law," in History of the Supreme Court Justices of California: Volume II, 1900-1950, ed. J. Edward Johnson, 206-211 (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Company, 1966), 211.

↑  G. Edward White, "Introduction," in The Traynor Reader: A Collection of Essays by the Honorable Roger J. Traynor, (San Francisco: The Hastings Law Journal, Hastings College of the Law, 1987) [55]

↑  Jeffrey Robert White, "Top 10 in torts: evolution in the common law," Trial 32, no. 7 (July 1996): 50-53.

↑  Irving Younger, "Legal Writing All-Stars," ABA Journal 72, no. 12 (December 1986): 94-95.