NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Rollback

Rollback was a term used by American foreign policy thinkers during the Cold War. It was defined as using military force to "roll back" communism in countries where it had taken root. A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ... The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

Western intervention in Russian Civil War

The western intervention in the Russian Civil War can be considered an attempt at rollback, but it was before this term came to be used. The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, and immediately after and because of Lenins dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly, between Communist forces known as the Red Army and loosely allied anti-Communist forces known as the White Army. ...

Rollback during Cold War

The most important rollback period was during the Cold War when many Americans felt that they were in a life or death struggle against world communism. After the devastation of the Second World War, only an insignificant minority of Americans were prepared to rollback communism throughout the world. A compromise was to use intelligence services and other such efforts to achieve these ends. These attempts began as early as 1945 with attempts in Eastern Europe, including attempts to provide weapons to independence fighters in the Baltic States and Ukraine. The most elaborate effort was against Albania, where a trained force of guerillas were landed by the Americans. The people failed to support these fighters, however, and they were mostly captured or killed. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... The following is a partial list of intelligence agencies, past and present. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Baltic states and the Baltic Sea The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a term which nowadays refers to three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia Latvia Lithuania Prior to World War II, Finland was sometimes considered, particularly by the Soviet Union, a fourth Baltic state. ...

After only a few years these uniformly unsuccessful efforts in Europe were abandoned. Later efforts at rollback would be confined to China and the developing world where they never successfully removed an entrenched communist government, but in some cases such as Guatemala helped overthrow governments that were leaning towards the Soviets.

Advocated by U.S. conservatives

The "rollback" movement gained significant ground, however, in the 1980s, as the Reagan administration, urged on by the conservative Heritage Foundation and other influential conservatives, began to channel weapons to anti-communist resistance movements in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua and other nations. President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ... The Heritage Foundation, a think tank located in Washington, D.C., is an influential public policy research institute whose stated mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. ...

This effort came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine. Critics argued that the Reagan Doctrine led to so-called blowback and an unnecessary intensification of Third World conflict, but in the various rollback battlefields, the Soviet Union made major concessions, and eventually had to retreat from Afghanistan. The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... Blowback is a term used in espionage to describe the unintended consequences of covert operations. ...

As the retreat from the Soviet-Afghan war got under way, the subject nations of the Soviet Union started to prepare for their own independence, though critics of rollback interpret this not as the domino effect of the retreat, but rather as a consequence of Gorbachev's liberalization. Violence broke out as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic sought control of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Two years later, numerous Soviet Socialist Republics declared their laws superior to those of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union collapsed, in some ways was already collapsing as the retreat got under way. The retreat from Afghanistan was directy caused by American stinger missiles, and many would argue indirectly caused by similar military pressures on many battlegrounds throughout the world, though Afghanistan was the only battleground where significant numbers of Russian soldiers were directly being killed by American weapons supplied for that purpose. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. ...

See also

Cold War

Main events (1945–1961)

Main events (1962–1991)

Specific articles

Primary participants

General timeline: Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the Domino Effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based Communism, rather than European-American-based Capitalism. ... The Cold War (Russian: Ð¥Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ð° Kholodnaya Voina) was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ...

Timeline of events

1940s: 1940-1946 January 7: Republic of Austria is reconsTITuted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet. ...

1950s: The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ... Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: åœ‹å…±å†…æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å›½å…±å†…æˆ˜; Pinyin: guÃ³gÃ²ng neÃ¬zhÃ n; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in... The Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy announced by President Harry S. Truman on the 12 March 1947 that the U.S. government would support Greece and Turkey with military and economic aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet orbit. ... Combatants Hellenic Army, Royalist forces, Republicans, British troops Communist guerillas (ELAS, DSE) Commanders Alexander Papagos Markos Vafiadis Strength 100,000 men 20,000 men and women Casualties 12,777 killed 37,732 wounded 4,527 missing 38,000 killed 40,000 captured or surrendered An ELAS soldier The Greek Civil... Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... occupation zone after 1945 The Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States United Kingdom Communist combatants: Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea Peopleâ€™s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Jeong Il-Gwon Syngman Rhee Kim Il-sung, Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All figures may... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Combatants Soviet Union AVH Hungarian government, various nationalist militias Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz, JÃ³zsef DudÃ¡s Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 720 KIA 2502 The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, also known... Combatants United Kingdom, Israel, France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF) General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 177 Israelis KIA, unknown number WIA, 16 British... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Peoples Republic of China Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~520,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 230... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ... The Eisenhower Doctrine, given in a message to Congress on January 5, 1957 stated the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Sino-Soviet Split
U-2 Crisis of 1960
Kennedy Doctrine
Bay of Pigs Invasion

1960s (continued): The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term in office between 1961 and 1963. ... Combatants Cuban militia Cuban exiles trained by the US Commanders Fidel Castro, Arnaldo Ochoa Sanchez Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 115 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an RPD machine gun. ...

1970s: U.S.A.F. spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... The Johnson Doctrine, enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander DubÄek came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... DÃ©tente is a French term meaning relaxation, which has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... // Insurrection and War, 1967-75 By the mid-1960s, Norodom Sihanouks delicate balancing act was beginning to go awry. ...

1980s: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Richard Nixon met with Mao Zedong in 1972. ... Combatants Soviet Union Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen Rebels supported by nations such as: United States, Iran, Pakistan, China Saudi Arabia Commanders Boris Gromov Pavel Grachev Valentin Varennikov Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Sibghatullah Mojadeddi Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali Mazari Osama bin Laden Indirect roles Ronald Reagan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Rahimuddin...

1990s: The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... The Reagan Doctrine was an important Cold War strategy by the United States to oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... The Revolutions of 1989, sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, were the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various Soviet-style Communist governments were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions... East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. ... Non-violent protesters are fighting with flowers against armored policemen The Velvet Revolution (Czech: sametovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 â€“ December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Contemporaneous conflicts: // The rise of Gorbachev Although reform in the Soviet Union stalled between 1969 and 1982, a generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Countries behind the Iron Curtain are shaded red. ... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2005) The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the Domino Effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based Communism, rather than European-American-based Capitalism. ... An Arms Race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2005. ... For other uses, see Space Race (disambiguation). ... Political cartoon of the era depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... Senator Joseph McCarthy McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. ... Senator John W. Bricker, the sponsor of the proposed constitutional amendment. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... CIA redirects here. ... This article is becoming very long. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for Commitee for State Security, (Russian: ; Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti). ... Logo of East Germanys Ministerium fÃ¼r Staatssicherheit (MfS or Stasi) / Ministry for State Security This article is about Stasi, the secret police of East Germany. ...

Political leaders: Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict Â· Arab League Â· Soviet Union / Russia Â· Israel and the United Nations Â· Iran-Israel... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation[1] (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

Contents

Western intervention in Russian Civil War GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Rollback during Cold War

Advocated by U.S. conservatives

See also

Western intervention in Russian Civil War