Rolls-Royce Derwent

The Rolls-Royce Derwent is a 1940s British centrifugal compressor turbojet engine. A centrifugal compressor, also called a radial blower, squirrel cage, or squirrel wheel compressor, consists of an axle to which is mounted a cylindrical assembly of compressor blades. ... Turbojets are the simplest and oldest kind of general purpose jet engine. ...

Development

The Derwent was the second jet engine design to be put into production by Rolls-Royce. Essentially an improved version of the Rolls-Royce Welland, itself a renamed version of Frank Whittle's Power Jets W.2B, Rolls inherited the design from Rover when they took over their jet engine development in 1943. The performance over the original W.2B design was somewhat improved, reliability dramatically, making the Derwent the chosen engine for the Gloster Meteor and many other post-WWII British jet designs. A Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle is tested at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, USA. The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape. ... Rolls-Royce Limited was a British car and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906 and was the result of a partnership formed in 1904. ... The Welland was Englands first production jet engine. ... Frank Whittle speaking to employees of NASA Glenn Research Center, USA, in 1946 Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, OM, KBE (1 June 1907–9 August 1996) was a Royal Air Force officer who invented the jet engine. ... 1936 Rover 10 1962 Rover 80 Rover 2000 1995 Rover 200 Rover (the MG Rover Group) is a manufacturer of automobiles in the United Kingdom, based at the famous Longbridge plant in Birmingham. ... This is a list of aviation-related events from 1943: Events January January 27 - the USAAF makes its first daylight raid on Germany January 30 - Royal Air Force de Havilland Mosquitos make the first daylight air-raid on Berlin January 30-31 – the H2S radar is used by RAF bombers... The Gloster Meteor was the first jet fighter aircraft of the British Royal Air Force, introduced into service only weeks after the Third Reichs Messerschmitt Me 262, in August 1944 during World War II. It was thus the second fighter jet in history and the first of the WWII... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

When Rover was selected for production of Whittle's designs in 1941 they set up their main jet factory at Barnoldswick, staffed primarily by various Power Jets personnel. Rover felt their own engineers were better at everything, and also set up a parallel effort at Waterloo Mill, Clitheroe. Here Adrian Lombard attempted to develop the W.2 into a production quality design, angering Whittle who was left out of the team. After a short period Lombard decided to dispense with Whittle's "reverse flow" design, and instead lay out the engine in a "straight-through" flow with the hot gas exiting directly onto the turbine instead of being piped forward as in Whittle's version. He may have been inspired by Frank Halford's layout of the Halford H.1 which was being built at about the same time. This layout made the engine somewhat longer and required a redesign of the nacelles on the Meteor, but also made the gas flow simpler and thereby improved reliability. While work at Barnoldswick continued on what was now known as the W.2B/23, Lombard's new design became the W.2B/26. This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941: Events Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to fly a bomber across the Atlantic Ocean. ... Barnoldswick (colloquially known as Barlick) is a Yorkshire town with an approximate population of 12,000. ... Arms of Clitheroe Town Council Clitheroe is a small town in Lancashire, England. ... Frank B Halford - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Cutaway Goblin II A cutaway diagram of the internal workings of the de Havilland Goblin, as fitted to the Vampire. ...

By 1941 it was obvious to all that the arrangement was not working; Whittle was constantly frustrated by Rover's inability to deliver production-quality parts for a test engine, and became increasingly vocal about his complaints. Likewise Rover was losing interest in the project after the delays and constant harassment from Power Jets. Earlier, in 1940, Stanley Hooker of Rolls-Royce had met with Whittle, and later introduced him to Rolls' CEO, Ernest Hives. Rolls had a fully developed supercharger division, directed by Hooker, which was naturally suited to jet engine work. Hives agreed to supply key parts to help the project along. Eventually Spencer Wilkes of Rover met with Hives and Hooker, and decided to trade the jet factory at Barnoldswick for Rolls' tank engine factory in Nottingham. A handshake sealed the deal, turning Rolls-Royce into the powerhouse it remains to this day. This is a list of aviation-related events from 1940: Events March March 16 - Britain suffers its first civilian air-raid casualties of the war after a raid by KG 26 on Scapa Flow March 25 - the US government grants permission to the countrys aircraft manufacturers to sell advanced... Sir Stanley Hooker Sir Stanley George Hooker (b. ... Rolls-Royce Limited was a British car and aero-engine manufacturing company founded by Henry Royce and C.S. Rolls in 1906 and was the result of a partnership formed in 1904. ... Ernest Walter Hives Ernest Walter Hives, 1st Baron Hives, (b 1886, d 1965), was the onetime head of the Rolls-Royce Aero Engine division. ... A supercharger (also known as a blower) is an air compressor used to compress air into the cylinders of an internal combustion engine. ... The Rolls-Royce Meteor was a tank engine developed from the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero-engine. ... Nottingham is a city (and county town of Nottinghamshire) in the East Midlands of England. ...

Problems were soon ironed out, and the original /23 design was ready for flight by late 1943. This gave the team some breathing room, so they redesigned the /26's inlets for increased air flow, and thus thrust. Adding improved fuel and oil systems, the newly-named Derwent Mk.I entered production with 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust. Mk.II, III and IV's followed, peaking at 3,500 lbf (15.6 kN) of thrust. The Derwent was the primary engine of all the early Meteors with the exception of the small number of Welland-equipped models which were quickly removed from service. The Mk.II was also modified with an extra turbine stage driving a gearbox and, eventually, a five-bladed propeller, forming the first production turboprop engine, the Rolls-Royce Trent (RB.50). A schematic diagram showing the operation of a turboprop engine. ... Rolls-Royce Trent 900 on A380 prototype Rolls Royce Trent is a family of high-bypass turbofan engines manufactured by Rolls-Royce. ...

The basic Derwent design was also used to produce a larger two-spool 5,000 lbf (22.2 kN) thrust engine known as the Rolls-Royce Nene. Several Derwents and Nenes were sold to the Soviet Union, causing a major political row, as it was the most powerful production-turbojet in the world at the time. The Soviets promptly reverse engineered the Derwent V and produced their own unlicensed version, the Klimov RD-500. Plans to put the Derwent V into Canadian Avro Jetliner never materialized. The Nene or RB.41, was Rolls-Royces third jet engine to enter production, designed and built in an astonishingly short five month period in 1944, first running on October 27th, 1944. ... Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ... Klimov RD-500 was an unlicensed Soviet version of the Rolls-Royce Derwent Mk. ... Avro Canada C-102 Rolls-Royce Derwent Engine, used in the Avro Jetliner The C-102 Jetliner was a medium-range jet airliner built by Avro Canada in 1949. ...

Development of the Nene continued in a scaled-down version specifically for use on the Meteor, and to avoid the stigma of the earlier design, this was named the Derwent Mk.V. Like the Nene, Derwent Mk.V was produced in the Soviet Union as Klimov RD-500. The Mk.V was also going to be used on the Canadian Avro Jetliner, but this was never put into production. Klimov RD-500 was an unlicensed Soviet version of the Rolls-Royce Derwent Mk. ... Avro Canada C-102 Rolls-Royce Derwent Engine, used in the Avro Jetliner The C-102 Jetliner was a medium-range jet airliner built by Avro Canada in 1949. ...

Variants

• Derwent I - first production version, 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) of thrust
• Derwent II - thrust increased to 2,200 lbf (9.8 kN)
• Derwent III - experimental variant providing vacuum for wing boundary layer control
• Derwent IV - thrust increased to 2,400 lbf (10.7 kN)
• Derwent V - scaled-down version of the Rolls-Royce Nene developing 3,500 lbf (15.6 kN) of thrust

In physics and fluid mechanics, the boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. ...

Specifications (Derwent I)

General characteristics

• Type: Turbojet
• Length: 84 in (2,135 mm)
• Diameter: 41.5 in (1,055 mm)
• Dry weight: 975 lb (443 kg)

Components

• Compressor: Single-stage dual-entry centrifugal compressor with two-sided impeller
• Combustors: 10 flow combustors with igniter plugs in chambers 3 and 10
• Turbine: Single-stage axial flow with 54 blades
• Fuel type: Aviation kerosene with 1% lubricating oil
• Oil system: 3.25 US gal (12.5 L) capacity, circulation rate 254 US gal/hr (976 L/hr), maximum inverted flying time 15 s

Performance

• Thrust:
  
  • 120 lbf (0.5 kN) at 6,000 rpm at idle.
  • 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) at 16,500 rpm for takeoff
  • 1,550 lbf (6.9 kN) at 15,000 rpm for cruise
• Overall pressure ratio: 3.9:1
• Fuel consumption:
  
  • 470 lb/hr (215 kg/hr) at idle
  • 1,820 lb/hr (830 kg/hr) at cruise power
  • 2,360 lb/hr (1,070 kg/hr) at maximum power

• Oil consumption: 0.15 US gal/hr (0.57 L/hr)
• Thrust-to-weight ratio: 2.1:1 (20.1 N/kg)

Turbojets are the simplest and oldest kind of general purpose jet engine. ... A centrifugal compressor, also called a radial blower, squirrel cage, or squirrel wheel compressor, consists of an axle to which is mounted a cylindrical assembly of compressor blades. ... An impeller is a rotor inside a tube or conduit to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid. ... A ring of can type combustors circles the mid section of this gas turbine. ... WWII era steam turbine used for ship propulsion. ... Russian kerosene lamp Kerosene or paraffin oil (British English, not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin) is a colorless flammable hydrocarbon liquid. ... Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newtons Second and Third Law. ... The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any internal-combustion engine. ... Thrust-to-weight ratio (where weight means weight at the Earths surface) is a dimensionless parameter characteristic of rocket and jet engines, and of vehicles propelled by such engines (typically space launch vehicles and jet aircraft). ...

References

• Bridgman, L, (ed.) (1998) Jane's fighting aircraft of World War II. Crescent. ISBN 0-517-67964-7