|
The Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. With more than 71 million adherents, the Philippines is the fourth largest Catholic nation in the world. Image File history File links Information. ...
Shortcut: WP:WIN Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia and, as a means to that end, also an online community. ...
Shortcut: WP:CU Marking articles for cleanup This page is undergoing a transition to an easier-to-maintain format. ...
This Manual of Style has the simple purpose of making things easy to read by following a consistent format — it is a style guide. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic...
Anthem Inno e Marcia Pontificale(Italian) Hymn and Pontifical March Capital (and largest city) Vatican City1 Official languages Latin2, Italian, French and German. ...
Ecclesiastical Territories
-
The administration of the Catholic Church in the Philippines is divided into sixteen Ecclesiastical Provinces, each bearing the same name as the archdiocese in it. The provinces are divided into 72 dioceses. Additionally, there are seven Apostolic Vicariates and a Military Ordinariate. The following is the List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the Philippines. ...
An ecclesiastical province is a unit of religious government existing in certain Christian churches. ...
Archdioceses
Apostolic Vicariates The Archdiocese of Nueva Caceres is an archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Camarines Sur Region: Bicol Region (Region V) Capital: Pili Founded: — Population: 2000 census—1,551,549 (15th largest) Density—295 per km² (22nd highest) Area: 5,266. ...
Misamis Oriental is a province of the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. ...
Capiz is a province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. ...
Cebu is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. ...
Maguindanao is a province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). ...
The Archbishops Coat of Arms The Archdiocese of Davao is an Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. ...
Davao del Sur is a province of the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Cavite Region: CALABARZON (Region IV-A) Capital: Trece Martires City Founded: March 10, 1917 Population: 2000 census—2,163,161 (5th largest) Density—1,590 per km² (Highest) Area: 1,297. ...
Archdiocese of Jaro The Archdiocese of Jaro is one of the oldest dioceses in the country. ...
Iloilo is a province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. ...
Pangasinan, officially Province of Pangasinan (Pangasinan: Luyag na Pangasinan), is one of the provinces of the Republic of the Philippines. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Ilocos Sur Region: Ilocos Region (Region I) Capital: Vigan City Founded: 1572 Population: 2000 census—594,206 (41st largest) Density—230 per km² (34th highest) Area: 2,579. ...
Misamis Occidental is a province of the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Leyte Region: Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) Capital: Tacloban City Founded: 1543 and March 10, 1917 Population: 2000 census—1,592,336 (14th largest) Density—279 per km² (24th highest) Area: 5,712. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Pampanga Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: City of San Fernando Founded: December 11, 1571 Population: 2000 census—1,882,730 (10th largest) Density—863 per km² (4th highest) Area: 2,180. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Cagayan Region: Cagayan Valley (Region II) Capital: Tuguegarao City Founded: 1581 Population: 2000 census—993,580 (25th largest) Density—110 per km² (16th lowest) Area: 9,002 km² (3rd largest) Divisions: Highly urbanized cities—0 Component cities—1 Municipalities—28 Barangays—820 Congressional districts...
Zamboanga del Sur is a province of the Philippines located in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao. ...
| | - Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose de Mindoro (Occidental Mindoro)
- Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk (Kalinga)
- Apostolic Vicariate of Taytay (Palawan)
- Military Ordinariate of the Philippines
| Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. ...
Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. ...
Oriental Mindoro (Filipino: Silangang Mindoro) is a province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region in Luzon. ...
Sulu is an island province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). ...
Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ...
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Occidental Mindoro Region: MIMAROPA (Region IV-B) Capital: Mamburao Founded: — Population: 2000 census—380,250 (21st smallest) Density—65 per km² (9th lowest) Area: 5,879. ...
Kalinga is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. ...
Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. ...
Fiestas and religious holidays Roman Catholic holy days, such as Christmas, Good Friday, etc. are observed as official national holidays. Spanish-Mexican Culture and Catholicism has significantly influenced culture and traditions. On the 3rd Sunday of January the country celebrates the festival of the Santo Niño de Cebú, the largest being held in Cebu City with the celebration of the Sinulog Festival. However, other areas such as Kalibo, Aklan are also know for their own celebration known as the Ati-Atihan. Christmas is an annual holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus. ...
Good Friday is the Friday before Easter (Easter always falls on a Sunday). ...
Santo Niño de Cebú is a representation of the Child Jesus, somewhat related to the Infant Jesus of Prague. ...
Nickname: Map of Cebu showing the location of Cebu City Coordinates: 10°17 N 123°54 E Country Region Province Cebu (capital) Districts 1st and 2nd districts of Cebu City Barangays 80 Incorporated (town) 1565 Incorporated (city) February 24, 1937 Government - Mayor Tomas D.R. Osmeña (BO-PK/Lakas...
Sinulog festival 2006 The Santo Niño given to Queen Juana of Cebu The Sinulog festival is one of the grandest and most colorful festivals in the Philippines. ...
Kalibo is the capital of the province of Aklan, in the northwest of Panay Island, Philippines. ...
The Ati-Atihan festival is named after the Ati, the indigenious natives of the island before the arrival of the Malay in the 10th century and the Spanish in the 16th century. ...
Missionary work Evangelism was done in the native language. Doctrina Christiana is a book of prayers in Tagalog published in the 16th century. When, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi set up the colonial system beginning 1565, he implemented an encomienda system where a native could acquire land if he underwent baptism and registered as a Catholic. Massive conversion occurred at this time. Miguel López de Legaspi (1510 - August 20, 1572) was a Spanish Conquistador whose conquest of the Philippine Islands was for the glory of Spain and Christianity. ...
// Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ...
The encomienda system was a trusteeship labor system used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. ...
Spanish Catholicism Church and state were inseparable. The government assumed administrative responsibility, funding expenditures and selecting personnel, for the new ecclesiastical establishments. Responsibility for conversion to Christianity was assigned to the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians, known collectively as the friars and to the Jesuits. Although many friars were from Spain, others were from New Spain or Mexico. The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...
Detail of St. ...
map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ...
The Catholic hierarchy took over some government roles, especially in the rural areas . Although they were not completely diabolic, neither were they saints. The Friars were notorious for fathering children, overtaxing land, limiting native ascendency and refusing civil government interference since they were under 'God's jurisdiction'. Three famous priests were implicated in trumped up charges because they were struggling for native ascendency. Their execution left a deep impression and outrage on many people including a future martyr and national hero who sought to open the eyes of passive natives to Spanish abuses. They were not totally evil either. Friars have also interceded for Filipinos when Spanish military and civil government were too harsh and provided counseling and education. The Noli Me Tangere exposed actual abuses by the friarchy in its satire and was quickly condemned by both the Spanish government and religious authorities. The friars and Jesuits were responsible for establishing some of Asia's oldest Universities and educational institutions in the Philippines. Father Dámaso or Padre Dámaso is one of the notorious characters in the novel Noli Me Tangere. ...
Noli me Tangere by Hans Holbein the Younger Noli me tangere is the Latin version of the words spoken, according to the Gospel of John, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene, meaning dont touch me (the quotation appears in John 20:17). ...
The First Missionaries The Reconquista of Spain during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had three major goals for the occupation of the Philippine islands. One was to colonize the Philippines and participate in the spice trade that was at the time dominated by Portugal. Secondly, Spain wanted to utilize the geographical location of the Philippines to trade with China and Japan and to spread Christianity to those advanced civilizations. Thirdly, one of Spain’s main goals was to Christianize the people of the archipelago. The Legazpi expedition of 1565 marked the beginning of the Hispanization of the Philippines. This expedition was an effort to occupy the islands with as little bloodshed and conflict as possible, ordered by Phillip II. Regretful bloodshed in Mexico and Peru motivated him to exercise pacifism during these campaigns. Lieutenant Legazpi was in charge of making peace with the natives and through swift military conquest, he set up colonies. Under the encomienda system, the Filipinos had to pay tribute to the encomendero of the area and in return the encomendero taught them the ways of the Christian faith and also protected them from enemies. Although Spain had used this system before, it was not working quite as effectively for the Filipinos as it did in America. The missionaries were not as successful in converting the natives as they had hoped under the encomienda system. In 1579, Bishop Salazar and other clergymen were outraged for the encomenderos had abused their powers left and right. Although the natives were resistant, they could not band together to conspire a collective revolt towards the Spaniards for geographical reasons, linguistic differences, and mutual indifference.
Changes in Filipino Culture The Spaniards had observed the natives’ lifestyle and disagreed with it whole-heartedly. Through their Christian eyes, they saw the influence of the devil and felt the need to liberate the natives from their evil ways. Overtime, geographical limitations have shifted the natives into what are called barangays, which are small kinship units consisting of about 30 to 100 families. Each barangay, like other societies, had a class system. The patriarchal chieftains were called datus. The mahalika were the nobles and the timagua were freemen. The servile were a dependent class that was mistook for as slaves by the Spaniards. The subclasses varied in every other barangay. Intermarriage was of freemen and the dependent class was permitted, which created a more complex, but flexible system of land privileges and labor services. Barangays were usually in conflict with each other and hostility was prevalent. This was the system the Spaniards tried to subdue in their justification that the dependent class were an oppressed group. Although they failed at completely suppressing the system, they worked with it while applying their own stratagem.
Religion and marriage were also issues that the missionaries of Spain wanted to transform. Polygamy was not uncommon, but only wealthy chieftains had this privilege. Divorce and remarriage were also common as long as reasons were justified. Illness, infertility, or a better potential spouse was justified reasons for divorce. Along with those practices, missionaries also disagreed with the practices of paying dowries, and payment of “bride-price” and “bride-service,” in which the groom paid his future father-in-law gold or offered labor services before the marriage. Missionaries had disproved of these because they felt bride-price was an act of selling one’s daughter and labor services in the household of the father allowed for premarital relations between bride and groom, which contradicted against Christian beliefs. Pre-conquest religion of the natives comprised of monotheistic and polytheistic cults. Bathala (Tagalog – central Luzon) or Laon (Bisayan – central islands) was the ultimate creator above other inferior gods and goddesses. Natives also worshipped nature and prayed to the spirits of their ancestors to whom they also made sacrifices. Mostly men practiced ritualistic drinking and many rituals performed aimed at cure for a certain illness. Magic and superstition also existed among the natives. The Spaniards claimed to liberate the natives from their wicked practices and show them the right path to God.
In 1599, negotiation began between a number of chieftains and their freemen and the Spaniards. The natives agreed to be submitted under the rule of a Castilian king and in return, the natives were indoctrinated into Christianity and were protected from their enemies, mostly Japanese, Chinese, and Muslim pirates. However, the conquest and conversion efforts were neither as easy nor as negotiable as this contract. The missionaries faced many obstacles and successes along the path to Christianization.
Factors Several factors contributed to the efforts to spread Christianity throughout the archipelago. An inadequate number of missionaries on the island made it difficult to reach all the people and harder to convert them. This is also due to the fact that the route to the Philippines was in itself a rigorous task and some clergy never had the opportunity to step foot on the islands. Some clergy fell ill or waited years for their chance to take the journey, or for some the climate difference once they arrived was unbearable. Other missionaries desired to go to Japan or China instead to spread their faith, or were more interested in mercantilism. The Spaniards also quarreled with the Chinese population in the Philippines. The Chinese had set up shops in what was called the Parian or bazaar during the 1580s to trade silk and other goods for Mexican silver. The Spaniards anticipated revolts from the Chinese and therefore, were under constant suspicion. The Spanish government and conquest were also highly dependent on this silver because it supported the necessities to run the government in Manila, the main city, and to continue Christianization. The most difficult obstacles facing the missionaries were the dispersion of the Filipinos and their seemingly endless varieties of languages and dialects. The geographical isolation forced them into numerous small villages and every other province supported a different dialect.
The Orders and Their Task The four regular orders who were assigned to Christianize the natives were the Augustinians, who came with Legazpi, the Discalced Franciscans (1578), the Jesuits (1581), and the Dominican friars (1587). In 1594, all had agreed to cover a specific area of the archipelago to deal with the vast dispersion of the natives. The Augustinians and Franciscans mainly covered the Tagalog country while the Jesuits had a small area. The Dominicans encompassed the Parian. The provinces of Pampanga and Ilokos were assigned to the Augustinians. The province of Camarines went to the Franciscans. The Augustinians and Jesuits were also assigned the Visayan islands. The Christian conquest had not reached the Mindanao province due to a highly resistant Muslim community that existed pre-conquest.
The task of the Spanish missionaries, however, was far from complete. By the seventeenth century, the Spaniards had created about 20 large villages and almost completely transformed the native lifestyle. For their Christian efforts, the Spaniards justified their actions by claiming that the small villages were a sign of barbarism and only bigger, more compact communities allowed for a richer understanding for Christianity. The Filipinos did not face much coercion; the Spaniards knew that rituals were inviting for the natives. The layout of these villages was in gridiron form that allowed for easier navigation and more order. They were also spread far enough to allow for one cabecera or capital parish and small visita chapels located throughout the villages in which clergy only stayed temporarily for mass, rituals, or nuptials.
Filipino Resistance The Filipinos, to an extent, did resist because they felt an agricultural obligation and connection with their rice fields. They felt that the large villages took away their resources and they feared the compact environment. This also took away from the encomienda system that depended on land, therefore, the encomenderos lost tributes. However, the missionaries continued their efforts to indoctrinate the natives into the Christian faith. Their strategy was to take children of the chieftains and put them under intense education in religious doctrines and the Spanish language so that they in turn could convert their fathers and eventually native followers would emulate their leader. Between 1578 and 1609, missionaries saw an optimistic and enthusiastic attitude from the natives and saw more converts than ever.
Despite the progress of the Spaniards, it took many years for the natives to truly grasp key concepts of Christianity. In Catholicism, the four main sacraments attracted the natives but only for ritualistic reasons and they did not fully alter the native lifestyle as the Spaniards had hoped. Baptism attracted the natives because they believed it cured ailments. The sacrament of Holy Matrimony was a concept many natives could not understand and had violated the sanctity of monogamy. The Filipinos, however, were allowed to keep the tradition of the dowry and was accepted into law. “Bride-price” and “bride-service” was not observed by the Spaniards, but were performed by natives despite its claim to heresy. Penance is the sacrament of confession and required everyone to confess once a year. The clergy used a bilingual text aid called confessionario to help the Filipinos understand the meaning of confession and what they had to confess. They were, at first, apprehensive to the concept and then, gradually used penance as a way to excuse their excessive actions throughout the year. The sacrament of communion was given out selectively for this was one of the most important sacraments that the missionaries did not want the natives to risk violating.
American Occupation - See also Separation of church and state in the Philippines.
The American government (1898-1946) implemented the separation of Church and state. Many American friars, Jesuits and other Catholic religious orders as well as Protestant denominations have settled established themselves. William Howard Taft fully implemented policies on the Church. Ironically, when Apolinario Mabini put to vote, church and state separation at the Malolos Congress of 1898, the separation won by only a slight margin despite strong anti-friarcy sentiments. By passing through the numerous phases of colonial occupation, the relationship of the church and state in the Philippines has repeatedly changed from the collaboration of the Roman Catholic Church with the government during the Spanish era to todays generally accepted separation of church and state. ...
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a pioneer in international arbitration...
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864—May 13, 1903), also known as the Sublime Paralytic, was a Filipino theoretician who wrote the constitution for the first Philippine republic of 1899-1901, and served as its first prime minister in 1899. ...
The Malolos Constitution was the first Philippine constitution, from 1899. ...
At this same time, due to sentiments for independence, independent churches emerged such as the Aglipayan Church (which later aligned themselves with the Anglicans) and the Iglesia ni Kristo. This separation continues after indpendence in 1946 to the present day. The Philippine Independent Church, officially the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) in Spanish, is a Christian denomination belonging to the Roman Catholic tradition. ...
The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ...
Iglesia ni Cristo chapel in Lalaan, Cavite, Philippines The Iglesia ni Cristo (also known as INC or Iglesia ni Kristo; Filipino for Church of Christ) is an independent Christian church which originated in the Philippines. ...
A number of Catholic Charismatic movements emerged vis-a-vis the Born-again movement during the 70s. The Charismatic movement offered Life-In-the-Spirit seminars in the early days which have now evolved and have different names. These seminars focus on the Charismas or gifts of the Holy Spirit.Some of the Charismatic movements were the Assumption Prayer Group, Couples for Christ and the El Shaddai. Charismatic movements profess to be ecumenical, similar to the evangelical and pentecostal Christians; in fact, many non-Catholic Christians also join this movement. Even though the movement is ecumenical, majority of its adherents are Catholics, in addition, leaders and speakers in these groups are sometimes Catholic priests. Charismatic Catholicism, also known as Catholic Charismatic Renewal is a movement within the Catholic Church which adopts certain practices and beliefs more commonly associated with the Pentecostal movement within Protestantism. ...
Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box: In mainstream Christianity, the...
The logo of CFC-GMF The logo of CFC-FFL; this is a CFC logo which has been disused over time and is now gaining popularity following the GMF-FFL rift Couples for Christ is the name of two lay ecclesial movements based in the Philippines. ...
El Shaddai (Hebrew: ×ל שדי) is one of the Judaic names of God. ...
The Neocatechumenal Way in the Philippines has been established for more than twenty-five years. The Neocatechumenal communities number more than seven hundred and are found all over the Philippines with main concentrations in Luzon (Manila) and the Visayan Islands, especially in Panay. This faith-based initiative which centres on rediscovering the Baptism has spread rapidly in the Philippines and has the strogest presence in Asia and one of the strongest presences in the World. A Neocatechumenal Diocesan Seminary, known as a Redemptoris Mater Seminary is also present in Manila. The Neocatechumenal Way is a reality within the Roman Catholic Church and its efforts are mostly concentrated on evangelization initiatives. It is under the authority of the local Bishop. Membership in the Philippines now exceeds 25,000 persons. Religious painting of the Neocatechumenal Way. ...
Religious painting of the Neocatechumenal Way. ...
Redemptoris Mater (Latin: mother of the redeemer) is the name for specific missionary seminaries, that were inspired by by the Roman Catholic way of life of the Neocatechumenal Way. ...
Current events As of 2005, the government promotes freedom and equality among all religions in the Philippines. However, most of the population (83%) are baptised Catholics, with 68% of the entire population attending church weekly.[1]
The Catholic Church still has great influence on Philippine society and politics. One typical event is the role of the Catholic hierarchy is the EDSA Revolution of 1986. Then Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Manila, Jaime Cardinal Sin called on the public to march along EDSA and force dictator Ferdinand E. Marcos to abdicate which occurred after seven million people responded. The EDSA Revolution, also referred to as the People Power Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986, was a mostly nonviolent mass demonstration in the Philippines. ...
Jaime Cardinal Sin, Archbishop of Manila, Philippines (1974-2005) Jaime Cardinal Sin, also Jaime Lachica Sin (August 31, 1928–June 21, 2005) (Chinese name: 辛海梅; 辛海棉), was an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. ...
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (also known as EDSA) is the main road in Metro Manila, Philippines. ...
PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was the tenth President of the Republic of the Philippines. ...
In 2001, Cardinal Sin expressed his dismay over the allegations of corruption against Philippine president Joseph Estrada. His call sparked the second EDSA Revolution dubbed as "EDSA Dos". Estrada resigned after 5 continuous days of protest. The President is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. ...
Joseph Ejercito Estrada, more popularly known as Erap (born Jose Marcelo Ejercito on April 19, 1937), is a popular former film actor in the Philippines and was the 13th President of the Philippines from June 30, 1998 to January 20, 2001. ...
On the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared three days of national mourning. Arroyo herself attended the Pope's funeral in the Vatican. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box: The Pope (from Latin...
Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. ...
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947), also known by her initials G.M.A., is the 14th and current president of the Philippines. ...
Recent political turmoil in the Philippines widened the rift between the state and the Church. Arroyo's press secretary Ignacio Bunye called the bishops and priests who attended an anti-Arroyo protest as hypocrites and 'people who hide their true plans'. Yet many still await Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines on this issue. Arroyo meanwhile professes to be a devout Catholic. Ignacio Toting Bunye is a politician in the Philippines. ...
See also There is only one predominantly Christian country in all of Asia. ...
The Exarchate of the Philippines is a jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople governed by the Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. ...
This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee once asserted in one of his works that the Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to the Orient by a gigantic marine wave. While it’s impossible to deny the many Hispanic contributions made to the culture of the Philippines, Toynbee...
The following is the List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the Philippines. ...
By passing through the numerous phases of colonial occupation, the relationship of the church and state in the Philippines has repeatedly changed from the collaboration of the Roman Catholic Church with the government during the Spanish era to todays generally accepted separation of church and state. ...
The Philippines, a dominantly Catholic country, has earned the distinction of celebrating the worlds longest Christmas season. ...
The culture of the Philippines reflects the complexity of the History of the Philippines through the blending of pre-Hispanic indigenous Austronesian civilizations and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spains 377 year colonial rule of the islands. ...
References - ^ http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases/1997/Dec97/chr121097a
External links - This article incorporates material from the U.S. Library of Congress and is available to the general public.
|
Feeds |
Contact