The accession to the purple on November 20, 284, of Diocletian, the lower-class, Greek-speaking Dalmatian commander of Carus's and Numerian's household cavalry (protectores domestici), marked a major departure from traditional Roman constitutional theory regarding the Emperor, who was nominally first among equals; Diocletian introduced Oriental despotism into the Imperial dignity. Whereas before Emperors had worn only a purple toga (toga picta) and greeted with deference, Diocletian wore jewelled robes and shoes, and required those who greeted him to kneel and kiss the hem of his robe (adoratio). In many ways, Diocletian was the first monarchical Emperor, and this is symbolised by the fact that the word dominus ("Lord") rapidly replaced princeps as the favoured word for referring to the Emperor. Significantly, neither Diocletian nor his co-Emperor Maximian spent much time in Rome after 286, establishing their Imperial capitals at Nicomedia and Mediolanum (modern Milan), respectively. November 20 is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For other uses, see number 284. ... Emperor Diocletian. ... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Serbian Cyrillic: Далмација, Italian: Dalmazia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, (mostly) in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... This article is about the year 286. ... Nicomedes I of Bithynia founded the city of Nicomedia (modern İzmit), at the head of the Gulf of Astacus (which opens on the Propontis), in 264 BC The city has ever since been one of the chief towns in this part of Asia Minor. ... Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese -dialect of Lombard-: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. ...

• Diocletian ("Imp. Caesar C. Aurelius Diocletianus P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. Dioclês), 284 - 293
  • Maximian ("Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. Maximianus), 286 - 293

Emperor Diocletian. ... For other uses, see number 284. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... This article is about the year 286. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ...

The Tetrarchy

The Tetrarchy was a system established by Diocletian to facilitate effective government of the Empire. There were two senior emperors (augusti), one for the West and one for the East, and two junior sub-emperors (caesares), one for each senior emperor. When the senior emperors left office for whatever reason, the junior sub-emperors would become senior emperors and appoint their own junior sub-emperors; the retired senior emperors took the title senior augustus and were styled Patres Imperatorum et Caesarum ("Fathers of the Imperators and of the Caesars"). The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ... For the honorific title, see Augustus (honorific). ... Caesar (p. ...

Emperors in the East

• Augustus: Diocletian (cont'd.), 293 – 305
  • Caesar: Galerius ("Galerius Valerius Maximianus Nob. Caesar"; b. Galerius Valerius Maximianus), 293 – 305
• Augustus: Galerius ("Imp. Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximianus P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. Galerius Valerius Maximianus), 305 – 311
  • Caesar: Maximinus "Daia" ("C. Valerius Galerius Maximinus Nob. Caesar"; b. C. Valerius Galerius Maximinus), 305 – 311
• Augustus: Maximinus "Daia" ("Imp. Caesar Valerius Galerius Maximinus P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. C. Valerius Galerius Maximinus), 311 – 313

Emperor Diocletian. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... Galerius on a coin Galerius Maximianus (c. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... Galerius on a coin Galerius Maximianus (c. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... For the band, see 311 (band), for the number see 311 (number) Events June 15 - Licinius issues his own Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his own part of the Roman Empire. ... Maximinus denarius Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus (20 November 270? - July/August, 313) Roman emperor from AD 308 to 313, was originally an Illyrian shepherd named Daia. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... For the band, see 311 (band), for the number see 311 (number) Events June 15 - Licinius issues his own Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his own part of the Roman Empire. ... Maximinus denarius Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus (20 November 270? - July/August, 313) Roman emperor from AD 308 to 313, was originally an Illyrian shepherd named Daia. ... For the band, see 311 (band), for the number see 311 (number) Events June 15 - Licinius issues his own Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his own part of the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see 313 (number). ...

Emperors in the West

• Augustus: Maximian (cont'd.), 293 – 305
  • Note: Maximian had been co-Emperor with Diocletian from 286 to 293 prior to the establishment of the Tetrarchy
  • Caesar: Constantius I "Chlorus" ("C. Flavius Valerius Constantius Nob. Caesar"; b. C. Flavius Valerius Constantius), 293 – 305
• Augustus: Constantius I "Chlorus" ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantius Aug."; b. C. Flavius Valerius Constantius), 305 – 306
  • Caesar: Flavius Valerius Severus ("Flavius Valerius Severus Nob. Caesar"; b. Flavius Valerius Severus), 305 – 306
• Augustus: Flavius Valerius Severus ("Imp. Caesar Severus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Valerius Severus), 306 – 307
  • Caesar: Constantine I ("Flavius Valerius Constantinus Nob. Caesar"; b. C. Flavius Valerius Constantinus), 306 – 307
    • Note: Constantius's soldiers had proclaimed Constantine augustus immediately upon Constantius's death on July 25, 306, but the augustus in the East, Galerius, acknowledged him only as caesar to Severus
• Augusti: Maxentius ("Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius) and Maximian ("Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. Maximianus), 307 – 308
  • Caesar: Constantine I (cont'd), 307 – 308 (styled "Imp. Caesar Constantinus P.F. Invictus Aug." from 307)

Note: In 307, the augustus Severus was murdered by mutinous soldiers while attempting to suppress the rebellion and usurpation of Maxentius, who had invited his father Maximian to return from retirement and reassume the purple as augustus with him. Maxentius and Maximian reigned in the West as augusti co-operating with Constantine as caesar until the Imperial conference at Carnutum in November 308, whereat Constantine confirmed as caesar, Maximian deposed, and Licinius appointed augustus in his place. Maxentius continued to hold power as a rival Emperor until 312; his father Maximian (the first Emperor to be restored) committed suicide after an attempt to don the purple a third time in 310. Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... This article is about the year 286. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... Events July 25 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops. ... Flavius Valerius Severus as caesar. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... Events July 25 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops. ... Flavius Valerius Severus as caesar. ... Events July 25 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops. ... Events March 31 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian. ... Constantine. ... Events July 25 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops. ... Events March 31 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian. ... July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ... Events July 25 - Constantine I proclaimed Roman Emperor by his troops. ... Maxentius as Augustus on a coin. ... Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... Events March 31 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian. ... Events November 11 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius Augustus, and rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar (junior emperor of Britain and Gaul) Births Deaths Categories: 308 ... Constantine. ... Events March 31 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian. ... Events November 11 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius Augustus, and rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar (junior emperor of Britain and Gaul) Births Deaths Categories: 308 ... Events March 31 - After divorcing his wife Minerva, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Maximian. ... Events November 11 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius Augustus, and rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar (junior emperor of Britain and Gaul) Births Deaths Categories: 308 ... Events October 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius in the fight to become emperor of Rome. ... Events While Constantine was campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempted to make himself emperor at Arles. ...

• Augustus: Licinius ("Imp. Caesar C. Valerius Licinianus Licinius P.F. Invictus Aug."; b. C. Valerius Licinianus Licinius), 308 – 313
  • Caesar: Constantine I (cont'd), 308 – 313

As of Licinius Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius. ... Events November 11 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius Augustus, and rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar (junior emperor of Britain and Gaul) Births Deaths Categories: 308 ... For other uses, see 313 (number). ... Constantine. ... Events November 11 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius Augustus, and rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar (junior emperor of Britain and Gaul) Births Deaths Categories: 308 ... For other uses, see 313 (number). ...

Tetrarchical Relationships

Diocletian's wife Prisca bore him a daughter Galeria Valeria, who married Galerius (whom Diocletian had adopted and appointed caesar on March 1, 293). Galerius's sister gave birth to a son, Maximinus Daia, and Galerius's daughter by his first wife, Valeria Maximilla, married Maxentius, son of Maximian by his wife Eutropia; Eutropia's first marriage (to Afranius Hannibalianus) had produced a daughter, Theodora, who became the second wife of Constantius Chlorus ("the Pale") in 289 (adopted by Maximian on March 1, 293). Constantius's marriage to Theodora produced a daughter, Constantia, who married Licinius; his first marriage to Helena produced a son, Constantine, whose second wife was Fausta, sister of Maxentius and daughter of Maximian. March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events Constantius Chlorus married Flavia Maximiana Theodora, stepdaughter of Maximian after renouncing Helena, his wife and mother of Constantine the Great. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Helena on a coin. ...

To summarise:

• Diocletian: father-in-law and adoptive father of Galerius
• Maximian: father of Maxentius, adoptive father and stepfather-in-law of Constantius I "Chlorus", father-in-law of Constantine, stepgrandfather-in-law of Licinius
• Galerius: son-in-law and adopted son of Diocletian, uncle of Maximinus Daia, father-in-law of Maxentius
• Constantius I "Chlorus": father (and stepbrother-in-law) of Constantine, father-in-law of Licinius, adopted son and stepson-in-law of Maximian, adoptive brother and half-brother-in-law of Maxentius
• Maximinus Daia: nephew of Galerius
• Constantine: son (and stepbrother-in-law) of Constantius I "Chlorus", son-in-law of Maximian, brother-in-law of Maxentius, half-brother-in-law of Licinius
• Maxentius: son of Maximian, son-in-law of Galerius, adoptive brother and half-brother-in-law of Constantius I "Chlorus", brother-in-law of Constantine
• Licinius: son-in-law of Constantius I "Chlorus", half-brother-in-law of Constantine, half-nephew of Maxentius, stepgrandson-in-law of Maximian

See also Constantinian dynasty

Category: ...

End of the Tetrarchy

The death of Galerius in May 311 and Constantine's spectacular victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312, left only three Emperors: in the East, Maximinus Daia and Licinius; in the West, Constantine. Licinius defeated Maximinus Daia in April 313 at Tarsus, and the latter committed suicide shortly thereafter, leaving Licinius and Constantine the only Emperors; they governed the Empire along the usual lines of East and West, respectively, discarded the defunct Tetrarchical system, warred against one another in 316 – 317, and again in 324 – 325. The execution of Licinius in spring 325 left Constantine the first sole Emperor since Diocletian made Maximian his co-Emperor in 286. The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ... For the band, see 311 (band), for the number see 311 (number) Events June 15 - Licinius issues his own Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his own part of the Roman Empire. ... Battle of the Milvian Bridge Conflict Date October 28, 312 Place Milvian Bridge (Saxa Rubra), Rome Result Defeat of Maxentius The Battle of Milvian Bridge took place on October 28, 312 between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Maxentius. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... Events October 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius in the fight to become emperor of Rome. ... For other uses, see 313 (number). ... Tarsus is a city in present day Turkey, on the mouth of the Tarsus Cay (Cydnus) into the Mediterranean. ... Events Huns sack Changan, capital of the Chinese Western Jin Dynasty. ... Events Jin Yuan Di succeeds Jin Min Di; end of the western and beginning of the eastern Jin Dynasty King Marian II of Iberia declares Christianity the official state religion Births February _ Constantine II, Roman Emperor Deaths Categories: 317 ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ... Events May 20 - First Council of Nicaea - first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church: The Nicene Creed is formulated, the date of Easter is discussed. ... Events May 20 - First Council of Nicaea - first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church: The Nicene Creed is formulated, the date of Easter is discussed. ... This article is about the year 286. ...

Emperor in the East

• Licinius (cont'd.), 313 – 324
  • Aurelius Valerius Valens, 316 – 317 (as "Imp. Caesar Aurelius Valerius Valens P.F. Aug.")
  • (?)Sextus Marcius(?) Martinianus, 324 (as "Imp. Caesar Marcius Martinianus P.F. Aug.")

As of Licinius Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius. ... For other uses, see 313 (number). ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ... Aurelius Valerius Valens (? - 317) was Roman emperor from December 316 to March 1, 317. ... Events Huns sack Changan, capital of the Chinese Western Jin Dynasty. ... Events Jin Yuan Di succeeds Jin Min Di; end of the western and beginning of the eastern Jin Dynasty King Marian II of Iberia declares Christianity the official state religion Births February _ Constantine II, Roman Emperor Deaths Categories: 317 ... Sextus Marcius(?) Martinianus (? - 325) was Roman emperor from July to September 18, 324. ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ...

Emperor in the West

• Constantine (cont'd.), 312 – 324 (styled "Imp. Caesar Constantinus P.F. Victor Aug." from 324)

Constantine. ... Events October 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius in the fight to become emperor of Rome. ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ...

Constantinian Dynasty

The Constantinian dynasty properly began with Constantius "Chlorus" (caesar, 293, augustus, 305), an experienced Illyrian soldier and general; the Constantiniani were originally another family of "Barracks Emperors". The dynasty retained and reinforced the monarchical evolution of the Imperial dignity, and sponsored the pivotal Edict of Milan in 312, which extended official toleration to Christianity, which religion had suffered considerable persecution under recent Emperors. Constantine I undertook major reforms of Imperial administration and military organisation, founded a new Imperial capital at Constantinople on November 8, 324, summoned the first Christian ecumenical council (I Nicaea, 325), and became the first Christian Emperor in 337. On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Events March 1 - Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. ... Events May 1 - Diocletian and Maximian, emperors of Rome, retire from office. ... This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... The Edict of Milan (AD 313) declared that the Roman Empire would be neutral with regard to religious worship, officially ending all government-sanctioned persecution, especially of Christianity. ... Events October 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius in the fight to become emperor of Rome. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, and New Testament accounts of his life and teachings. ... Constantine. ... Map of Constantinople. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ... In Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, an ecumenical council or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice. ... The First Council of Nicaea, convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in AD 325, was the first ecumenical conference of bishops of the Christian Church. ... Events May 20 - First Council of Nicaea - first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church: The Nicene Creed is formulated, the date of Easter is discussed. ... Events February 6 - Julius is elected pope. ...

Constantinian Emperors

• Constantine I (cont'd.), 324 – 337

Before Constantine's death, he divided the Empire into four parts governed by caesares, apparently intending to re-establish the Tetrarchy. He left most of the West to his son Constantine II, the East to his son Constantius II, Italia and the Upper Danube to his son Constans I, and Greece and the Lower Danube to his half-nephew Flavius Dalmatius. Dalmatius was killed shortly after Constantine's death, and the Empire was divided into three parts. Constantine. ... Events Constantine becomes the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. ... Events February 6 - Julius is elected pope. ... Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Bronze coin bearing the profile of Constans Flavius Julius Constans (AD 320 - January 18, 350), was a Roman emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Flavius Dalmatius was the son of Constantius Chlorus and Flavia Maximiana Theodora, and thus half-brother of the Emperor Constantine I. Dalmatius spent his youth in the Gallic Tolosa. ...

Emperor in Britannia, Hispania, and Gallia

• Constantine II ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Claudius Constantinus), 337 – 340

In 340, Constantine II invaded Constans I's territory in Italia; he was defeated and killed at Aquileia, and his provinces passed to the control of the brother whom he had attempted to displace. Britannia, the British national personification. ... Roman theater at Mérida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Gallia may mean several things: Gallia was the Latin name for Gaul. ... Constantine II, (February 317 - 340), was Roman Emperor (337 - 340). ... Events February 6 - Julius is elected pope. ... Events Constantine II attacks his brother Constans near Aquileia, aiming for sole control of the western half of the Roman Empire, but is defeated. ... Aquileia (Friulian Acuilee, Slovene Oglej), an ancient town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 6 to. ...

Emperor in Italia and Africa

• Constans I ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Iulius Constans P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Iulius Constans), 337 – 340

In 340, Constans I annexed the provinces of his late brother Constantine II, and became Emperor of the whole West. A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... Bronze coin bearing the profile of Constans Flavius Julius Constans (320 - January 18, 350), was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Events February 6 - Julius is elected pope. ... Events Constantine II attacks his brother Constans near Aquileia, aiming for sole control of the western half of the Roman Empire, but is defeated. ...

Emperors in the West

• Constans I (cont'd.), 340 – 350
• Non-Dynastic: Magnentius ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Magnus Magnentius P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Magnus Magnentius), 350 – 353

Magnentius's defeat in 353 by Constantius II, the last of the brother Emperors, reunified the Empire under a single Emperor. Bronze coin bearing the profile of Constans Flavius Julius Constans (320 - January 18, 350), was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Events Constantine II attacks his brother Constans near Aquileia, aiming for sole control of the western half of the Roman Empire, but is defeated. ... Events January 18 - Magnentius proclaimed Emperor by the army in Autun. ... Magnentius (ruled AD January 18, 350–August 11, 353), was a Roman usurper. ... Events January 18 - Magnentius proclaimed Emperor by the army in Autun. ... Events Battle of Mons Seleucus - Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius. ... Events Battle of Mons Seleucus - Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius. ... Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ...

Emperor in the East

• Constantius II ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Iulius Constantius P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Iulius Constantius), 337 – 361

In 353, Constantius II defeated the usurper Magnentius at Lyons and became sole Emperor. Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Events February 6 - Julius is elected pope. ... Events Emperor Ai succeeds Emperor Mu as emperor of China. ... Events Battle of Mons Seleucus - Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius. ... Lyons), see Lyons (disambiguation). ...

Emperors

Julian the Apostate famously attempted to restore paganism in the Empire, and became the second Emperor (after Decius) to die in battle with a foreign enemy (the Persians). Bust of Decius. ...

• Constantius II (cont'd.), 353 – 361
  • Julian, 355 – 361 (as "Flavius Claudius Iulianus Nob. Caesar")
    • Julian's loyalists proclaimed him augustus in 360, but he did not fully assume the purple until Constantius II's death in November 361
• Julian ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Claudius Iulianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Claudius Iulianus), 361 – 363
  • Note: Julian had been co-Emperor with Constantius II from 355 until his own accession to the purple in 361

Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Events Battle of Mons Seleucus - Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius. ... Events Emperor Ai succeeds Emperor Mu as emperor of China. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus was the last pagan Roman Emperor. ... Events November 6 - Julian is promoted to Caesar. ... Events Emperor Ai succeeds Emperor Mu as emperor of China. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus was the last pagan Roman Emperor. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus was the last pagan Roman Emperor. ... Events Emperor Ai succeeds Emperor Mu as emperor of China. ... Events Perisapora is destroyed by Emperor Julian. ... Events November 6 - Julian is promoted to Caesar. ... Events Emperor Ai succeeds Emperor Mu as emperor of China. ...

Dynastic Relationships

Constantius I "Chlorus" married twice; his first wife St. Helena bore him a son, Constantine I whose second wife Fausta (daughter of Maximian and Eutropia; sister of Maxentius; half-sister of Constantius I's second wife Theodora) bore him three sons (Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans I) and two daughters (Constantia and Helena); these children were nieces and nephews of Maxentius, half-nieces and half-nephews of Licinius (who had married their father's half-sister), and grandchildren of Maximian. Constantius I's second wife Theodora (stepdaughter of Maximian and half-sister of Fausta) bore him two sons (Flavius Dalmatius and Iulius Constantius) and two daughters (Eutropia and Constantia, the wife of Licinius). Iulius Constantius's sons Constantius Gallus and Julian married Constantine I's daughters by Fausta, Constantia and Helena, respectively. Constantius II's daughter Constantia married Gratianus (see below), the son of Valentinian I (see below).

To summarise:

• Constantius I "Chlorus": father (and stepbrother-in-law) of Constantine I, grandfather of Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans I, and Julian the Apostate, father-in-law of Licinius, adopted son and stepson-in-law of Maximian, adoptive brother and half-brother-in-law of Maxentius
• Constantine I: son (and stepbrother-in-law) of Constantius I "Chlorus", son-in-law of Maximian, brother-in-law of Maxentius, half-brother-in-law of Licinius, father of Crispus, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans I, half-uncle and father-in-law of Julian the Apostate
• Constantine II: son of Constantine I, grandson of Constantius I "Chlorus", grandson of Maximian, nephew of Maxentius, half-nephew of Licinius, brother of Crispus, Constantius II, and Constans I, half-cousin and brother-in-law of Julian the Apostate
• Constantius II: son of Constantine I, grandson of Constantius I "Chlorus", grandson of Maximian, nephew of Maxentius, half-nephew of Licinius, brother of Crispus, Constantine II, and Constans I, half-cousin and brother-in-law of Julian the Apostate, father-in-law of Gratianus
• Constans I: son of Constantine I, grandson of Constantius I "Chlorus", grandson of Maximian, nephew of Maxentius, half-nephew of Licinius, brother of Crispus, Constantine II, and Constantius II, half-cousin and brother-in-law of Julian the Apostate
• Julian the Apostate: grandson of Constantius I "Chlorus", step-great-grandson of Maximian, step-great-nephew of Maxentius, half-nephew and son-in-law of Constantine I, half-cousin and brother-in-law of Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans I

Crispus on a coin issued to celebrate Constantine I victory over Goths in 323. ...

Jovian

Jovian was one of Julian the Apostate's senior generals, and was chosen as his successor by the army shortly after his death in 363; he died in February 364 without heir. Events Perisapora is destroyed by Emperor Julian. ... Events February 28 - Valentinian I is elected Roman emperor by the army. ...

• Jovian ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Iovianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Iovianus), 363 – 364

This siliqua of Jovian, ca 363, celebrates his fifth year of reign, as a good omen. ... Events Perisapora is destroyed by Emperor Julian. ... Events February 28 - Valentinian I is elected Roman emperor by the army. ...

Valentinianan Dynasty

The Valentinian dynasty, yet another lower-class military family (this time of Pannonian extraction), is in a very loose sense a marital continuation of the Constantinian dynasty (Gratianus was son-in-law of Constantius II, the penultimate Constantinian Emperor). Although the dynastic founder, Valentinian I, had made his career as a soldier and general, he was not a "Barracks Emperor"; rather, he was elevated to the purple by a conclave of senior generals and civil officials after the death of Jovian. Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... A coin of Gratian. ... Constantius II coin, celebrating the 15th year of reign. ... Valentinian was the name of several Roman emperors: Valentinian I Valentinian II Valentinian III This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This siliqua of Jovian, ca 363, celebrates his fifth year of reign, as a good omen. ...

Valentinian Emperors

• Valentinian I ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Valentinianus), 364 – 375

Medallion of Valentinian I. Solidus minted by Valens in ca. ... Events February 28 - Valentinian I is elected Roman emperor by the army. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ...

Emperors in the West

• Valentinian I (cont'd.), 364 – 375
  • Flavius Gratianus, 367 – 375 (as "Imp. Caesar Flavius Gratianus P.F. Aug.")
• Gratianus ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Gratianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Gratianus), 375 – 383
  • Note: Gratianus had been co-Emperor with Valentinian I from 367 until his own accession to the purple in 375
  • Valentinian II, 375 – 383 (as "Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Valentinianus)
• Valentinian II ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Valentinianus P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Valentinianus), 383 – 392
  • Note: Valentinian II had been co-Emperor with Gratianus from 375 until his own accession to the purple in 383

Medallion of Valentinian I. Solidus minted by Valens in ca. ... Events February 28 - Valentinian I is elected Roman emperor by the army. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... A coin of Gratian. ... Events First Listing of the New Testament by St Athanasius of Alexandria. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... A coin of Gratian. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Events January 19 - Arcadius is elevated as Roman Emperor. ... Events First Listing of the New Testament by St Athanasius of Alexandria. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Valentinian II (371 - 392) was elevated as Western Roman Emperor at the age of four in 375, along with his half-brother Gratianus who was seventeen. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Events January 19 - Arcadius is elevated as Roman Emperor. ... Valentinian II (371 - 392) was elevated as Western Roman Emperor at the age of four in 375, along with his half-brother Gratianus who was seventeen. ... Events January 19 - Arcadius is elevated as Roman Emperor. ... Events August 22 - Arbogast elevates Eugenius as Roman Emperor. ... Events The Huns invade Europe. ... Events January 19 - Arcadius is elevated as Roman Emperor. ...

Emperor in the East

Valens became the third Emperor (after Decius and Julian) to be killed in battle with a foreign enemy (the Goths); only two more Emperors were ever killed in battle by foreign enemies: Nikephoros I by the Bulgars in 811 and Konstantinos XI Palaeologos by the Turks in 1453. Nicephorus I and his son and successor, Stauracius. ... Events July 26 - Battle of Pliska: Nicephorus I is defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum, and is succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor. ... Emperor Constantine XI, the last Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, who reigned from 1448 to 1453. ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ...

• Valens ("Imp. Caesar Flavius Valens P.F. Aug."; b. Flavius Valens), 364 – 378

After Valens's death in 378, control of the Empire in the East passed to his nephew-in-law, Theodosius I (see below). Flavius Julius Valens (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·FLAVIVS·IVLIVS·VALENS·AVGVSTVS) (328 – August 9, 378) was Roman emperor from 364 until his death, after he was given the Eastern part of the empire by his brother Valentinian I. His father was the general Gratian the Elder. ... Events February 28 - Valentinian I is elected Roman emperor by the army. ... Events Mid-February: Lentienses cross frozen Rhine, invading Roman Empire. ... On the reverse of this coin minted under Valentinian II, both Valentinian and Theodosius are depicted with halos. ...

Dynastic Relationships

Valentinian I was the twice-married brother of Valens; his first wife Marina Severa bore him one son (Gratianus, whose first wife was Constantia, the daughter of Constantius II), and his second wife Justina (the widow of Magnentius) bore him two children, a daughter (Galla, the second wife of Theodosius I; see below) and a son (Valentinian II). Magnentius (ruled AD January 18, 350–August 11, 353), was a Roman usurper. ...

See also