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Encyclopedia > Roman Emperors

This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. Roman Emperor is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ...


Note that in the list below Julius Caesar is not mentioned as an Emperor, while conventionally he is not considered as such. For a more in-depth discussion of whether or not Julius Caesar might have been considered as the first Emperor, see Roman Emperor. Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: IMP·C·IVLIVS·CAESAR·DIVVS¹) (b. ... Roman Emperor is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman Republic. ...


For the worship of the Roman Emperor as a god, see imperial cult. The term God is used to designate a Supreme Being; however, there are other definitions of God. ... An Imperial cult is a cult were an Emperor, or a dynasty of emperors, are worshipped as (semi-)gods or deities Ancient Rome In the Roman Empire the Imperial cult was the worship of the Roman emperor as a god. ...


For a simplified list see: Concise List of Roman Emperors The Principate/Claudian Dynasty Later Claudian Dynasty Flavian Dynasty Nervan-Antonian dynasty Severan Dynasty, African, Asian and Syrian Emperors Rulers during the Crisis of the Third Century Illyrian Emperors Tetrarchy Collegiate Emperors of the Constantine Dynasty Valentinian Dynasty Theodosian Dynasty Western Empire Eastern Empire Gallic Empire 260 to 274 Britannic...


italics: claimant who cannot be considered to have ruled or held power over part of the empire only
bold italics: nickname by which the individual is commonly known

Contents


The Principate

The Principate is, according to its etymological derivation from the Latin word princeps, meaning chief or first, the political regime dominated by such a head of state and government. ...

Julio-Claudian dynasty

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
16 January 27 BC to 19 August AD 14 Augustus GAIVS OCTAVIVS
GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR OCTAVIANVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS 12BC: Pontifex Maximus
19 August 14 to 16 March 37 Tiberius TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS NERO
TIBERIVS IVLIVS CAESAR
TIBERIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS AD15: Pontifex Maximus
18 March 37 to 24 January 41 Caligula GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR GERMANICVS
GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS CALIGVLA
GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS Nickname Caligula, (Little-boots); AD37: Pontifex Maximus, Pater Patriae;
Assassinated
24 January 41 to 13 October 54 Claudius TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS DRVSVS
TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS DRVSVS NERO GERMANICVS
TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS AD42: Pater Patriae;
Assassinated by poisoning
October 54 to 11 June 68 Nero LVCIVS DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR DRVSVS GERMANICVS
NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS
AD55: Pontifex Maximus; later Pater Patriae;
Committed suicide

The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the series of the first five Roman Emperors. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For other uses, see number 14. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Augustus Caesar Caesar Augustus (Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS)¹ (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), known earlier in his life as Gaius Octavius or Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, was the first Roman Emperor and is traditionally considered the greatest. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC - 10s BC - 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s Years: 17 BC 16 BC 15 BC 14 BC 13 BC 12 BC 11 BC 10 BC 9 BC 8 BC 7 BC... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For other uses, see number 14. ... March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... For alternate uses, see Number 37. ... The Emperor Tiberius enamelled terracotta bust at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ... The Emperor Tiberius enamelled terracotta bust at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ... The Emperor Tiberius enamelled terracotta bust at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ... The Emperor Tiberius enamelled terracotta bust at the Victoria and Albert Museum. ... For other uses, see number 15. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... For alternate uses, see Number 37. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For alternate uses, see Number 41. ... Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), also known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula, was the third Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from AD 37 to 41. ... Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), also known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula, was the third Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from AD 37 to 41. ... Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), also known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula, was the third Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from AD 37 to 41. ... Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), also known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula, was the third Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from AD 37 to 41. ... Gaius Caesar Germanicus Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 – January 24, 41), also known as Gaius Caesar or Caligula, was the third Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from AD 37 to 41. ... January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For alternate uses, see Number 41. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years). ... For other uses, see number 54. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. ... A statue of Emperor Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. ... The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything Events Romans take control of Ceuta. ... For other uses, see number 54. ... June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... For other uses, see number 68. ... Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December 37–9 June 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54 AD) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December 37–9 June 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54 AD) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December 37–9 June 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54 AD) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ... Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (15 December 37–9 June 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called (50–54 AD) Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. ...

Year of the four emperors

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
8 June 68 to 15 January 69 Galba SERVIVS SVLPICIVS GALBA SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR CAESAR AVGVSTVS Murdered by Otho;
see: Year of the four emperors
15 January 69 to 16 April 69 Otho MARCVS SALVIVS OTHO IMPERATOR MARCVS OTHO CAESAR AVGVSTVS Committed suicide;
see: Year of the four emperors
2 January 69 to 20 December 69 Vitellius AVLVS VITELLIVS AVLVS VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMPERATOR AVGVSTVS Co-emperor; murdered in the Forum;
see: Year of the four emperors

The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... For other uses, see number 68. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... Head of Galba at Louvre. ... Head of Galba at Louvre. ... Head of Galba at Louvre. ... Emperor Otho. ... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... ... Emperor Otho. ... Emperor Otho. ... Emperor Otho. ... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... January 2 is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... ... December 20 is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... ... Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24 AD 15–December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had been consul and governor of Syria... Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24 AD 15–December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had been consul and governor of Syria... Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24 AD 15–December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had been consul and governor of Syria... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ...

Flavian Dynasty

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
1 July 69 to 24 June 79 Vespasian TITVS FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS IMPERATOR VESPASIANVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS AD70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
co-emperor;
see: Year of the four emperors
24 June 79 to 13 September 81 Titus TITVS FLAVIVS VESPASIANVS
TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS
IMPERATOR TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS AD70: Pontifex Maximus Pater Patriae
from August 69
IMPERATOR TITVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVS
14 September 81 to 18 September 96 Domitian TITVS FLAVIVS DOMITIANVS
CAESAR DOMITIANVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVS, PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE lateAD83: Germanicus;
assassinated

The Flavian dynasty was a series of three Roman Emperors who ruled from 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, to 96, when the last member was assassinated. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... AD79 Events June 23 - Titus succeeds his father Vespasian as Roman emperor. ... Emperor Vespasian Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (November 18, CE 9 – June 23, 79), originally known as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and best known as Vespasian, was the emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Emperor Vespasian Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (November 18, CE 9 – June 23, 79), originally known as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and best known as Vespasian, was the emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... Emperor Vespasian Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (November 18, CE 9 – June 23, 79), originally known as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and best known as Vespasian, was the emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ... For other uses, see number 70. ... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... June 24 is the 175th day of the year (176th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 190 days remaining. ... AD79 Events June 23 - Titus succeeds his father Vespasian as Roman emperor. ... September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). ... For other uses, see number 81. ... This is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... This is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... This is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... This is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... For other uses, see number 70. ... ... This is about the emperor of ancient Rome. ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years). ... For other uses, see number 81. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... For other uses, see number 96. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... For other uses, see number 83. ...

Nervan-Antonian dynasty - Five Good Emperors

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
18 September 96 to 27 January 98 Nerva MARCVS COCCEIVS NERVA IMPERATOR NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS, PATER PATRIAE  
28 January 98 to 7 August 117 Trajan MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS
MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS GERMANICVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI NERVAE FILIVS NERVA TRAIANVS GERMANICVS AVGVSTVS AD98: Pater Patriae; 102: Dacicus; 114: Parthicus; Aug/Sep 114: Optimus
11 August 117 to 10 July 138 Hadrian PVBLIVS AELIVS HADRIANVS
PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HADRIANVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXVMVS  
10 July 138 to 7 March 161 Antoninus Pius TITVS AVRELIVS FVLVIVS BOINONIVS ARRIVS ANTONINVS
IMPERATOR TIRVS AELIVS CAESAR ANTONINVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HADRIANVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS post7 March 161: Pius; 139: Pater Patriae
143 Acclaimed emperor a second time
7 March 161 to 17 March 180 Marcus Aurelius MARCVS ANNIVS VERVS
AVRELIVS CAESAR AVGVSTI PII FILIVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS co-emperor with Lucius Verus to March 169; 164: Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus Maximus; 166: Pater Patriae; 172: Germanicus; 175: Sarmaticus
7 March 161 to March 169 Lucius Verus LVCIVS CEIONIVS COMMODVS
LVCIVS AELIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS VERVS AVGVSTVS Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius164: Armeniacus; 165: Parthicus Maximus; 166: Medicus, Pater Patriae
175 to 175 Avidius Cassius GAIVS AVIDIVS CASSIVS   Usurper; proclaimed emperor: ruled in Egypt and Syria; murdered by a centurion
177 to 31 December 192 Commodus LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS
LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS CAESAR ANTONINVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius to 17 March 180;
Murdered: strangled by a wrestler
from 180 IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS PATER PATRIAE Sole emperor

The Five Good Emperors. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... For other uses, see number 96. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For other uses, see number 98. ... Marcus Cocceius Nerva (November 8, 35 AD - January 27, 98), Roman emperor (AD 96 - 98), was a member of the Italian nobility rather than one of the elite of Rome; in this he was like Vespasian, the founder of the Flavian dynasty. ... Marcus Cocceius Nerva (November 8, 35 AD - January 27, 98), Roman emperor (AD 96 - 98), was a member of the Italian nobility rather than one of the elite of Rome; in this he was like Vespasian, the founder of the Flavian dynasty. ... Marcus Cocceius Nerva (November 8, 35 AD - January 27, 98), Roman emperor (AD 96 - 98), was a member of the Italian nobility rather than one of the elite of Rome; in this he was like Vespasian, the founder of the Flavian dynasty. ... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For other uses, see number 98. ... August 7 is the 219th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (220th in leap years), with 146 days remaining. ... Events Emperor Trajan dies. ... Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (full title in Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·NERVAE·FILIVS·TRAIANVS. GERMANICVS·AVGVSTVS ¹) (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor from 98 - 117, commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire, succeeding Nerva. ... Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (full title in Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·NERVAE·FILIVS·TRAIANVS. GERMANICVS·AVGVSTVS ¹) (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor from 98 - 117, commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire, succeeding Nerva. ... Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (full title in Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·NERVAE·FILIVS·TRAIANVS. GERMANICVS·AVGVSTVS ¹) (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor from 98 - 117, commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire, succeeding Nerva. ... Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (full title in Latin: IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·NERVAE·FILIVS·TRAIANVS. GERMANICVS·AVGVSTVS ¹) (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor from 98 - 117, commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire, succeeding Nerva. ... For other uses, see number 98. ... For other uses, see number 102. ... Events First year of Yuanchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. ... Events First year of Yuanchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. ... August 11 is the 223rd day of the year (224th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Emperor Trajan dies. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... Events February 25 - Roman emperor Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius on condition that Antonius would adopt Marcus Annius Aurelius Verus. ... Emperor Hadrian Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 - July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was Roman emperor from 117 - 138, and member of the gens Aelia Hadrian was born in Italica, Hispania, to a well-established settler family. ... Emperor Hadrian Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 - July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was Roman emperor from 117 - 138, and member of the gens Aelia Hadrian was born in Italica, Hispania, to a well-established settler family. ... Emperor Hadrian Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 - July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was Roman emperor from 117 - 138, and member of the gens Aelia Hadrian was born in Italica, Hispania, to a well-established settler family. ... Emperor Hadrian Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (January 24, 76 - July 10, 138), known as Hadrian in English, was Roman emperor from 117 - 138, and member of the gens Aelia Hadrian was born in Italica, Hispania, to a well-established settler family. ... July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining. ... Events February 25 - Roman emperor Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius on condition that Antonius would adopt Marcus Annius Aurelius Verus. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). ... Events March 7 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. ... Emperor Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86 - March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... Emperor Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86 - March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... Emperor Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86 - March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... Emperor Antoninus Pius Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (September 19, 86 - March 7, 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). ... Events March 7 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. ... Events Births Deaths Zhang Heng, Chinese mathematician Categories: 139 ... Events Births Emperor Chong of Han China Deaths Categories: 143 ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). ... Events March 7 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in Leap years). ... For other uses, see number 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Lucius Verus Verus is a disambiguation page linking to articles about more than one person of that name. ... For other uses, see number 169. ... Events Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returned to the Parthians after the end of the war. ... Events Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Laurence to Patriarch Alypius Dacia invaded by barbarians Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni Roman envoy sent out by emperor Antoninus Pius. ... Events Last (5th) year of Jianning era and start of Xiping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. ... For other uses, see number 175. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). ... Events March 7 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. ... For other uses, see number 169. ... Lucius Verus Verus is a disambiguation page linking to articles about more than one person of that name. ... Lucius Verus Verus is a disambiguation page linking to articles about more than one person of that name. ... Lucius Verus Verus is a disambiguation page linking to articles about more than one person of that name. ... Lucius Verus Verus is a disambiguation page linking to articles about more than one person of that name. ... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... Events Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returned to the Parthians after the end of the war. ... Events A pandemic breaks out in Rome after the Roman army returns from Parthia. ... Events Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Laurence to Patriarch Alypius Dacia invaded by barbarians Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni Roman envoy sent out by emperor Antoninus Pius. ... For other uses, see number 175. ... For other uses, see number 175. ... Gaius Avidius Cassius (ca. ... Gaius Avidius Cassius (ca. ... Events A systematic persecution of Christians begins in Rome under Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. ... December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date). ... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192 A.D.) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 A.D. He is often considered to have been one of the worst Roman Emperors, and his reign brought to a close... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192 A.D.) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 A.D. He is often considered to have been one of the worst Roman Emperors, and his reign brought to a close... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192 A.D.) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 A.D. He is often considered to have been one of the worst Roman Emperors, and his reign brought to a close... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192 A.D.) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 A.D. He is often considered to have been one of the worst Roman Emperors, and his reign brought to a close... Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. ... March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (77th in Leap years). ... For other uses, see number 180. ... For other uses, see number 180. ... Commodus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (originally Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus) (August 31, 161–December 31, 192 A.D.) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 A.D. He is often considered to have been one of the worst Roman Emperors, and his reign brought to a close...

Severan Dynasty, African, Asian and Syrian Emperors

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
1 January 193 to 28 March 193 Pertinax PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS recognized as emperor by Septimius Severus; murdered by soldiers on the Palatine
28 March 193 to 1 June 193 Didius Julianus MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS Sentenced to death by the Senate; murdered on the Palatine
9 April 193 to 4 February 211 Septimius Severus LVCIVS SEPTIMVS SEVERVS IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL 9 June 193: Pontifex Maximus; late193: Pater Patriae; 195: Divi Marci Pii filius Divi Commodi Frater; Pius; Arabicus, Adiabenicus; 198: Parthicus Maximus; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
193 to 194/195 Pescennius Niger GAIVS PESCENNIVS NIGER   Claimant: emperor in Syria
193/195 to 197 Clodius Albinus DECIMVS CLODIVS SEPTIMIVS ALBINVS   Claimant: emperor in Britain
198 to 4 February 211 Caracalla LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS BASSIANVS
CARACALLA
IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS 199: Pater Patriae; 200: Pius Felix; 209/210: Britannicus Maximus
4 February 211 to 8 February 217 IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE BRITANNICVS MAXIMVS PROCONSVL 213: Germanicus Maximus;
Murdered by Macrinus
209 to 4 February 211 Geta PVBLIVS SEPTIMVS GETA   Murdered by Caracalla
4 February 211 to December 211 IMPERATOR CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTVS
11 April 217 to June 218 Macrinus MARCVS OPELLIVS MACRINVS IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS MACRINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX PROCONSVL ?June 217: Pater Patriae; Pontifex Maximus;
Executed
May 217 to June 218 Diadumenian MARCVS OPELLIVS DIADVMENIANVS IMPERATOR MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS DIADVMENIANVS CAESAR SEVERVS Executed
June 218 to 222 Elagabalus VARIVS AVITVS BASSIANVS
MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS
ELAGABALVS
IMPERATOR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS PROCONSVL July 218: Pater Patriae, Pontifex Maximus; 220: Sacerdos Amplissimus Dei Invicti Solis Elagabali
Assassinated
13 March 222 to ?March 235 Alexander Severus BASSIANVS ALEXIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Pontifex Maximus
Assassinated

This is a family tree of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Pertinax (Archaeological museum, Antakya) Publius Helvius Pertinax (August 1, 126 - March 28, 193) was proclaimed Roman Emperor the morning following the assassination of Commodus on December 31, AD 192. ... Pertinax (Archaeological museum, Antakya) Publius Helvius Pertinax (August 1, 126 - March 28, 193) was proclaimed Roman Emperor the morning following the assassination of Commodus on December 31, AD 192. ... Pertinax (Archaeological museum, Antakya) Publius Helvius Pertinax (August 1, 126 - March 28, 193) was proclaimed Roman Emperor the morning following the assassination of Commodus on December 31, AD 192. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133–193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 2 June 193. ... Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133–193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 2 June 193. ... Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133–193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 2 June 193. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Events Roman Emperor Septimius Severus had the Senate deify Commodus while trying to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the title of Caesar. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... Events Caracalla is Roman Consul Births Dexippus, Greek historian Mani, founder of Manichaeism (approximate date) Deaths Sauromates II King of Bosporus Claudius Galen, Greek scholar Monoimus, Arab gnostic (approximate date) Zhou Yu, Chinese strategist Categories: 210 ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Events Pescennius Niger, competitor of Septimius Severus for the Roman Empire, is defeated and killed in Antioch by Severus troops. ... Events Roman Emperor Septimius Severus had the Senate deify Commodus while trying to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. ... Pescennius Niger (c. ... Pescennius Niger (c. ... Events June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace. ... Events Roman Emperor Septimius Severus had the Senate deify Commodus while trying to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. ... Events Roman Emperor Septimius Severus sacks Ctesiphon and captures an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves. ... Decimus Clodius Albinus (c. ... Decimus Clodius Albinus (c. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the title of Caesar. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... Events Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I Geodeung succeeds Suro as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya. ... For other uses, see number 200. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... Events Caracalla is Roman Consul Births Dexippus, Greek historian Mani, founder of Manichaeism (approximate date) Deaths Sauromates II King of Bosporus Claudius Galen, Greek scholar Monoimus, Arab gnostic (approximate date) Zhou Yu, Chinese strategist Categories: 210 ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor on the death of Caracalla. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... Events Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is given ten cities as his territories and the title Wei Gong (noble of Wei). ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... Publius Septimius Geta Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... Publius Septimius Geta Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ... February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... Events The city of York becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire. ... Publius Septimius Geta Publius Septimius Geta (March 7, 189–December 211), was a Roman Emperor co-ruling with his father Septimius Severus and his older brother Caracalla from 209 to his death. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... Events Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor on the death of Caracalla. ... Events May 16 - Heliogabalus is acclaimed as Roman Emperor. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... Events Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor on the death of Caracalla. ... Events Macrinus becomes Roman Emperor on the death of Caracalla. ... Events May 16 - Heliogabalus is acclaimed as Roman Emperor. ... Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus or Diadumenian, Roman Caesar (junior emperor), died 218 A.D. was the son of Emperor Macrinus who served his father briefly as Caesar (junior emperor) from May, 217 to 218 A.D. and as Augustus in 218. ... Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus or Diadumenian, Roman Caesar (junior emperor), died 218 A.D. was the son of Emperor Macrinus who served his father briefly as Caesar (junior emperor) from May, 217 to 218 A.D. and as Augustus in 218. ... Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus or Diadumenian, Roman Caesar (junior emperor), died 218 A.D. was the son of Emperor Macrinus who served his father briefly as Caesar (junior emperor) from May, 217 to 218 A.D. and as Augustus in 218. ... Events May 16 - Heliogabalus is acclaimed as Roman Emperor. ... Events Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus Kingdom of Wu is established in China Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling Deaths March 11 - Roman Emperor Heliogabalus murdered Tertullian, theologian Pope Callixtus I Claudius Aelianus, teacher and rhetorician Ma... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... Varius Avitus Bassianus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, (c. ... Varius Avitus Bassianus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, (c. ... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... Events May 16 - Heliogabalus is acclaimed as Roman Emperor. ... Events Han Xiandi abdicated, symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the China. ... March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... Events Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus Kingdom of Wu is established in China Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling Deaths March 11 - Roman Emperor Heliogabalus murdered Tertullian, theologian Pope Callixtus I Claudius Aelianus, teacher and rhetorician Ma... Events Maximinus Thrax becomes Roman Emperor. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from AD 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from AD 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from AD 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ...

Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. ...

Emperors during the height of the Crisis

Reign Common name Personal name & Title
at birth/
on eve of accession
Imperial name Notes
February/March 235 to March/April 238 Maximinus Thrax GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS THRAX IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS JVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by troops
earlyJanuary/March 238 to lateJanuary/April 238 Gordian I MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS Committed suicide
earlyJanuary March 238 to lateJanuary/April 238 Gordian II NARCYS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS Killed in battle
earlyFebruary 238 to earlyMay 238 Pupienus Maximus MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS Murdered by the Praetorians
earlyFebruary 238 to earlyMay 238 Balbinus DECIMVS CAELIVS ANTONIVS BALBINVS
DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS
  Murdered by the Praetorians
May 238 to February 244 Gordian III MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS
MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS PIVS
IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AVGVSTVS Murdered
240 to 240 Sabinianus     Proclaimed himself emperor; defeated in battle
February 244 to September/October 249 Philip the Arab MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILLIPVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Killed in battle by Decius
248 to 248 Pacantius TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS MARINVS PACATIANVS   Proclaimed himself emperor; murdered by his own soldiers
248 to 248 Jotapian MARCVS FVLVIVS RVFVS IOTAPIANVS   Claimant
248 to 248 Silbannacus     Usurper
249 to June 251 Decius GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS IMPERATOR CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS Killed in battle
249 to 252 Priscus GAIVS JVLIVS PRISCVS   Proclaimed himself emperor in the Eastern provinces
250 to 250 Licinianus IVLIVS VALENS LICINIANVS   Claimant
early251 to 1 July 251 Herennius Etruscus QVINTVS HERENNIVS ETRVSCVS MESSIVS DECIVS   Killed in battle
251 to 251