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The Roman Question was a political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy from 1861 to 1929. This is the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. ...
The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ...
The Roman Question lingered after the annexation of Rome and the consequent cessation of temporal power over the Papal States and ended with the Lateran treaty between Mussolini's government and Pope Pius XI. During the intervening years the popes considered themselves (in the words of Pope Pius IX) "prisoners in the Vatican". Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,500 km² (580 sq mi...
By the expression temporal power is commonly indicated the political and governmental activity of the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual and pastoral activity (also called eternal power). ...
Map of the Papal States. ...
The Lateran Treaties of February 11, 1929 provided for the mutual recognition of the then Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican City. ...
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown from power. ...
Pope Pius XI (Latin: ) (May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ...
Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ...
A prisoner in the Vatican is the description given to the popes from Pope Pius IX through Pius XI, after the invading armies of King Victor Emmanuel II captured the Papal States and ended the millenial temporal rule of the popes (see Italian unification). ...
The popes maintained their status as prisoners of the Vatican even after the Lateran treaty were signed in 1929. Although they traveled privately to Castel Gandolfo, they made no public visits outside the Vatican. The only exception occurred during World War II, when Pope Pius XII made brief visits to some bombed neighborhoods of Rome. Pope John XXIII ended this charade shortly after his election, when he emerged from the Vatican bunkers and ushered in the era of the modern papacy. On 25 December 1958, he visited children suffering from polio at the Bambin Gesù hospital and then visited Santo Spirito Hospital. The next day he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where he told the prisoners: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These were the first official acts of a Pope away from Vatican territory since 1870, and they created a sensation. He wrote in his diary: Country Italy Region Lazio Province Rome Mayor Maurizio Colacchi (since May 2002) Elevation 426 m Area 14 km² Population - Total 6,927 - Density 495/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Castellani Dialing code 06 Postal code 00040 Frazioni Mole di Castel Gandolfo, Pavona Patron St. ...
Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 – June 3, 1963), was elected as the 261st Pope of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City on October 28, 1958. ...
December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 6 days remaining for the year. ...
- ... great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, wardens ...[1]
Background
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Rome was declared capital of Italy in March 1861, when the first Italian Parliament met in Turin. However, the Italian Government could not take possession of its capital because Napoleon III of France kept a French garrison in Rome protecting Pope Pius IX. Italian unification process. ...
Napoléon III Emperor of the French (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was President of France from 1849 to 1852, and then Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. ...
Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ...
In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. In early August, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome and could no longer protect the Papal States. Widespread public demonstrations demanded that the Italian government take Rome. The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of Napoleon at the battle of Sedan. King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count Ponza di San Martino to Pius IX with a personal letter offering a face-saving proposal that would have allowed the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. Combatants Second French Empire North German Confederation allied with south German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Helmuth von Moltke Strength 500,000[] 550,000[] Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian [] 100,000 dead or wounded 200,000 civilian [] The Franco-Prussian War...
Map of the Papal States. ...
Combatants Prussia Bavaria France Commanders Wilhelm I Helmuth von Moltke Napoleon III Patrice MacMahon Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot Strength 200,000 774 cannon 120,000 564 cannon Casualties 2,320 dead 5,980 wounded 700 missing (9,000 total) 3,000 dead 14,000 wounded 21,000 captured 82,000 surrendered...
- The Pope’s reception of San Martino [10 September 1870] was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King’s letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.[2]
The Italian Army, commanded by General Raffaele Cadorna, crossed the papal frontier on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome, hoping that a peaceful entry could be negotiated. The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his Zouaves to put up a token resistance. On 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours had breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia, the Bersaglieri entered Rome and marched down Via Pia, which was subsequently renamed Via XX Settembre. 49 Italian soldiers and 19 papal Zouaves died. Rome and Latium were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite. South section of the walls The Aurelian Walls were city walls built between 270 and 273 in Rome during the reign of the Roman Emperor Aurelian. ...
September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ...
A zouave from 1888. ...
The internal face of Porta Pia Porta Pia, new gate in the Aurelian Walls. ...
The Bersaglieri are a corps of the Italian army created by General Alessandro Lamarmora in 1836. ...
According to Raffaele De Cesare:
- "The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feet — that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made emperor, and was supported by the votes of the conservatives and the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the pontiff. […] For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations […] Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have endured."[3]
By the expression temporal power is commonly indicated the political and governmental activity of the Popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual and pastoral activity (also called eternal power). ...
Law of Papal Guarantees Pope Pius IX, asserting that the Holy See would maintain absolute independence from the Italian state, rejected the Law of Papal Guarantees of 1871, which offered an annual financial payment to the pope, an agreement which Pius IX perceived as reducing the pope to the "chaplain of the King of Italy."[4] After the overthrow of the Papal States in 1870, Italys Law of Guarantees accorded the Pope certain honors and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the King of Italy, including the right to send and receive ambassadors who would have full diplomatic immunity, just as if he still had...
King of Italy is a title adopted by many rulers after the fall of the Roman Empire. ...
Lateran treaty -
The Lateran Treaties of February 11, 1929 provided for the mutual recognition of the then Kingdom of Italy and the Vatican City. ...
In literature Historical dramas such as Fabiola and Quo Vadis, based upon the Vatican Secret Archives (opened in 1883), which implicitly compared the Roman Question and the persecution of the early Catholic Church.[5] The wife of King Baudouin I of the Belgians (1930-1993), Doña Fabiola Fernanda María de las Victorias Antonia Adelaida de Mora y Aragón was born at Madrid, Spain on June 11, 1928, the third daughter of Don Gonzalo Mora Fernández Riera del Olmo, Marquis of...
Quo Vadis is a novel by a Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz, describing the introduction of Christianity into early A.D. Rome (while under Neros rule). ...
The Vatican Secret Archives (Archivio Segreto Vaticano), located in Vatican City, contain the central repository of all the acts that have been promulgated by the Roman Catholic Churchs Papal See, as well as diplomatic materials and correspondence of the Papal See and other documents that have accumulated over the...
See also The Black Nobility (Italian: aristocrazìa nera) were Italian aristocratic families who sided with the Papacy under Pope Pius IX as opposed to Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy when the Piedmont monarchy came to Rome in 1870, temporarily ending the Papal States. ...
The Carbonari (coalmen) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th century. ...
Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière (5 September 1806 - 11 September 1865) was a French general. ...
La Giovine Italia was a political movement founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini. ...
A prisoner in the Vatican is the description given to the popes from Pope Pius IX through Pius XI, after the invading armies of King Victor Emmanuel II captured the Papal States and ended the millenial temporal rule of the popes (see Italian unification). ...
References - De Cesare, Raffaele. (1909). The Last Days of Papal Rome. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
- Hebblethwaite, Peter. (1987). Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World. Image Books.
- Pollard, John F. (2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950. Cambridge University Press.
Notes - ^ Hebblethwaite, 1987, p. 303.
- ^ De Cesare, 1909, p. 444.
- ^ De Cesare, 1909, pp. 440-443.
- ^ Pollard, 2005, p. 11.
- ^ Pollard, 2005, p. 10.
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