Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Sternberg, ca 1919

Baron Roman (or Robert) Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg, in Russian: Roman Fyodorovich Ungern von Shternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг; although born von Ungern-Sternberg, in later life he used an "incorrect" form Ungern von Sternberg) (January 22, 1886, new style — September 15, 1921) a.k.a. Black Baron, lieutenant-general, was one of the military commanders on the side of the White movement during the Russian Civil War, later an independent warlord in pursuit of pan-monarchist goals in Mongolia and territories east of Lake Baikal. Picture taken over 85 years ago. ... Picture taken over 85 years ago. ... Spaytans brader Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... September 15 is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years). ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... White Army armoured trains flag with To Moscow! slogan inscribed on it, now stored in the Moscow Red Army museum The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a... The Russian Civil War was fought from 1918 to 1922. ... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to a military force which is personally obedient to that warlord. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... Lake Baikal The Yenisei River basin, Lake Baikal, and the cities of Dikson, Dudinka, Turukhansk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk Lake Baikal (Russian: О́зеро Байка́л (Ozero Baykal)), a lake in southern Siberia, Russia, between Irkutsk Oblast on the northwest and Buryatia on the southeast, near Irkutsk. ...

Ungern von Sternberg was born in Graz, Austria to a Baltic German family, and raised in Tallinn (Reval), Estonia (then part of Russian Empire) by his stepfather Oscar von Hoyningen-Huene. After graduating from Pavlovsk Military School in Saint Petersburg, he served in Siberia where he was enthralled with the life-style of nomadic peoples such as the Mongols and Buryats. During World War I, Ungern von Sternberg fought in Galicia. During the war, he was considered a very brave, but a somewhat reckless and mentally unstable officer. General Wrangel mentioned in his memoirs that he was afraid to promote Ungern-Sternberg. After the February Revolution in 1917 he was sent by the Provisional Government to the Russian Far East under command of Grigori Semenov to establish a loyal military presence there. The Graz Schlossberg Clock Tower Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec IPA: /gra. ... The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes incorrectly Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which forms today the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Siberia Siberia (Russian: , common English transliterations: Sibir’, Sibir; from the Tatar for “sleeping land”) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ... The Mongols are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China, particularly Inner Mongolia. ... The Buryats, numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. ... Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties 5 million military, 3 million civilian (full list) 3 million military, 3 million civilian (full list) World War I, also known as the First World... It has been suggested that Galicia and Ludomaria be merged into this article or section. ... Pyotr Nikolaevich Wrangel (1878 - 1928) was a Russian general and counter-revolutionary. ... The February Revolution of 1917 in Russia was the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ... The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd after the deterioration of the Russian Empire and the abdication of the Tsars. ... Far Eastern Federal District Russian Far East (Russian: Д́альний Вост́ок Росс́ии; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) is an informal term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i. ... Grigory Mikhailovich Semenov (Семёнов, Григорий Михайлович in Russian) (September 13(25), 1890 – August 30, 1946), leader of the counterrevolution in the Baikal region and beyond in 1917-1920, Lieutenant General (1919). ...

After the Bolshevik-led October Revolution of 1917, Semenov and his right-hand man, Ungern von Sternberg raised their banners against them. In the following months Ungern von Sternberg distinguished himself by extreme cruelty to the local population and to his own subordinates. He earned the nickname Bloody Baron. Ungern von Sternberg was also known as the "Mad Baron" because of his exceedingly eccentric behaviour. Semenov and Ungern von Sternberg, though anti-Bolshevik, were not part of the White movement, and declined to recognise the authority of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, the nominal leader of the Whites. Instead, they were supported by the Japanese with arms and money. The Japanese intention was to found a puppet state in the Russian Far East headed by Semenov. For the White leaders, who believed in "Russia strong and indivisible", this was high treason. Ungern von Sternberg’s army comprised a mixture of Russian troops, the Transbaikal Cossack Host, and Buryat tribesmen who plundered the Whites' supply trains as often as those of the Reds. Because Admiral Kolchak had his base of operations in central Siberia, and Semenov and Ungern von Sternberg operated to the east of Kolchak in Transbaikal area, their attacks on supply trains travelling west from Vladivostok on the Trans-Siberian Railroad did much to hinder Kolchak's operations in the Urals. Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... White Army armoured trains flag with To Moscow! slogan inscribed on it, now stored in the Moscow Red Army museum The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a... Admiral Kolchak Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Александр Васильевич Колчак in Russian) (November 4 (November 16 NS), 1874 – February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander and later head of part of the anti-Bolshevik White forces during the Russian Civil War. ... The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey. ... The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Transbaikal (Russian: Забайкалье [Zabajkale]) or Dauria (Russian: Даурия [Daurija]) is a mountainous region to the east of or beyond (trans-) Lake Baikal in Russia. ... Vladivostok Train Station. ... Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Уральские горы = Урал) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ...

In 1920, Ungern von Sternberg split from Semenov and became an independent warlord. He believed that monarchy was the only social system which could save Western civilisation from corruption and self-destruction. He began to pursue an idea of restoring the Qing Dynasty to the Chinese throne, then uniting Far-Eastern nations under it. A fanatical anti-Semite, he proclaimed in a 1918 Manifesto, his intention "...to exterminate all of the Jews and Commissars of Russia" and to restore Grand Duke Mikhail, the younger brother of Nicholas II to the Russian throne. Because of the disruptions caused by World War One, many Jews from the Pale of Settlement (where they had been forced to live prior to the war) fled eastwards to escape the fighting. Ungern von Sternberg's troops, however, slaughtered Jews whenever they encountered them, often by extremely cruel means, such as skinning their victims alive. 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... A monarchy, (from the Greek monos, one, and archein, to rule) is a form of government that has a monarch as Head of State. ... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China, expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of Inner... The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... Commissar (комисса́р) was an official title used in post-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union. ... Grand Duke Michael of Russia, Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Романов), sometimes called Emperor Michael II (November 22, 1878 (O.S.) - about June 12, 1918) was the son of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, and brother of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. ... Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia Nicholas II of Russia (18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918)(in Russian Николай II (Nikolai II)) was the last crowned Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. ... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта оседлости - cherta osedlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to near the border with eastern/central Europe. ...

Since 1919, Mongolia was occupied by Chinese republican forces. In late 1920-early 1921 Ungern von Sternberg's troops entered Mongolia at the invitation of the displaced Bogd Khan, Mongolia's civil and religious ruler. In January 1921, Ungern von Sternberg's army assaulted the capital town, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar), several times, but were repelled with heavy losses. Ungern von Sternberg ordered his troops to burn a large number of camp fires in the hills around Urga, making an appearance that the town was surrounded by an overwhelming force. In February 1921, without fighting a battle, he drove the Chinese out of town. 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Republic of China (Traditional Chinese: 中華民國; Pinyin: Zhōng huá mín guó) succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912, ending 2,000 years of imperial rule. ... 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The Khalkha Jebtsundamba Khutughtu (also known as Javzandamba Hutagt in Khalkha Mongolian; also as Rje Btsun Dam Pa or Jetsun Dampa in Tibetan — all meaning lit. ... September 2004. ...

On March 13, 1921, Mongolia was proclaimed an independent monarchy, and Ungern von Sternberg became Mongolian dictator. A mystic who was fascinated by beliefs and religions of the Far East such as Buddhism and who believed himself to be a reincarnation of Genghis Khan , Ungern von Sternberg's philosophy was an exceptionally muddled mixture of Russian nationalism with Chinese and Mongol beliefs. In real life, his brief rule of Mongolia was characterised by looting and a reign of terror by his army. March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Dictatorship. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Genghis Khan (c. ... // Nationalism is an ideology which holds that the nation, ethnicity or national identity is a fundamental unit of human social life, and makes certain cultural and political claims based upon that belief; in particular, the claim that the nation is the only legitimate basis for the state, and that each...

A Red Army force sent to deal with Ungern von Sternberg (Pro-Soviet Mongolian leader Suhbaatar (Sukhe-Bator)) defeated Ungern von Sternberg's forces in Mongolia. In May, Ungern von Sternberg attempted to invade Soviet territory near Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta, Buryatia). After initial successes in May and June, Ungern von Sternberg was defeated in a July-August counteroffensive, captured by his own soldiers, and handed over to the Red Army on August 21, 1921. The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (in Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya), the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ... Soviet Russia is sometimes used as a somewhat sloppy synonym to the Soviet Union — although the term Soviet Russia sometimes refers to Bolshevist Russia from the October Revolution in 1917 to 1922 (Although Russian communists officially formed RSFSR in 1918). ... Categories: People stubs | 1893 births | 1923 deaths | Mongolian people ... Kyakhta or Kiakhta is a Russian city located in Buryatia in southern Siberian Russia. ... The Buryat Republic (Russian: ; Buryat: Буряад Республика) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ...

Before execution.

After a quick military tribunal held by a Cheka troika, Ungern von Sternberg was executed by a firing squad in Novonikolayevsk (now Novosibirsk, Russia). Before his execution, Ungern von Sternberg was said to have chewed up his Cross of St. George medal in order to prevent it from falling into the hands of the sacrilegious communists. Image File history File links Baron Ungern Von Sternberg before being executed by the Bolshevik Cheka. ... Image File history File links Baron Ungern Von Sternberg before being executed by the Bolshevik Cheka. ... Cheka-KGB emblem: sword and shield The Cheka (ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия) was the first of many Soviet secret police organizations, created by decree on December 20, 1917 by Lenin and led by Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. ... What does it mean? The Russian word troika (threesome, triumvirate) denoted commissions of three persons as an additional instrument of extrajudicial punishment (внесудебная расправа, внесудебное преследование) introduced to supplement the legal system with a means for quick punishment of anti-Soviet elements. ... Novosibirsk (Russian Новосиби́рск, pop. ... see also St Georges Cross The Cross of St. ...

Ungern von Sternberg was declared to be a Mahakala incarnation by the Dalai Lama XIII. Mahakala (a bahuvrihi of Sanskrit maha great and kāla black) is a Dharmapala (protector of dharma) in Vajrayana (Tibetan and Japanese Buddhism). ... Look up Incarnation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Incarnation, which literally means enfleshment, refers to the conception, and live birth of a sentient creature (generally human) who is the material manifestation of an entity or force whose original nature is immaterial. ... Thubten Gyatso (1876-1933), sometimes spelled Thupten Gyatso, was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet. ...

Literature

• Alioshin, Dimitri: Asian Odyssey, New York 1941.
• Hopkirk, Peter: Setting the East Ablaze : On Secret Service in Bolshevik Asia, Don Mills 1986.
• Ossendowski, Ferdynand: Beasts, Men And Gods, New York 1922.

Antoni Ferdynand Ossendowski (1876-1945) was a Polish writer, journalist, traveller, globtrotter, explorer and university professor. ...

Popular culture

Roman Ungern von Sternberg is the prototype for the central villain, "Baron Ugenberg", in the alternate history game Iron Storm, where he ruled a Pan Russo-Mongolian Empire during a Great War that stretched into the 1960s. Prototypes or prototypical instances combine the most representative attributes of a category. ... Alternative history or alternate history is fiction that is set in a world in which history has diverged from history as it is generally known, or simply put What If?. While to some extent, all fiction can be classified as alternative history, this genre is used to denote fiction in... Iron Storm is a First-person shooter (FPS) game developed by Wanadoo Edition. ...

Roman Ungern von Sternberg appears in Hugo Pratt's graphic novel "Corto Maltese in Siberia" (the original Italian title: Corte sconta detta Arcana, black and white 1974-1975;), a part of famed comics serial Corto Maltese. Hugo Pratt Hugo Pratt (June 15, 1927, Rimini, Italy - August 20, 1995, Grandvaux, near Lausanne, Switzerland,) was an Italian comic book creator who combined his strong storytelling talent with extensive historical research on Corto Maltese and his other series. ... Corto Maltese Corto Maltese is a fictional character, a sailor-adventurer created by Italian comic book creator Hugo Pratt. ...

See also

• Timeline of Mongolian history