NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roman conquest of Britain

Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century). ... For other senses of this name, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...

Julius Caesar

See also Portus Itius Itius Portus was the name given by Julius Caesar to the chief harbour which he used when embarking for his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC (de Bello Gallico, V.2). ...

55 BCE

In 55 BCE, Julius Caesar landed near the white cliffs of Dover, perhaps in what was intended as a reconnaissance mission, although it is also thought to be politically motivated invasion. He had set off from Portus Itius, now Boulogne. During his campaigns in Gaul, as recorded in Gallic Wars, he had determined that the Gauls were receiving aid from Britain. Towards the end of the summer, he decided that it would be useful to get some reliable information about the people, localities and harbours of the island, since little useful information was available from the Gauls or the merchants who visited it. First he sent out Caius Volusenus in a ship of war to investigate the coast, while assembling a fleet of ships and settling an uprising by the Morini tribe of Gaul. Within days he received ambassadors from British tribes, promising that they would give hostages and submit to the Romans. He received them favourably and sent them back with Commius of the Atrebates, whom he thought would be influentual in Britain. Volusenus reported back after five days, but had not identified a harbour, as he supposedly 'had no chance' to disembark from his ship, fearing the Britons too much. Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52... For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ... Itius Portus was the name given by Julius Caesar to the chief harbour which he used when embarking for his second expedition to Britain in 54 BC (de Bello Gallico, V.2). ... Boulogne is the name of several communes in France: Boulogne in the Vendée département Boulogne-Billancourt, in the Hauts-de-Seine département Boulogne-sur-Mer, in the Pas_de_Calais département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... De Bello Gallico (literally On the Gallic Wars in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. ... Caius Volusenus was a Roman tribune under Julius Caesar. ... Morini was a tribe of gauls-page not finished Categories: Articles to be expanded | Gauls ... Commius was a historical king of the Gaulish and British Atrebates tribes in the 1st century BC. When Julius Caesar conquered the Atrebates in Gaul in 57 BC he appointed Commius as king of the tribe. ... The Atrebates (meaning settlers) were a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain before the Roman conquests. ...

Caesar's fleet comprised about 80 transport ships for two legions, the Legio VII and Legio X. He also had ships of war and 18 ships of burden for his cavalry. Caesar sailed for Britain with the legions, but was met by the massed forces of the Britons gathered on the hills and cliffs overlooking the shore. After waiting at anchor for several hours, he sailed about seven miles, tracked all the way by the British cavalry and chariots, and made an opposed landing on an open beach. The size of the ships meant that the Romans had to disembark in deep water, while the British attacked from the shallows. The British were eventually driven back with catapultae and slings fired from the ships of war and the Romans managed to land and drive them off. The cavalry had been delayed by adverse winds, so no pursuit was possible. A modern reconstruction of a roman centurion around 70 AD The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus â€” to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ... Cavalry is also a common misspelling of the Biblical hill Calvary. ... The term Briton may have the following meanings: in a historical context: an inhabitant of Great Britain in pre-Roman times a descendant of Britons during a later period (e. ...

The Romans established a camp and received ambassadors. Caesar demanded hostages; Commius, who had been seized on arrival, was handed over as part of the negotiations. However when Caesar's exposed ships were damaged in a storm, the Britons took the opportunity to renew hostilities, ambushing one of the legions as it foraged near the Roman camp, making use of a form of cavalry attack that was novel to the Romans. The foraging party was relieved by the remainder of the Roman force and the Britons were put to flight once again.

After several days of storms, the British regrouped with a larger force and attacked the Roman camp, but were once again driven off. Commius had been able to provide some horsemen from his people, so a large number of Britons were killed in retreat, and the Romans laid waste to the surrounding area. Once again the British sent ambassadors. Caesar demanded double the number of hostages, but realising his position was untenable ordered them to be delivered to Gaul (only two tribes eventually made good this promise). With as many of the ships as were salvageable repaired and the equinox drawing near, the Romans returned to Gaul. An equinox in astronomy is the moment when the Sun passes over the equator. ...

54 BCE

In 54 BCE, Caesar returned with a larger force. According to Caesar's own account the fleet comprised some 800 ships, many of which were built to Caesar's specifications: broader and lower for easier beaching. Men of all ranks across the Roman Republic swarmed to join the expedition. Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC 52 BC 51...

The Britons did not oppose the landing, apparently intimidated by the size of the fleet. Caesar made an immediate night march inland, driving the Britons back, but when his ships were once again damaged in a storm he was forced to retreat and regroup.

The Britons had appointed Cassivellaunus, who had recently overthrown the king of the Trinovantes and forced his son, Mandubracius, into exile, to lead their forces. Cassivellaunus knew he could not defeat Caesar in an open engagement and used guerrilla tactics, relying on the mobility of his chariotry and superior knowledge of the terrain, but he was unable to prevent the Roman advance. Ambassadors from the Trinovantes told Caesar the location of Cassivellaunus's stronghold, which he proceeded to besiege. Cassivellaunus sent word to his allies in Kent to attack the Roman naval camp, but when this attack failed he surrendered, mediated by Commius. Tribute and hostages were agreed, Mandubracius was installed as king of the Trinovantes and Cassivellaunus undertook not to make war against him. All this accomplished, Caesar returned to Gaul. Cassivellaunus was a historical British chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesars second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as one of Geoffrey of Monmouths kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, Caswallon or Kaswallawn, son... The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that dwelt in pre-Roman Britain. ... Mandubracius or Mandubratius was a king of the Trinovantes of south-eastern Britain in the 1st century BC. His father, named Imanuentius in some manuscripts of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico, was overthrown and killed by the warlord Cassivellaunus some time before Caesars second expedition to Britain in... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from the Spanish guerrilla meaning little war, and used to describe small combat groups and the individual members of such groups (see Etymology). ...

The invasion could only last a season as Caesar was preparing for the emerging conflict amongst the First Triumvirate and growing unrest in his actual area of command, the conquest and submission of Gaul. No territory was conquered, but Caesar had brought Britain further into Rome's sphere of influence, and over the next century diplomatic and trading links grew. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Aborted invasions

Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BCE, 27 BCE and 25 BCE. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms. According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dumnovellaunus and Tincomarus, sent supplications to Rome during his reign, and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says that Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered. Augustus (Latin:IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS[1]; 23 September 63 BC â€“ 19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian in English for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and one of the most important of the Roman Emperors, though he downplayed... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 39 BC 38 BC 37 BC 36 BC 35 BC 34 BC 33 BC 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC... (Redirected from 27 BCE) Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24... (Redirected from 25 BCE) Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22... Res Gestae Divi Augusti, (Latin: The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) is the funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments. ... Dumnovellaunus or Dubnovellaunus was a king ruling in south eastern England during the British Iron Age. ... Tincomarus (a bithematic name form typical to insular and continental Celtic onomastics, analysable as tinco-, perhaps a sort of fish [cf Latin tinca, English tench] + maro-, big) was a king of the Iron Age Belgic tribe of the Atrebates who lived in southern central Britain shortly before the Roman invasion. ... the Greek georgapher Strabo, in a 16thâ€‘century engraving. ...

Caligula planned his own campaign against the British in 40, but its execution was bizarre: according to Suetonius, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and ordered them to attack the standing water. Afterwards, he had the troops gather sea shells, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean, due to the Capitol and the Palace." Modern historians are unsure if that was meant to be an ironically-meant punishment for the soldiers' mutiny or due to Caligula's derangement. Certainly this invasion attempt readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible 3 years later (eg a Pharos was built by Caligula at Boulogne-sur-Mer, the model for the one built soon after 43 at Dubris). Gaius Iulius Caesar Germanicus (August 31, 12 â€“ January 24, 41), most commonly known as Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. ... Events Roman Empire Caligula embarks on a campaign to conquer Britain, and fails miserably. ... This article is about the Roman historian. ... Satellite view of the English Channel Map of the English Channel The English Channel (French: La Manche (IPA: ) is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. ... Pharos is: a small island off the Egyptian coast that hosted the Lighthouse of Alexandria the etymological origin of the word lighthouse in many Romance languages, such as French (phare), Italian (faro) and Spanish (faro) Latin name for the Greek/Roman colony on the island of Hvar in the Adriatic... Boulogne-sur-Mer is a city and commune in northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais département of which it is a sous-préfecture. ... Dubris or Portus Dubris, Roman name for Roman-founded town of Dover, Kent, England. ...

43 onwards

Aulus Plautius: 43 CE - Landing to Thames battle

By the 40s CE the Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester), and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar's former ally Commius. Verica, the king of the Atrebates and an ally of Rome, was ousted and appealed to the emperor Claudius for aid. In response Claudius mounted an invasion of the island in 43. Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator, was given charge of four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of auxiliaries. The legions were: The Catuvellaunii (meaning probably good in battle) were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Isles, before the Roman invasion of Britain. ... The Trinovantes or Trinobantes were one of the Celtic tribes that dwelt in pre-Roman Britain. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Atrebates (meaning settlers) were a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain before the Roman conquests. ... Commius was a historical king of the Gaulish and British Atrebates tribes in the 1st century BC. When Julius Caesar conquered the Atrebates in Gaul in 57 BC he appointed Commius as king of the tribe. ... Verica (early 1st Century AD) was a British client king of the Roman Empire in the years preceding the Claudian invasion of 43AD. From his coinage, he appears to have been king of the Atrebates tribe and a descendant of Commius. ... The Atrebates (meaning settlers) were a Belgic tribe of Gaul and Britain before the Roman conquests. ... For other uses, see Claudius (disambiguation). ... Events Aulus Plautius, with 4 legions, landed on Britain. ... Aulus Plautius (lived 1st century) was the first governor of Roman Britain, serving from 43 to 47. ... A modern reconstruction of a roman centurion around 70 AD The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus â€” to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ...

The II Augusta is known to have been commanded by the future emperor Vespasian. Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion. Gnaeus Hosidius Geta probably led the IX Hispana. Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus and Vespasian's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus probably commanded the other two legions. Cassius Dio says that Sabinus was Vespasian's lieutenant, but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life, he could hardly have been a military tribune. Legio II Augusta was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion probably levied by Julius Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic wars. ... Aureus minted by Septimius Severus to celebrate XIV Gemina Martia Victrix, the legion that proclamed him emperor. ... Legio XX Valeria Victrix was a Roman legion, probably raised by Augustus sometime after 31 BC. It served in Spain, Illyricum, and Germany before participating in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, where it remained and was active until at least the beginning of the 4th century. ... Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. ... Gnaeus Hosidius Geta was a Roman senator and general of the 1st century AD. He was praetor some time before 42 AD. In 42, commanding a legion, probably the Legio IX Hispana, in the province of Africa, he was a part of Gaius Suetonius Paulinuss campaigns into Mauretania. ... Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus was the name of two Roman senators, father and son. ... Titus Flavius Sabinus was the name of three notable Ancient Romans, father, son and grandson. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by several elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ...

The main landing is thought to have been at Rutupiae, in modern Kent in Southeast England. Some archaeologists have questioned the evidence for this, and believe that at least part of the force may have come via another route, eg. the Solent. The evidence for this is discussed at site of the Claudian invasion of Britain. Map sources for Rutupiae at grid reference TR3361 Ruins Richborough Castle Rutupiae was the Roman name for Richborough near Sandwich, Kent, which they founded. ... Kent is a county in England, south-east of London. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Satellite image showing the Solent, separating the Isle of Wight from mainland Britain The Solent is a stretch of sea separating the Isle of Wight from the mainland of Great Britain. ... The site of the Claudian invasion of Britain in AD 43 was long considered to have been Richborough in east Kent. ...

British resistance was led by Togodumnus and Caratacus, sons of the late king of the Catuvellauni, Cunobelinus (Cymbeline in Shakespeare's play). A substantial British force met the Romans at a river crossing thought to be near Rochester on the River Medway. The battle raged for two days. Hosidius Geta was almost captured, but recovered and turned the battle so decisively that he was awarded the ornamenta triumphalia. Togodumnus was a historical king of the British Catuvellauni tribe at the time of the Roman conquest. ... Caratacus (also spelled Caractacus) was a historical British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who led the British resistance to the Roman conquest. ... Cunobelinus (also written Kynobellinus, Cunobelin) was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe of pre-Roman Britain. ... Cymbeline is a play by William Shakespeare. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Rochester is a small town in Kent, at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway about 30 miles (50 km) from London. ... The River Medway in England flows for 112 km from Turners Hill, in West Sussex, through Tonbridge, Maidstone and the Medway Towns conurbation in Kent, to the River Thames at Sheerness, where it is the latters last tributary. ... For the battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, see raid on the Medway. ... A Roman Triumph was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (dux) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory. ...

The British were pushed back to the Thames. The Romans pursued them across the river causing them to lose men in the marshes of Essex. Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain. At least one division of auxiliary Batavian troops swam across the river as a separate force. The Thames (pronounced //) is a river flowing through southern England and connecting London with the sea. ... Essex is a county in the East of England. ...

Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final push. Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor's assistance to defeat the resurgent British, who were determined to avenge Togodumnus. However Suetonius says that Claudius received the surrender of the Britons without battle or bloodshed. Claudius was no military man, and it is likely that the Catuvallauni were already as good as beaten, allowing the emperor to appear as conqueror on the final march on Camulodunum. Cassius Dio relates that he brought war elephants and heavy armaments which would have overawed any remaining native resistance. Eleven tribes of South East Britain surrendered to Claudius and the Romans prepared to move further west and north. The Romans established their new capital at Camulodunum and Claudius returned to Rome to revel in his victory. Caratacus escaped and would continue the resistance further west. This article is about the Roman historian. ... Indian war elephant, relief at Mathura, 2nd century BC War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. ...

44-60 The conquest continued

Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going as least as far as Exeter and probably reaching Bodmin. The Ninth Legion was sent north towards Lincoln and within four years of the invasion it is likely that an area south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuary was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the Fosse Way has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is more likely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was less direct and more mutable during this period however. Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. ... An oppidum (pl: oppida) was Latin for the main settlement in any administrative area of the Roman Empire. ... The city of Exeter is the county town of Devon, in England, UK. It is located at , . In the 2001 census its population was recorded at 111,066. ... Map sources for Bodmin at grid reference SX074667 The town of Bodmin lies in the centre of Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, along the western edge of Bodmin Moor. ... Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... Lincoln (pronounced //) is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England. ... Humber is also the name of one of the ranges of cars manufactured by the Rootes Group Humber is also the name of a river in Newfoundland, Canada, as well as a river and a college, both in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ... The Severn is the name of a river in the United Kingdom. ... The Fosse Way was a Roman road in England which linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England, to Lincoln (Lindum) in the East Midlands, via Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Coritanorum). ...

Late in 47 CE the new governor of Britain, Ostorius Scapula began a campaign against the tribes of modern day Wales, and the Cheshire Gap. The Silures of south east Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended the Welsh border country. Caratacus himself was defeated in one encounter and fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the Pennines. Their queen, Cartimandua was unable or unwilling to protect him however given her own truce with the Romans and handed him over to the invaders. Ostorius died and was replaced by Aulus Gallus who brought the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west, probably because Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn-out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain. When Nero became emperor in AD 54, he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed Quintus Veranius as governor, a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of Asia Minor. Veranius and his successor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus mounted a successful campaign across Wales, famously destroying the druidical centre at Mona or Anglesey in AD 60. Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of Boudica forced the Romans to return to the south east. The Silures were not finally conquered until circa AD 76 when Sextus Julius Frontinus' long campaign against them began to have success. The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Christian Era or Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 (the traditional but probably erroneous birthdate of Jesus) to the present. ... For an explanation of often confusing terms such as Great Britain, Britain, United Kingdom, England and Wales and England, see British Isles (terminology). ... The Silures were a powerful and warlike tribe of ancient Britain, occupying approximately the counties of Monmouth, Brecon and Glamorgan. ... Typical Pennine scenery. ... Cartimandua (ruled ca. ... Aulus Didius Gallus was a Roman general and politician of the 1st century AD. He was consul in AD 36 and probably led the cavalry forces during Emperor Claudius invasion of Britain in AD 43. ... Nero Claudius CÃ¦sar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 â€“ June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (54â€“68). ... Quintus Veranius ( AD 12 - AD 57) was a Roman politician and general. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. ... Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, also spelled Paullinus, (flourished 1st century CE) was a Roman general. ... In the Celtic religion, the modern words Druidry or Druidism denote the practices of the ancient druids, the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles. ... Mona may mean: Mona, the Saxon moon deity Mona, a character from the cartoon The Simpsons the Roman name for the island of Anglesey the Isle of Man (in poetic language) Mona, a Shift JIS art character in one of Japans BBSs, 2channel Mona, Jamaica, a town that... Anglesey (Welsh: Ynys MÃ´n, pronounced (IPA), roughly unniss mawn), is an island and county at the northwestern extremity of north Wales. ... Statue of Boudica near Westminster Pier Boudica (also Boudicca, Boadicea, Buduica, Bonduca) (d. ... Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. ...

60 onwards - the North and Scotland

Following the successful suppression of Boudica, a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north. Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid following a rebellion by her husband Venutius. Quintus Petillius Cerialis took his legions from Lincoln as far as York and defeated Venutius near Stanwick around 70 CE. This resulted in the already Romanised Brigantes and Parisii tribes being further assimilated into the empire proper. The new governor in 77 CE was the famous Gnaeus Julius Agricola. He finished off the Ordovices in Wales and then took his troops north along the Pennines, building roads as he went. He built a fortress at Chester and employed tactics of terrorising each local tribe before offering terms. By 80 he had reached as far as the River Tay, beginning the construction of a fortress at Inchtuthil which would have been the largest in the Roman world at the time if completed. He won a significant victory against the Caledonian Confederacy led by Calgacus at Mons Graupius. It is conventional to give Bennachie in Aberdeenshire as the location of this battle but some recent scholarship also suggests that Moncrieffe in Perthshire was the site. He then ordered his fleet to sail around the north of Scotland to establish that Britain is an island and to receive the surrender of the Orcadians. Venutius was a 1st century king of the Brigantes in northern Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. ... Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born around 30 AD) was a Roman general of the 1st century. ... York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... Stanwick (pronounced with a silent w) is a village in rural Northamptonshire, England. ... The Parisii (or Quarisii) were a Celtic Iron Age people that lived on the banks of the river Seine (in Latin, Sequana) in Gaul from the middle of the third century B.C. until the Roman era. ... Gnaeus Julius Agricola (July 13, 40 - August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain. ... The Ordovices were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Islands, before the Roman invasion of Britain. ... Chester is the county town of Cheshire in North West England. ... The River Tay looking eastwards from Perth The River Tay, in terms of flow (193 kilometres or 120 miles), is the longest river in Scotland. ... Inchtuthil is the name of a large, well-preserved Roman legionary fortress on the banks of the River Tay near Dunkeld in the Scottish county of Perthshire. ... The Caledonian Confederacy is a name given by historians to a group of disparate tribes inhabiting the Scottish Highlands at the time of the Roman occupation of Britain. ... Calgacus was the Romanised name of the leader of the Caledonian Confederacy who fought the Roman army of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius in AD 83 or 84. ... The Battle of Mons Graupius took place in AD 83 or 84. ... Bennachie, pronounced Ben-a-Hee, is the most northeasterly mountain in Aberdeenshire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) is a traditional county in central Scotland, which extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... The Orkney Islands form one of 32 unitary council regions in Scotland, and are a Lieutenancy Area. ...

Agricola was recalled to Rome by Domitian and seemingly replaced with a series of ineffectual successors who were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north. The fortress at Inchtuthil was destroyed by fire while still only 40% complete and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge in Perthshire erected to consolidate the Roman presence in Scotland in the aftermath of Mons Graupius were abandoned within the space of a few years. It is equally likely that the costs of a drawn-out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was more profitable to leave the Caledonians alone and only under de jure submission. Domitian bust in the Louvre Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 â€“ 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Inchtuthil is the name of a large, well-preserved Roman legionary fortress on the banks of the River Tay near Dunkeld in the Scottish county of Perthshire. ... The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in mid-Scotland. ... Perthshire (Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) is a traditional county in central Scotland, which extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south. ... The Battle of Mons Graupius took place in AD 83 or 84. ...

Roman occupation was withdrawn to a line subsequently established as one of the limes of the empire (i.e. a defensible frontier) by the construction of Hadrian's Wall. An attempt was made to push this line north to the River Clyde-River Forth area in 142 when the Antonine Wall was contructed. However this was once again abandoned after two decades and only subsequently re-occupied on an occasional basis, and the Romans retreated to the earlier and stronger Hadrian's Wall in the River Tyne-Solway Firth frontier area, this having been constructed around 122. Roman troops however penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times. Indeed there is a greater density of Roman marching camps in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe as a result of at least four major attempts to subdue the area, most notably in 209 when the emperor Septimus Severus, claiming to be provoked by the belligerence of the Maeatae tribe, campaigned against the Caledonian Confederacy with the three legions of the British garrison augmented by the recently formed 2nd Parthica legion, 9,000 imperial guards with cavalry support, and numerous auxiliaries, supplied from the sea by the British fleet, the Rhine fleet, and two fleets transferred from the Danube for the purpose. According to Dio Cassius he inflicted genocidal depredations on the natives and incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men to the attrition of guerrilla tactics before having to withdraw to Hadrian's Wall, which he repaired and re-inforced with a degree of thoroughness that led most subsequent Roman authors to attribute the construction of the wall to him. It was during the negotiations to purchase the truce necessary to secure the Roman retreat to the wall that the first recorded utterance that can be attributed with a reasonable degree of confidence to a native of Scotland was made (as recorded by Dio Cassius). When Septimus Severus' wife Julia Domna criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women, the wife of a Caledonian chief, Argentocoxos, replied "we consort openly with the best of men while you allow yourselves to be debauched in private by the worst". The emperor Septimus Severus died at York while planning to renew hostilities, which plans were abandoned by his son Caracalla. A limes is a Roman wall marking the boundaries of the Roman Empire. ... Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ... The River Clyde, looking eastwards upstream, as it passes beneath the Kingston Bridge in Central Glasgow. ... The River Forth meanders over fertile farmlands near Stirling The River Forth, 47 km (29 miles) long, is the major river draining the eastern part of the central belt of Scotland. ... Events Construction of the Antonine Wall began in Scotland. ... The Antonine Wall, looking east, from Barr Hill between Twechar and Croy The Antonine Wall, remains of Roman fortlet, Barr Hill, near Twechar Location of Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Scotland and Northern England. ... Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ... The Tyne looking west and upstream from the Newcastle bank towards the Gateshead Millennium Bridge The Tyne Bridge across the River Tyne between Newcastle and Gateshead. ... Map of Solway Firth. ... Events Roman Emperor Hadrian orders that a 72-mile wall be built in northern Britain. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... The Maeatae were a confederation of tribes who lived probably between Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall or possibly just on either side of Hadrians Wall in Roman Britain. ... The Caledonian Confederacy is a name given by historians to a group of disparate tribes inhabiting the Scottish Highlands at the time of the Roman occupation of Britain. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155â€“after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from the Spanish guerrilla meaning little war, and used to describe small combat groups and the individual members of such groups (see Etymology). ... Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus (155â€“after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... Emperor Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus, (April 11, 146 - February 4, 211) was Roman emperor from April 9, 193 to 211. ... York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... Caracalla Caracalla (April 4, 186–April 8, 217) was emperor of the Roman Empire from AD 211–217. ...

Later penetration of modern Scotland by the Romans was generally limited to the scouting expeditions of exploratores in the buffer zone that developed between the walls, trading contacts, bribes to purchase truces from the natives, and eventually the spread of Christianity. The degree to which the Romans interacted with the island of Hibernia is still unresolved amongst archaeologists in Ireland. The successes and failures of the Romans in subduing the peoples of Britain are still represented in the political geography of the British Isles today, with the modern border between Scotland and England running close to the line of Hadrian's Wall. Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... Hibernia is the Roman Latin name for the island of Ireland. ... Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within Europe Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 kmÂ² 1. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages None official English de facto Capital None official London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked... Pieces of Hadrians Wall remain near Greenhead and along the route, though large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. ...

Asclepiodotus : 296 CE

The rebellion of Carausius in 286 CE led to Britain breaking away from the Roman Empire and it was not for another ten years that an expedition to retake the province was launched by Emperor Constantius Chlorus. Carausius coin from Londinium mint. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ...

The emperor commanded one force and a second was put under the command of a praetorian prefect named Asclepiodotus. Constantius' contingent was turned back by storms but Asclepiodotus' troops successfully landed near Southampton. He burnt his boats and marched toward Londinium (London). Caraousis' successor, Allectus confronted him near Calleva Atrebatum (modern Silchester), but was defeated and killed in battle. Constantius himself then arrived to protect London from Allectus' retreating Frankish troops and receive a triumphant victory. Praetorian prefect (Latin Praefectus praetorio) was the constant title of a high office in the Roman state that changed fundamentally in nature. ... Asclepiodotus (Welsh language: Alyssglapitwlws) was a Roman praetorian prefect who re-established Roman rule in Britain following the illegal rules of Carausius and Allectus. ... Southampton is a city and major port situated on the south coast of England. ... Allectus (died 296) was a Roman emperor in Britain (293–296). ...

Contents

Julius Caesar

55 BCE

54 BCE

Aborted invasions

43 onwards

Aulus Plautius: 43 CE - Landing to Thames battle

44-60 The conquest continued

60 onwards - the North and Scotland

Asclepiodotus : 296 CE

Further reading

See also

Contents

Julius Caesar GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

55 BCE

54 BCE

Aborted invasions

43 onwards

Aulus Plautius: 43 CE - Landing to Thames battle

44-60 The conquest continued

60 onwards - the North and Scotland

Asclepiodotus : 296 CE

Further reading

See also

Julius Caesar