Coordinates: 41.892534° N 12.485715° E Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

Part of the Roman Forum. The arch was erected by Septimius Severus. On the right is the Palatine Hill.

The Roman Forum

Roman Forum with Palatine Hill in the background. The arch at the front left is the Arch of Septimius Severus, while on the right the three-columned Temple of Vespasian and Titus stands in front of the Temple of Saturn.

Roman Forum: Temple of Vespasian on the left, Arch of Septimius Severus behind the remains of the Temple of Saturn in the foreground. On the right are the three columns of the Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Palatine Hill, and slightly to the left of these is the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Miranda. In the distance, the Colosseum and the Arch of Titus are visible.

Map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with Forum Holitorium and Forum Boarium shown at bottom middle

The remains of the Temple of Vesta.

Campo Vaccino, by Claude Lorrain.

Campo Vaccino by Herman van Swanevelt.

The column erected in honour of the Byzantine emperor Phocas, 608: the last addition to the Roman Forum

This page refers to the main forum in the centre of Rome. See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below) for other forums in Rome and other Roman provincial cities.

See Forum (Roman) for the type of building.

The Roman Forum, Forum Romanum, (although the Romans called it more often the Forum Magnum or just the Forum) was the central area around which ancient Rome developed, in which commerce and the administration of justice took place. The communal hearth was also located here. It was built on the site of a past cemetery. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 597 pixelsFull resolution (1610 × 1202 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 597 pixelsFull resolution (1610 × 1202 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Arch of Septimius Severus before the excavation of the Roman Forum, painted by Canaletto in 1742 (Royal Collection, UK) Lateral arched opening between the main arch and a side archway The Arch of Septimius Severus in 2005 The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus at the northeast end of... 17th century aviaries on the hill, built by Rainaldi for Odoardo Cardinal Farnese: once wirework cages surmounted them. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2816 × 2112 pixel, file size: 1. ... Download high resolution version (1311x548, 188 KB)The Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. ... Download high resolution version (1311x548, 188 KB)The Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. ... The pediment and frieze, in the tabularium Close up The Temple of Vespasian and Titus (templum divus vespasianus)[1] is located in Rome at the western end of the Roman Forum between the Temple of Concordia and the Temple of Saturn. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4613x1691, 3772 KB)[edit] Summary Roman Forum, Rome, Italy taken on 7/8/2006 by --Bjsamelsonjones 23:10, 25 July 2006 (UTC). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4613x1691, 3772 KB)[edit] Summary Roman Forum, Rome, Italy taken on 7/8/2006 by --Bjsamelsonjones 23:10, 25 July 2006 (UTC). ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1099x777, 74 KB) Rasterized Image:Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1099x777, 74 KB) Rasterized Image:Map_of_downtown_Rome_during_the_Roman_Empire_large. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 587 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 587 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 785 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1030 × 787 pixel, file size: 127 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 785 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1030 × 787 pixel, file size: 127 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Claude Lorrain. ... Image File history File linksMetadata SwaneveltCampoVaccinoForumFitz. ... Image File history File linksMetadata SwaneveltCampoVaccinoForumFitz. ... Herman van Swanevelt (1604, Woerden - 1655, Paris) was a Dutch painter from the Baroque era. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1866 KB) Roma, Foro Romano, Colonna di Foca. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 1866 KB) Roma, Foro Romano, Colonna di Foca. ... The Imperial Forums consist of a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries, between 46 BC and 113 AD. The forums were the heart of the late Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire. ... Part of the Roman Forum. ... The Forum of Jerash, in Jordan. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the concept of justice. ... In common historic and modern usage, a hearth (Har-th) is a brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven used for cooking and/or heating. ...

Sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level of the forum in early Republican times. Originally it had been marshy ground, which was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima. Its final travertine paving, still visible, dates from the reign of Augustus. Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c. ... This article is about marsh, a type of wetland. ... Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (also called Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I) was the legendary fifth King of Rome, said to have reigned from 616 BC to 579 BC. According to Livy, Tarquinius Priscus came from the Etruscan city of Tarquinii and was originally named Lucumo (it is now thought that... The Cloaca Maxima was one of the worlds earliest sewage systems. ... Travertine Travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park A carving in travertine Travertine is a sedimentary rock. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most...

Structures within the Forum

The ruins within the forum clearly show how urban spaces were utilized during the Roman Age. The Roman Forum includes a modern statue of Julius Caesar and the following major monuments, buildings, and ancient ruins: Ury House, Aberdeenshire ruined by removal of the roof after the second world war to avoid taxation. ...

• Temples
  • Temple of Castor and Pollux
  • Temple of Romulus
  • Temple of Saturn
  • Temple of Vesta
  • Temple of Venus and Roma
  • Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
  • Temple of Caesar
  • Temple of Vespasian and Titus
  • Temple of Concord
  • Shrine of Venus Cloacina
• Basilicas
  • Basilica Aemilia
  • Basilica Julia
  • Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
• Arches
  • Arch of Septimius Severus
  • Arch of Titus
  • Arch of Tiberius
  • Arch of Augustus
• Other
  • Regia, originally the residence of the kings of Rome or at least their main headquarters, and later the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of Roman religion.
  • Rostra, from where politicians made their speeches to the Roman citizens
  • Curia Hostilia (later rebuilt as the Curia Julia), the site of the Roman Senate
  • Tabularium
  • Gemonian stairs
  • Clivus Capitolinus was the street that started at the Arch of Tiberius, wound around the Temple of Saturn, and ended at Capitoline Hill.
  • Umbilicus Urbi, the designated centre of the city from which and to which all distances in Rome and the Roman Empire were measured
  • Lapis Niger, a shrine also known as the Black Stone
  • Atrium Vestae, the house of the Vestal Virgins
  • A processional street, the Via Sacra, linked the Atrium Vetae with the Colosseum. By the end of the Empire, it had lost its everyday use but remained a sacred place.
  • Column of Phocas, the last monument built within the Forum

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Valerius Romulus was born in 292 AD. He was the first king of Rome that was in 308 and 309 AD. After his death, his status raised to Divus, that means God. ... The now ruined Temple of Saturn (Latin: Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) stands at the western end of the Forum Romanum in Rome and represents the oldest surviving foundation within that area, having been established in circa 498 BCE. The present ruins represent the third incarnation of the Temple of... Brick with the emblem of Theodoric the Great, found in the temple of Vesta. ... The Temple apsis by night. ... This Temple was begun in 141 AD by the Emperor Antoninus Pius, and was intitially dedicated to his deceased and deified wife Faustina. ... Temple of Caesar (Aedes Divus Iulius) The Temple of Caesar (Aedes Divus Iulius or Templum Divi Iulii) was begun by Augustus in 42 BC after the senate deified Julius Caesar posthumously. ... The pediment and frieze, in the tabularium Close up The Temple of Vespasian and Titus (templum divus vespasianus)[1] is located in Rome at the western end of the Roman Forum between the Temple of Concordia and the Temple of Saturn. ... now. ... The Shrine of Venus Cloacina was a small sanctuary on the Roman Forum, in front of the Basilica Aemilia. ... St. ... Reconstructive drawing of the facade of Basilica Emilia in the Augustean Era, viewed from the Roman Forum, 1905. ... The Basilica Julia, was a large, ornate, public building used for meetings and other official business during the early Roman Empire. ... The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine in Rome. ... A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. ... The Arch of Septimius Severus before the excavation of the Roman Forum, painted by Canaletto in 1742 (Royal Collection, UK) Lateral arched opening between the main arch and a side archway The Arch of Septimius Severus in 2005 The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus at the northeast end of... The Arch of Titus This article deals with the main arch of Titus on the Via Sacra. ... The Arch of Tiberius (Arcus Tiberi) was a triumphal arch in the Roman Forum. ... The Arch of Augustus was the triumphal arch of Augustus in the Roman Forum. ... Regia in the Roman Forum The Regia is one of the oldest buildings at the Roman Forum. ... The Rostra can be seen in the middle left of the photo. ... The Curia, inside the Forum The Curia Hostilia (Latin, Hostilian Court) was the favorite meeting place of the Roman Senate in the Forum Romanum at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, near the well of the Comitia. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... The Tabularium, on the right, with the medioeval Senate palace built upon. ... The Gemonian Stairs (Scalae Gemoniae in Latin) were a flight of steps located in the ancient city of Rome. ... The Via Sacra (Latin: Sacred Road) is the main street of ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important religious sites of the Forum (where it is the widest street), to the Colosseum. ... The Umbilucus Urbi of the City of Rome, the designated centre of the city from which and to which all distances in Rome and the Roman Empire were measured, is situated in the Roman Forum. ... Drawing of the excavated Lapis Niger, by Christian Hülsen, 1906 The Lapis Niger (trans. ... The Atrium of the House of the Vestals This refers to the house in the Roman Forum. ... A procession (via Middle English processioun, French procession, derived from Latin, processio, itself from procedere, to go forth, advance, proceed) is, in general, an organized body of people advancing in a formal or ceremonial manner. ... The Via Sacra (Latin: Sacred Road) is the main street of ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important religious sites of the Forum (where it is the widest street), to the Colosseum. ... The Column of Phocas, against the backdrop of the Arch of Septimius Severus. ...

Excavation and preservation

An anonymous 8th century traveler from Einsiedeln (now in Switzerland) reported that the Forum was already falling apart in his time. During the Middle Ages, though the memory of the Forum Romanum persisted, its monuments were for the most part buried under debris, and its location was designated the "Campo Vaccino" or "cattle field," located between the Capitoline Hill and the Colosseum. The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse. Artists from the late 15th century drew the ruins in the Forum, antiquaries copied inscriptions in the 16th century, and a tentative excavation was begun in the late 18th century. (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... Einsiedeln is a small municipality in Switzerland best known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey and as place where Paracelsus born. ... The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the most famous and smallest of the seven hills of Rome. ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy The Colosseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater (lat. ... Blessed Urban V, né Guillaume Grimoard (1310 – December 19, 1370), Pope from 1362 to 1370, was a native of Grizac in Languedoc (today part of the commune of Le Pont-de-Montvert, département of Lozère). ... The Papal palace in Avignon In the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven popes, all French, resided in Avignon: Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI...

A cardinal took measures to drain it again and built the Alessandrine neighborhood over it. But the excavation by Carlo Fea, who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803, and archaeologists under the Napoleonic regime marked the beginning of clearing the Forum, which was only fully excavated in the early 20th century. Carlo Fea (2 February 1753 - 18 March 1836) was an Italian archaeologist. ... This is the history of Italy during foreign domination and the unification. ...

Remains from several centuries are shown together, due to the Roman practice of building over earlier ruins.

Other forums in Rome

See also: Category:Forums of Rome

Other fora existed in other areas of the city; remains of most of them, sometimes substantial, still exist. The most important of these are a number of large imperial fora forming a complex with the Forum Romanum: the Forum Iulium, Forum Augustum, the Forum Transitorium (also: Forum Nervae), and Trajan's Forum. The planners of the Mussolini era removed most of the Medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum. There is also: The Imperial Forums consist of a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries, between 46 BC and 113 AD. The forums were the heart of the late Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire. ... The forum of Caesar and the Temple of Venus Genetrix. ... Forum built by Augustus in Rome, including Temple of Mars Ultor. ... Trajans Forum Trajans Forum (Latin: Forum Traiani) is chronologically the last of the Imperial fora of Rome. ... ...

• The Forum Boarium, dedicated to the commerce of cattle, between the Palatine Hill and the river Tiber,
• The Forum Holitorium, dedicated to the commerce of herbs and vegetables, between the Capitoline Hill and the Servian walls,
• The Forum Piscarium, dedicated to the commerce of fish, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current Roman Ghetto,
• The Forum Suarium, dedicated to the commerce of pork, near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the campus Martius,
• The Forum Vinarium, dedicated to the commerce of wine, in the area now of the "quartiere" Testaccio, between Aventine Hill and the Tiber.

Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on the function of the sites. Among these, the Forum cuppedinis, was known as a general market for many goods. The Forum Boarium was the cattle market of ancient Rome. ... For general information about the genus, including other species of cattle, see Bos. ... 17th century aviaries on the hill, built by Rainaldi for Odoardo Cardinal Farnese: once wirework cages surmounted them. ... Tiber River in Rome The Tiber (Italian Tevere, Latin Tiberis), the third-longest river in Italy at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches in two branches that cross the suburbs... The Forum Holitorium was the vegetable market of early ancient Rome, by the Tiber at the foot of the Capitoline and Palatine hills. ... Herbs: basil Herbs (IPA: hÉ™()b, or É™b; see pronunciation differences) are seed-bearing plants without woody stems, which die down to the ground after flowering. ... A plate of vegetables Vegetable is a culinary term which generally refers to an edible part of a plant. ... Large section of the Servian Wall visible next to the railway station of Termini. ... The Forum Piscarium was the fish forum venalium of ancient Rome, north of the Roman Forum, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current Roman Ghetto. ... For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ... The Roman Ghetto was located in the area surrounded by todays Via del Portico dOttavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto close to the Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus, in Rome, Italy. ... The Forum Suarium was the pork forum venalium of early Ancient Rome during the empire, mentioned first in two inscriptions of about 200 AD. This market was near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the campus Martius, probably close to the present Propaganda, and its... For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation). ... The Campus Martius, or Field of Mars, was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about 2 km² (600 acres) in extent. ... The Forum Vinarium was the wine forum venalium of early Ancient Rome, it was located in the area now of the quartiere Testaccio, between Aventine Hill and the Tiber. ... For other uses, see Wine (disambiguation). ... Logo of the rione Testaccio is the XX rione of Rome. ... The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built. ...

Comprehensive sites

• "The Digital Forum", 3D reconstructions of the Roman Forum in ca. 400
• Christian Hülsen: The Roman Forum (at LacusCurtius; Hülsen was one of the principal excavators of the Forum)
• The Roman Forum

Primarily visual

• QTVR fullscreen of Roman Forum by Tolomeus
• Aerial view of Roman Forum. Google Maps. Retrieved on October 14, 2005.
• Forum Romanum (Photo Archive)
• Images of the Forum Romanum
• Map of the Forum in AD 100, blank or labelled

is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Primarily text

• Forum Romanum (at LacusCurtius; article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)

Roman Empire Portal

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Roman Forum