NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roman history

History - Ancient history - Ancient Rome ... Ancient history is the study of significant cultural and political events from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages. ...

This is a List of Ancient Rome-related topics, that aims to include aspects of both the Ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century) The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ...

The topics in this list cover the culture, society and history of the ancient Roman Republic and the classical unitary Roman Empire, including what is known as the Roman era. Ancient Rome was a civilization that existed in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East between 753 BC and its downfall in AD 476. ... This an alphabetical List of ancient Romans. ... Cultural studies developed in the late 20th century, in part through the re-introduction of Marxist thought into sociology, and in part through the articulation of sociology and other academic disciplines such as literary criticism. ... For the song by the California punk band Pennywise, see Society (song). ... ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century) The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ... The Roman Era is a period in Western history, when ancient Rome was the center of power of the world around the Mediterranean Sea, where Latin was the lingua franca. ...

This list thus covers the period from (approximately) the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, and clumps together elements ranging from the affairs of a small city state on the banks of the river Tiber to the sociology of an empire sprawling from Cumbria and Morocco to the Euphrates. (6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) The 5th and 6th centuries BC are a period of philosophical brilliance among advanced civilizations. ... (5th century — 6th century — 7th century — other centuries) Events The first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Persia by the Persian Shah Khosrau I. Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland) Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded by St. ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... Tiber River in Rome The River Tiber (Italian Tevere), the third-longest river in Italy (disputed â€” see talk page) at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches in two branches that... Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ... An empire (also known technically, abstractly or disparagingly as an imperium, and with powers known among Romans as imperium) comprises a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor. ... Cumbria is a administrative county located in the northwest area of England. ... Length 2,800 km Elevation of the source 4,500 m Average discharge 818 mÂ³/s Area watershed 765,831 kmÂ² Origin Eastern Turkey Mouth Shatt al Arab Basin countries Turkey Syria Iraq Boat on the Shatt-al-Arab The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is...

Ancient city of Rome

For the modern city see Rome City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Democratici di Sinistra) Area - City Proper 1290 kmÂ² Population - City (2004) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost 4,000,000 1...

The Baths of Caracalla, in 2003 The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths, or thermae, built in Rome between 212 and 216 CE, during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla. ... The Catacombs of Rome are ancient Christian burial places in Rome, Italy. ... Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire, with Circus Maximus at the lower right corner Circus Maximus The Circus Maximus (Latin for largest circle) is an ancient arena and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy The Colosseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheater (lat. ... The Curia Hostilia (Lat. ... The Cloaca Maxima was one of the worlds earliest sewage systems. ... Trajans Column Trajans Column -- detail Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by order of emperor Trajan. ... This is a Timeline of events concerning Ancient Rome, from the city foundation until the last attempt of the Roman Empire of the East to conquer Rome. ... The founding of Rome is reported by many legends, which in recent times are beginning to be supplemented by more scientific reconstructions. ... The Great Fire of Rome erupted on the night of 18 July, in the year 64, among the shops clustered around the Circus Maximus. ... The pomerium (or pomoerium) was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. ... The Campus Martius, or Field of Mars, was a publicly owned area of ancient Rome about 2 km² (600 acres) in extent. ... The Roman Forum (Forum Romanum) was a central area of ancient Rome in which commerce, business, trading and the administration of justice took place. ... Trastevere (from trans Tiberim meaning over the Tiber) is a neighborhood in Rome on the west bank of the Tiber, south of the Vatican City. ... The Seven Hills of Rome east of the Tiber form the heart of Rome. ... The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills that ancient Rome was built on. ... The Caelian Hill (Latin Collis Caelius, Italian Celio) is one of the famous seven hills of Rome. ... Piazza del Campidoglio, on the top of Capitoline Hill The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the famous and highest of the seven hills of Rome, the site of a temple for the Capitoline Triad: the gods Jupiter, his wife Juno and... The Esquiline Hill is one of the famous seven hills of Rome. ... The Palatine Hill (Latin Palatium) is the centermost of the seven hills of Rome and is one of the most ancient parts of the city of Rome in Italy. ... An etching of the Hill, crowned by the mass of the Palazzo del Quirinale, from a series I Sette Colli di Roma antica e moderna published in 1827 by Luigi Rossini (1790 - 1857): his view, from the roof of the palazzo near the Trevi Fountain that now houes the Accademia... The Viminal Hill (Latin Collis Viminalis, Italian Viminale) is the smallest and least important of the famous seven hills of Rome, and as such always referred to as collis rather than External link Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome: Viminal Hill Categories: Italy geography stubs | Ancient Rome...

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire had a complex system of aristocracy and bureaucracy. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas. ...

Culture

Main directory: Roman culture (see society topics, issues of daily life, architecture and entertainment) This is a tentative list of topics regarding Roman culture. ...

There is a body of modern fiction set in ancient Rome. ... Gaius Valerius Catullus (c. ... Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC â€“ December 7, 43 BC) was an orator and statesman of Ancient Rome, and is generally considered the greatest Latin prose stylist. ... Lucius, or Marcus, Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician (c. ... Ab Urbe Condita is a monumental history of Rome, from its founding (Ab urbe condita, dated to 753 BC by Varro and most modern scholars). ... Titus Livius (around 59 BC - 17 AD), known as Livy in English, wrote a monumental history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, from its founding (traditionally dated to 753 BC). ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC Years: 64 BC 63 BC 62 BC 61 BC 60 BC 59 BC 58 BC 57 BC 56... Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s - 10s - 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s Years: 12 13 14 15 16 - 17 - 18 19 20 21 22 Events Tiberius deposes Antiochus III of Kommagene and appoints Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso governor of... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 800s BC 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC - 750s BC - 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC Events and Trends 756 BC - Founding of Cyzicus. ... The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a major literary achievement of Eighteenth Century, was written by the English historian, Edward Gibbon. ... Edward Gibbon. ...

Economy and transportation

While Roman civilization has a reputation for its many great accomplishments, the Roman state itself had a economy mostly based on agriculture (which employed an estimated 35% to 40% of its total labor force). ... The main Roman currency during most of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire consisted of coins including: the aureus (gold), the denarius (silver), the sestertius (bronze), the dupondius (bronze), and the as (copper). ... Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire. ... The main Roman currency during most of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire consisted of coins including: the aureus (gold), the denarius (silver), the sestertius (bronze), the dupondius (bronze), and the as (copper). ... A Roman road in Pompeii The Romans, for military, commercial and political reasons, became adept at constructing roads. ... Roman bridges, built by ancient romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. ... The Silk Road (Traditional Chinese: çµ²ç¶¢ä¹‹è·¯; Simplified Chinese: ä¸ç»¸ä¹‹è·¯; pinyin: sÄ« chÃ³u zhÄ« lÃ¹, Persian Ø±Ø§Ù‡ Ø§Ø¨Ø±ÛŒØ´Ù… RÃ¢h-e Abrisham) was an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel, and connecting Changan (todays Xian), China, with Antioch, Syria, as well as other points. ... For centuries the monetary affairs of the Roman Republic had rested in the hands of the Senate, which was steady and fiscally conservative. ... The Imperial Secret Service. ... The agentes in rebus (or more correctly rebus, agentes in) were the Roman imperial courier service that replaced the unpopular Frumentarii, sometime during the late 3rd century A.D. under Emperor Diocletian, or pehaps around the year 319 A.D. As a result of the reforms of Diocletian, the frumentarii... A rationibus was the Roman Empires secretary of finance, in charge of maintaining the accounts and expenditures of the fiscus which is the imperial treasury. ... Aerarium (from Latin aes, in its derived sense of money) was the name (in full, aerarium stabulum - treasure-house) given in Ancient Rome to the public treasury, and in a secondary sense to the public finances. ... Comes is the Latin word for companion, either individually or as a member of a collective known as comitatus (compare comitatenses), especially the suite of a magnate, in some cases large and/or formal enough to have a specific name, such as a cohors amicorum. ... The name Congiarium was originally given to gifts of oil, wine or other goods distributed to the general populace by public officials. ... Fiscus was the name of the personal treasury of the emperors of Rome. ... Rationalis was the Roman Empires chief financial minister prior to the reforms of Emperor Diocletian and the Late Empire. ...

History

There were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic. ... There were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic. ... See also Roman Republic (18th century) and Roman Republic (19th century) The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar... The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. ... The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus). ... The Five Good Emperors. ... Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis ) is a commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by the three simultaneous crises of external invasion, internal civil war and economic collapse. ... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ... The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). ...

Regional History

Principal sites in Roman Britain Roman Britain is the term applied to that part of Britain lying within the Roman Empire (which never extended to the whole island). ... Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ... The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Egypt within the orbit of the Greek world for the next 900 years. ... Roman Greece The Greek peninsula became a Roman protectorate in 146 BC, and the Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133. ...

Language

Latin is the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... This page lists English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations, such as i. ... The following is a partial list of Latin and Roman proverbs and sayings, in alphabetical order, with English translations. ... In the Roman naming convention used in ancient Rome, male names typically contain three proper nouns which are classified as praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens name) and cognomen. ... A modern example of ancient (or old) Roman cursive; hae sunt litterae romanae (these are Roman letters) Roman cursive is a form of handwriting used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. ... The Arch of Titus, with an inscription in Roman square capitals Roman square capitals, also called elegant capitals and quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. ... shoe ... This is a list of Roman cognomina. ... This is a list of Roman praenomina. ... This is a list of Roman nomina. ...

Lists

This page lists English translations of several Latin phrases and abbreviations, such as i. ... The following is a partial list of Latin and Roman proverbs and sayings, in alphabetical order, with English translations. ... A name is a label for a thing, person, place, product (as in a brand name), and even an idea or concept, normally used to distinguish one from another. ... This is a list of Roman cognomina. ... This is a list of Roman praenomina. ... This is a list of Roman nomina. ... For the son of Napoleon I of France, styled the King of Rome, see Napoleon II of France. ... The princeps senatus (plural principes senatus) was the leader of the Roman senate. ... This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. ...

Military

Main directory: Military history of Rome (see weaponry, generals, wars, civil wars and famous enemies) Soldiers of the Roman Army (on manoeuvres in Nashville, Tennessee) Rome was a militarized state whose history was often closely entwined with its military history over the 1228 years that the Roman state is traditionally said to have existed. ...

The following is a List of Roman battles, organized by date. ... The Battle of Cannae, August 2, 216 BC, was a significant battle of the Second Punic War. ... Battle of Cape Ecnomus Conflict First Punic War Date 256 BC Place Offshore Cape Ecnomus, in Sicily Result Roman victory The battle of Cape Ecnomus (offshore Cape Ecnomus, southern coast of Sicily, 256 BC) was a naval battle between the fleets of Carthage and the Roman Republic, fought during the... The Roman legion (from the Latin legio, meaning levy) was the basic military unit of ancient Rome. ... This is a list of Roman legions. ... A Roman military diploma is a document written on 2 ca. ... The Praetorian Guard (sometimes PrÃ¦torian Guard) (in Latin: praetoriani) comprised a special force of bodyguards used by Roman emperors. ... A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. ... Replica catapult at ChÃ¢teau des Baux, France Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. ... From left to right: Mainz, Fulham, Pompeii, and Pompeii Gladii. ... The pilum (plural pila) was a throwing spear commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. ...

Places

Latium (Lazio in Italian) is a region of central Italy, bordered by Tuscany, Umbria, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania and the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120 AD. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, provincia, pl. ... This is a partial list of governors of Britain under the Roman Empire. ... The principal route is: Londinium (London) to Pontes to Calleva to Spinae to Cunetio to Aquae Sulis. ... Roman sites in the United Kingdom is a link page for any Roman site open to the public. ... Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided between Israel, Jordan and the West Bank. ... Aelia Capitolina was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Syrian dominions. ...

Politics

This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. ... This is an tentative list of topics regarding political institutions of Rome. ... Aedile (Latin Aedilis) was an office of the Roman Republic. ... Caesar (p. ... Dictator was a political office of the Roman Republic. ... For omission and secrecy, see Censorship. ... For modern diplomatic consuls, see Consulate general. ... The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ... The lictor, derived from the Latin ligare (to bind), was a member of a special class of Roman civil servant, with special tasks of attending magistrates of the Roman Republic and Empire who held imperium. ... The Master of the Horse was (and in some cases, is) a historical position of varying importance in several European nations. ... // Definition According to Cicero, Praetor was a title which designated the consuls as the leaders of the armies of the state. ... For the Miocene ape, see Proconsul (genus) Under the Roman Empire a proconsul was a promagistrate filling the office of a consul. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office. ... Quaestors were elected officials of the Roman Republic who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers. ... Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Greek form tribounos) was a title shared by several elected magistracies and other governmental and/or (para)military offices of the Roman Republic and Empire. ...

Religion

In ancient Rome, the College of Pontiffs or Collegium Pontificum was a body whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the polytheistic state religion. ... The Capitoline Triad was comprised of three deities of Roman mythology who were worshipped in an elaborate temple on Romes Capitoline Hill. ... Juno was the equivalent of the Greeks Hera, queen of the gods. ... Jupiter In Roman mythology, Jupiter (sometimes shortened to Jove) held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon. ... Minerva was a Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom. ... The Etruscans were a race of northern Italians eventually integrated into Rome. ... An Imperial cult is a cult were an Emperor, or a dynasty of emperors, are worshipped as (semi-)gods or deities Ancient Rome In the Roman Empire the Imperial cult was the worship of the Roman emperor as a god. ... The Latin word Princeps (plural: principes) means the first. This article is devoted to a number of specific histocal meanings the word took, by far the most important of which follows first. ... Roman mythology can be considered as two parts. ... In Roman mythology, Jupiter (sometimes shortened to Jove) held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon. ... Romulus and Remus, (771 BCÂ¹-717 BC Romulus, 771 BC-753 BC Remus), the traditional founders of Rome, appeared in Roman mythology as the twin sons of the priestess Rhea Silvia, fathered by the god of war Mars. ... The Augur was a priest or official in ancient Rome. ... A flamen was a priest of the Roman religion. ... The Fratres Arvales were an ancient order of priests, dated back to the time of Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, that still persisted to the imperial period. ... Alternate meanings: see Pontifex (disambiguation) Originally the Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the pre-Christian Roman religion. ... A sacred king, according to the systematic interpretation of mythology developed by Sir James George Frazer in his influential book The Golden Bough, was a king who represented a solar deity in a periodically re-enacted fertility rite. ... The Carmen Saliare is a scarcely intelligible fragment of archaic Latin, which played a part in the rituals performed by the Salii or Salian priests, the jumping priests, of ancient Rome. ... A vestal Virgin, engraving by Sir Frederick Leighton, ca 1890: Leightons artistic sense has won over his passion for historical accuracy in showing the veil over the Vestals head at sacrifices, the suffibulum, as translucent, instead of fine white wool. ... Roman mythology can be considered as two parts. ... Religion in ancient Rome combined several different cult practices and embraced more than a single set of beliefs. ...

Miscellaneous

Categories: Ancient Rome lists | Topic lists Classical antiquity is a broad and perhaps misleading term for a long period of European, Middle East and North African history, that begins roughly with the earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire... A refined canonic version of the Orders engraved for the Encyclopédie, vol. ... History - Ancient history - Ancient Rome This is a List of Ancient Rome-related topics, that aims to include aspects of both the Ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ... The Conflict of the Orders was a political struggle between the plebeians (plebs) and patricians (patricii) of the ancient Roman Republic, in which the plebeians sought political equality and achieved it in 287 BC, after two centuries of strife. ... Greco-Roman refers to the culture of Ancient Greece and Classical Rome and reflects the essential unity of the Mediterranean world at the time when those cultures flourished, between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD. Categories: Historical stubs | Ancient Rome | Ancient Greece ... Senatus Populusque Romanus See also the SPQR series of murder mystery novels and the SPQR board game. ... The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between the foundation of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. ... The Roman Era is a period in Western history, when ancient Rome was the center of power of the world around the Mediterranean Sea, where Latin was the lingua franca. ...

Contents

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