A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70

A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240)

The Roman legion (from Latin legio, legionis, f., from lego, legere, legi, lectus — "to collect") was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. It consisted of a core of heavy infantry (legionaries), with auxiliary cavalry and ranged troops, typically skirmishers. The size of a typical legion varied widely throughout the history of ancient Rome, with complements ranging from 5000-6000 men in the republican period of Rome, to the fairly standard number of around 5,400 in the early and middle imperial period and finally to on average 1000-2000 men in the very late imperial period. As legions were not standing armies until the Marian reforms (c. 107 BC), and were instead created, used, and disbanded again, several hundred Legions were named and numbered throughout Roman history. To date, about 50 have been identified. In the time of the Early Roman Empire, there were usually about 28 standing Legions plus their Auxiliaries, with more raised as needed. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (801x1827, 269 KB) Roman Centurio 70 a. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (801x1827, 269 KB) Roman Centurio 70 a. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (552x945, 230 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (552x945, 230 KB) Other versions Originally from en. ... A Roman Legionary, 1st century Roman re-enactors, 1st century Roman legionary, 3rd century. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Soldiers of the Roman Army (on manoeuvres in Nashville, Tennessee) Rome was a militarized state whose history was often closely entwined with its military history over the 1228 years that the Roman state is traditionally said to have existed. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... A Legionary is a member of a legion. ... Auxiliaries (Latin - auxilia, help) were troops in the Roman army of the Imperial period who provided specialist support to the legions. ... Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ... Skirmishers are infantry soldiers who are stationed ahead or to the sides of a larger body of friendly troops. ... The Marian reforms of 107 BC were a group of reforms proposed by a Roman republic statesman and army general named Gaius Marius. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 112 BC 111 BC 110 BC 109 BC 108 BC - 107 BC - 106 BC 105 BC...

Due to the enormous military successes of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire the legion has long been regarded as the prime ancient model for military efficiency and ability. This article is becoming very long. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ...

History

Early history

Originally, in the time of the Kings, the legio ("conscription") was the whole Roman army, composed of levied citizens. The early Roman army, however, was different than the later imperial army. Under the Etruscan Kings, the massive Greek phalanx was the mode of battle. Roman soldiers would have thus looked much like Greek hoplites. Much of Roman history of this era is founded on legends, but it is believed that during the reign of Servius Tullius, the census (the counting of the people) was introduced. With this, all Roman able-bodied, property-owning male citizens were divided into five classes for military service based on wealth, soldiers having to acquire their own weapons and equipment. These classes were further organized into units of 100 called Centuries. There were seven traditional Kings of Rome before the establishment of the Roman Republic. ... Servius Tullius was the sixth legendary king of ancient Rome, and the second king of the Etruscan dynasty. ... Centuria (Latin plural Centuriae) is a Latin substantive rooting in centum a hundred, denoting units consisting of (originally, approximatively) a 100 men. ...

Joining the army was a both a duty and a distinguishing mark of Roman citizenship: during the entire pre-Marian period the wealthiest land owners performed the most years of military service, since these would have had the most to lose should the state have fallen.

The first class was armed in the fashion of the hoplite with spear, sword, helmet, breast plate and round shield; the second and third class also acted as spearmen, but with reduced armour and the larger oval or rectangular shield. The fourth class could afford no armour, perhaps a small shield, and was armed with spear and javelin. The fifth and final class was composed only of slingers. The army officers as well as the cavalry were drawn from leading citizens who enrolled as equestrians (equites).

Rome sustained an army consisting of some 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).^[1]

Tactics were no different from those of the early Greeks and battles were joined on a plain. Spearmen would then deploy themselves in tightly packed rows. The members of each row closed to form a "shield wall", their spears pointed forwards, and charged the enemy supported by their javelin throwers and slingers: the cavalry pursued the enemy, and sometimes dismounted to support the infantry in dire situations. It was a cumbersome military unit to maneuver, and easily defeated by mountain tribes such as Volsci or Samnites in rough terrains.

Early civilian authorities, called "praetors", doubled as military leaders during the war season; lasting from spring to autumn. A formal war declaration included a religious ceremony that ended in the throwing of a ceremonial javelin into the enemy's territory to mark the start of hostilities.

At some point, possibly in the beginning of the Roman Republic after the kings were overthrown, the legio was subdivided into two separate legions, each one ascribed to one of the two Consuls. In the first years of the Republic, when warfare was mostly concentrated on raiding, it is uncertain if the full manpower of the legions was summoned at any one time. Legions became more formally organized in the 4th century BC, as Roman warfare evolved to more frequent and planned operations, and the consular army was raised to two legions. This article is becoming very long. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Consul (abbrev. ...

In the Republic, legions had an ephemeral existence. Except for Legio I to IV, which were the consular armies (two per consul), other units were levied by campaign. Rome's Italian allies were required to provide a legion to support each Roman legion.

Mid-Republic

Re-enactor showing Roman military equestrian

The military tribunes appeared after 331 BC (at first these tribunes took turns as the legion's commanding officer). The internal organization of the legion became more sophisticated, from the classic phalanx to the manipular system, and allowed important tactical innovations. For the first time, the classes of soldiers who comprised the legions were based on experience and age rather than wealth, with standard weapons and equipment issued by the state. (The exception was the Equites, who comprised the cavalry elements and still provided their own horses). Image File history File links Roman_cavalry_lg. ... Image File history File links Roman_cavalry_lg. ... Military tribunes were officers of the Roman Legions. ... A modern reconstruction of Greek hoplites forming a phalanx formation. ... Maniple (Latin: manipulus) was a tactical unit of the Roman Legion, consisting of two centuriae within a single cohort. ...

In the middle of the Republic, legions were composed of the following units:

• Equites (cavalry): The cavalry was originally the most prestigious unit, where wealthy young Roman upstarts displayed their skill and prowess, laying the foundation for an eventual political career. Cavalry equipment was purchased by each of the cavalrymen and consisted of a round shield, helmet, body armour, sword and one or more javelins. The cavalry was outnumbered in the legion. In a total of circa 3000 men, the legion had only around 300 horsemen, divided into 10 units of 30 men. These men were commanded by decurions. Allied legions were required to have 600 horsemen. In addition to heavy cavalry, there would be the light cavalry levied from poor citizens and wealthy young citizens not old enough to be in the hastati or the equites;

• Velites (light infantry): The velites were basically javelin throwers who did not have a precise formal organization or function in battle, being used where there was need for them. Normally they would deploy in front of the legion and try to break up the enemy formation, though this rarely accomplished much. After throwing their javelins they would retreat through the gaps between the maniples, screened from the attack of the enemy by the heavy infantry lines. They were very useful to break war bands or kill elephants by showering them with subsequent volleys, dodging their attacks.

• Heavy Infantry: This was the principal unit of the legion. The heavy infantry was composed of citizen legionaries that could afford the equipment composed of an iron helmet, shield, armour and short spear (pilum), more properly an heavy javelin whose range was about 30 meters. The preferred weapon was the gladius, a short sword. The heavy infantry was subdivided, according to the legionaries' experience in the Republican Legion prior to the Marian reforms, which abolished the separate classes of troops turning the legion into a professional force, into three separate lines:
  • The hastati (sing. hastatus) were the younger ones and formed the front line
  • The principes (sing. princeps), men in their prime ages (late twenties to early thirties), composed the second line of the legion
  • The triarii (sing. triarius) were the veteran soldiers who occupied the rear; only in extreme situations would they be used in battle and rested one knee down when unengaged. They were equipped with spears rather than the pilum and gladius, so they fought in a phalanx, and the sight of an advanced shield wall in front of them discouraged exultant enemies pursuing hastati and princeps.

Each of these three lines was subdivided into maniples, the lowest subunit of the army, each consisting of two centuries commanded by the senior of the two centurions. Centuries were nominally 80 soldiers each (not 100, as is popularly believed), but in practice might be as few as 60, especially in the less numerous triarii maniples. Each century had its standard and was made up of ten units called contubernia. In a contubernium, there would be eight soldiers who shared a tent, millstone, a mule and cooking pot (depending on duration of tour). Because maniples were their main tactical elements, the legions of the early republic are sometimes referred to as Manipular legions. An Equestrian (Latin eques, plural equites) was a member of one of the two upper social classes in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. ... Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ... Look up Javelin on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Javelin can refer to several things: For the spear-like object,used as a thrown weapon in ancient times see Javelin Ancient For the modern athletic discipline see Javelin throw. ... A Decurion is a cavalry officer in command of a troop or Turma of thirty men in the army of the Roman Empire. ... Velites were a class of light infantry in the army of the Roman Republic. ... Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... A Roman coin showing Antoninianus of Carinus holding pilum and globe. ... Gladius is Latin for sword (in general). ... The Hastati (sing. ... The plural of the Latin word princeps. ... The Triarii (Latin singular triarius) was the third standard line of infantry of the Roman Republics army. ... Maniple (Latin: manipulus) was a tactical unit of the Roman Legion, consisting of two centuriae within a single cohort. ... Centuria (Latin plural Centuriae) is a Latin substantive rooting in centum a hundred, denoting units consisting of (originally, approximatively) a 100 men. ... Modern reenactment including a centurion of 70 AD A centurion (Latin: centurio; Greek: hekatontarchos) was a professional officer of the Roman army. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cookware and bakeware. ...

During deployment, the maniples were commonly arranged in a chequered formation called quincunx. However, it is unlikely that they entered battle in this way. Velites deployed in front of the army, to harass and deplete enemy forces: Principes maniples would cover the open space left by the hastati, and be covered in return by triarii maniples. The two centuries of each maniple were formed up one behind the other. After the velites had retreated through the 'Hastati', the 'posterior' century would march to the left and then forward so that they presented a solid line. Then the Hastati would charge. If they were losing the fight, the 'posterior' century returned to its position creating gaps again. Then the maniples would fall back through the gaps in the 'Principes', who followed the same procedure to form a battle line and charge. If the Principes could not break the enemy, they would retreat behind the 'Triarii' and the whole army would leave the battlefield in good order. This is only standard procedure and was often modified; at Zama, Scipio deployed his entire legion in a single line to envelop Hannibal's army just as Hannibal had done at Cannae. A quincunx is the arrangement of five units in the pattern corresponding to the five-spot on dice, playing cards, or dominoes. ... Combatants Carthage Roman Republic East Numidia Commanders Hannibal Scipio Africanus Masinissa Strength almost 58,000 infantry 6,000 cavalry 80 war elephants 34,000 Roman infantry 3,000 Roman cavalry 6,000 Numidian cavalry Casualties 20,000 killed 11,000 wounded 15,000 captured 1,500 killed 4,000 wounded... Hannibal is one of the most common prenames in Punic and we know several military commanders (strategos) with this prename during the Punic Wars, while their family names or nicknames are often not recorded. ... For the eleventh century battle in the Byzantine conquest of the Mezzogiorno, see Battle of Cannae (1018). ...

The manipulary system allowed to engage every kind of enemy even in rough terrain, because the legion got both flexibility and toughness according to the deployment of its lines: but the lack of a strong cavalry corps was the major flaw of the army. In fact Scipio's victory at Zama was in part due to King Massinissa's Numidian Cavalry and the few "equites" never acted either as shock troops like Alexander's "Companions", or as an efficient pursuit force.

to legion article File links The following pages link to this file: Roman legion Categories: Images with unknown source ...

Marian reforms

At the end of the 2nd century BC Marius reformed the previously ephemeral legions as a professional force drawing from the poorest classes, enabling Rome to field larger armies and providing employment for jobless citizens of the city of Rome. However, this put the loyalty of the soldiers in the hands of their general rather than Rome itself. In this period all Italian regions got full Roman citizenship and provided a larger basis for the army, supplemented by poor Romans. Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N)¹ (157 BC - January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician elected Consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. ...

The Cohort legions of the late republic and early empire are often called Marian legions. Following the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC, Marius granted all Italian soldiers Roman citizenship. He justified this action to the Senate by saying that in the din of battle he could not distinguish Roman from ally. This effectively eliminated the notion of allied legions; henceforth all Italian legions would be regarded as Roman legions, and full Roman citizenship was open to all the regions of Italy. Thus the three different types of heavy infantry were replaced by a single, standard type of Legionary based on the Principes: two heavy javelins called "pila", the short sword called "gladium", chain mail armour, helmet, the rectangular shield or "scutum". Combatants Cimbri Roman Republic Commanders King Boiorix † Marius Lutatius Catulus Sulla Strength 160,000 - over 200,000 50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxillaries) Casualties 100,000 - 140,000 killed 60,000 captured Insignificant, probably under 1,000 The Battle of Vercellae, also called The Battle of the Raudine... A Roman Legionary, 1st century Roman re-enactors, 1st century Roman legionary, 3rd century. ...

The role of allied legions would eventually be taken up by contingents of allied/auxiliary troops, called Auxilia. Each Legion had a same size or near same size Auxilia (auxiliary), which contained specialist units, engineers and pioneers, artillerymen and siege craftsmen, service and support units and units made up of non-citizens (who were granted Roman citizenship upon discharge) and undesirables. These were usually formed into complete units such as light cavalry, light infantry or velites, and laborers. There was also a reconnaissance squad of 10 or more light, mounted infantry called Speculatores who could also serve as messengers or even as an early form of military intelligence service. Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. ... Velites were a class of light infantry in the army of the Roman Republic. ... Mixed reconnaissance patrol of the Polish Home Army and the Soviet Red Army during Operation Tempest, 1944 Reconnaissance is the military term for the active gathering of information about an enemy, or other conditions, by physical observation. ... In the fire service a Squad is a Engine Company with a compliment of rescue tools. ... Mounted infantry were soldiers who rode horses instead of marching, but actually fought on foot with muskets or rifles. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ...

During these reforms, the Legions were also organized into permanent cohorts for the first time. Prior to this cohorts had been temporary administrative units or tactical task forces of several maniples, even more transitory than that of the legions of the early republic themselves. Now the cohorts were six to ten permanent units, composed of five to eight centuries each led by a centurion assisted by an optio, a soldier who could read and write. These came to form the basic tactical unit of the legions. The senior centurion of the legion was called the primus pilus, a career soldier and advisor to the legate that sometimes was promoted to the higher rank. A cohort (from the Latin cohors, plural cohortes) is a fairly large military unit, generally consisting of one type of soldier. ... An optio (from the Latin verb optare, to choose, because an optio was chosen by his centurion) was a soldier in the Roman army who held a position similar to that of a non-commissioned officer in modern armies. ... See also Legion software and Legion forummer. ...

Every legion had a baggage train of 500–550 mules, or about 1 mule for every 10 legionaries. To keep these baggage trains from becoming too large, Marius had each man carry as much of his own equipment as he could, including his own armour, weapons and 15 days' rations or about 50–60 pounds of load total. To make this easier, he issued each legionary a forked stick to carry their loads on their shoulders. The soldiers were nicknamed Marius' Mules due to the amount of gear they had to carry themselves.

A typical legion of this period had around 4,000–5,000 legionaries as well as a large number of camp followers, servants and slaves. Legions could contain as many as 6,000 fighting men divided among several cohorts, although much later in Roman history the number was reduced to 1,000 to allow for greater mobility. Numbers would also vary depending on casualties suffered during a campaign; Julius Caesar's legions during his campaign in Gaul often only had around 3,500 men. Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ...

Tactics were slightly different from the past, but largely improved due to the professional training of the soldiers. After being harassed by the "Auxilia", the approaching enemy was hailed by the legionaries "pila", thrown 30 meters away from the Roman lines. The "pilum's" metal point bent on hitting the enemy shield, thus rendering it useless due to the additional encumbrance and the enemy discharged it. Then the melee started; the legionaries were drilled to engage the enemy on their right, using the "gladium" to thrust and not slash, so to be covered by their large shields from the enemy in front of them, leaving no open spaces for an enemy hit. The legionaries targeted the unprotected legs, to disable the enemy for the duration of the battle.

Late Republic and early Empire

After the Marian reforms, and throughout the history of Rome's Late Republic, the legions played an important political role. By the 1st century BC the threat of the legions under a demagogue was recognized. Governors were not allowed to leave their provinces with their legions. When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ... Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: ;[1]), July 12, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. ... Presumed course of the Rubicon The Rubicon (Rubico, in Italian Rubicone) is an ancient Latin name for a small river in northern Italy. ... A constitutional crisis is a severe breakdown in the smooth operation of government. ... There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Augustus (Latin: IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS;[1] September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14), known as Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (in English Octavian) for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, was the first and among the most important of the Roman Emperors. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC - 20s BC - 10s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s Years: 32 BC 31 BC 30 BC 29 BC 28 BC 27 BC 26 BC 25 BC 24 BC 23 BC 22...

For political and economic reasons, Augustus reduced the number of legions from nearly 50 at the end of his war against Mark Antony to only 25. Generals during the recent Republican civil wars had formed their own legions and numbered them as they wished. When these wars ended, Augustus was left with around fifty legions, with several double counts (multiple Legio X's for instance). Beside streamlining the army, and regulating the soldiers' pay, he corrected these numbering anomalies. During this time, there was a high incidence of Gemina (twin) legions, where two legions were consolidated into a single organization. For his relatives, see Marcus Antonius (disambiguation). ...

At the same time, he greatly increased the number of auxiliaries to the point where they were equal in number to the legionaries. He also created the Praetorian Guard along with a permanent navy where served the "liberti", or freed slaves. The Praetorian Guard of Caesar Augustus - 1st century. ... The Roman Navy (Latin: Classis) operated between the First Punic war and the end of the Western Roman Empire. ...

High empire

Augustus' military policies proved sound and cost effective, and were generally followed by his successors. These emperors would carefully add new legions, as circumstances required or permitted, until the strength of the standing army stood at around 30 legions. With each legion having 4,000–6000 legionaries usually supported by an equal number of auxiliary troops, the total force available to a legion commander during the Pax Romana probably ranged from 8,000–12,000, with the more prestigious legions and those stationed on hostile borders or in restive provinces tending to be larger. Some legions may have even been reinforced at times with units making the associated force near 15–16,000 or about the size of a modern division. Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan Pax Romana (27 BC-180 AD), Latin for the Roman peace, is the long period of relative peace experienced by states within the Roman Empire. ... Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to fifteen thousand soldiers. ...

Throughout the imperial era, the legions played an important political role. Their actions could secure the empire for an usurper or take it away. For example, the defeat of Vitellius in the Year of the Four Emperors, was decided when the Danubian legions chose to support Vespasian. The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Usurpers were a common feature of the late Roman Empire, especially from the so-called crisis of the third century onwards, when political instability became the rule. ... Vitellius, Museo Nazionale della Civiltà Romana, Rome Aulus Vitellius Germanicus (September 24, 15–December 22, 69) was Roman Emperor from April 17 69 to December 22 of the same year, one of the emperors in the Year of the four emperors. He was the son of Lucius Vitellius, who had... The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68 AD, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antonys death in 31 BC) known as the Year of the four emperors. ... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (November 17, 69 – June 23, 79), known originally as Titus Flavius Vespasianus and usually referred to in English as Vespasian, was emperor of Rome from 69 to 79. ...

In the empire, the legion was standardized, with symbols and an individual history where men were proud to serve. The legion was commanded by a legate or legatus. Aged around thirty, he would usually be a senator on a three year appointment. Immediately subordinate to the legate would be six elected military tribunes — five would be staff officers and the remaining one would be a noble heading for the Senate (originally this tribune commanded the legion). There would also be a group of officers for the medical staff, the engineers, record-keepers, the praefectus castrorum (commander of the camp) and other specialists such as priests and musicians.

Locations of the Roman legions in 80

Locations of Roman legions, 80.

This list^[2] shows the locations of the Roman legions around 80: Image File history File links Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80. ... Image File history File links Roman_Legions_camps_-_AD_80. ... Events By place Roman Empire The Emperor Titus inaugurates the Flavian Amphitheatre with 100 days of games. ... Events By place Roman Empire The Emperor Titus inaugurates the Flavian Amphitheatre with 100 days of games. ...

1. Legio IX Hispana: York
2. Legio XX Valeria Victrix and Legio II Adiutrix: Chester
3. Legio II Augusta: Caerleon
4. Legio XXII Primigenia and Legio X Gemina: Nijmegen
5. Legio VI Victrix: Neuss
6. Legio XXI Rapax: Bonn
7. Legio XIV Gemina: Mainz
8. Legio I Adiutrix: near Mainz
9. Legio VIII Augusta: Strasbourg
10. Legio XI Claudia: Vindonissa
11. Legio XV Apollinaris: Carnuntum
12. Legio XIII Gemina: Poetovio
13. Legio VII Claudia: Viminacium
14. Legio V Macedonica: Oescus (modern Gigen)
15. Legio I Italica: Novae (modern Svishtov)
16. Legio V Alaudae: near Danube
17. Legio IV Flavia Felix: Burnum
18. Legio XVI Flavia Firma: Satala
19. Legio XII Fulminata: Melitene
20. Legio VI Ferrata: Samosata
21. Legio IV Scythica: Zeugma
22. Legio III Gallica: near Damascus
23. Legio X Fretensis: Jerusalem
24. Legio XXII Deiotariana: Nicopolis
25. Legio III Cyrenaica: Coptos
26. Legio III Augusta: Lambaesis
27. Legio VII Gemina: Leon

Legio IX Hispana was a Roman legion probably levied by Julius Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic wars. ... York is a city in northern England, at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss. ... Legio XX Valeria Victrix was a Roman legion, probably raised by Augustus sometime after 31 BC. It served in Spain, Illyricum, and Germany before participating in the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, where it remained and was active until at least the beginning of the 4th century. ... Legio II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis (supporter, faithful and loyal), was a Roman legion levied by emperor Vespasian on 70 AD, from Roman navy marines in Ravenna. ... Chester is the county town of Cheshire in North West England. ... Legio II Augusta was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative in Britannia in 4th century. ... Caerleon is a village situated on the river Usk on the northern outskirts of Newport. ... Legio XXII Primigenia, was levied by emperor Caligula in 39, for his campaigns in Germania. ... Legio X Gemina, the twin legion, was levied by Julius Caesar on 58 BC, for his invasion of Gaul. ... Country Netherlands Province Gelderland Area - Land - Water 57. ... Legio VI Victrix (Victorious) was a Roman legion founded by Octavian in 41 BC. It was the twin legion of VI Ferrata and perhaps held veterans of that legion, and some soldiers kept to the traditions of the Caesarian legion. ... Neuss is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ... Legio XXI Rapax, the predator, was a Roman legion levied in 31 BC by Augustus, probably from men previously enlisted in other legions. ... Bonn is a city in Germany (19th largest), in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the north of the Siebengebirge. ... Aureus minted by Septimius Severus to celebrate XIV Gemina Martia Victrix, the legion that proclamed him emperor. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Legio I Adiutrix (assistant), was a Roman legion formed in 68 AD, possibly by Galba under orders of Nero. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ... Legio VIII Augusta was a Roman legion created by Julius Caesar and continuing in service to Rome for at least 400 years thereafter. ... City flag City coat of arms Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Département Bas-Rhin (67) Région Alsace Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 78. ... Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis (faithful and loyal Claudian legion) was a Roman legion. ... Vindonissa is the Roman name for Windisch in modern Switzerland. ... Legio XV Apollinaris (devoted to Apollo) was a Roman legion. ... Heidentor (pagan gate) Carnuntum (Kapvoiis in Ptolemy) was an important Roman fortress, originally belonging to Noricum, but after the 1st century A.D. to Pannonia. ... Sestertius minted in 248 by Philip the Arab to celebrate Dacia province and its legions, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina. ... Ptuj Area: 66. ... Gallienus coin, celebrating LEG VII CLA VI P VI F (Seventh legion Claudia, six times faithful, six times loyal, and bearing the bull, symbol of the legion, on the reverse. ... Viminacium was the capital of the Roman province of Moesia. ... This coin was issued by Roman emperor Gallienus to celebrate the V Macedonica, whose symbol, the eagle, is crowned of wrath by Victoria. ... Oescus was an ancient town in Moesia. ... Gigen (Гиген) is a village in northern Bulgaria, part of Pleven Province. ... Legio I Italica (the Italian legion) was a Roman legion levied by emperor Nero on September 22, 66 AD (the date is attested by an inscription), for a campaign in Armenia that never took place. ... Svishtov is a Bulgarian town at Danube river, nearly 235 km north-east from Sofia. ... Svishtov is a Bulgarian town at Danube river, nearly 235 km north-east from Sofia. ... Legio V Alaudae, the larks, sometimes known as Gallica, was levied by Julius Caesar in 52 BC from native Gauls. ... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... Antoninianus minted under Carausius. ... Legio XVI Flavia Firma (standfast Flavian legion) was a Roman legion. ... Located in Armenia, the city of Satala, according to the ancient geographers, was situated in a valley surrounded by mountains, a little north of the Euphrates, where the road from Trapezus to Samosata crossed the boundary of the Roman Empire. ... Legio XII Fulminata, also known as Paterna or Antiqua, was originally levied by Julius Caesar in 58 BC and accompanied him during the Gallic wars until 49 BC. They were stationed in Pharsalus in 48 BC and probably fought in the Battle of Pharsalus. ... Malatya is a city in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Malatya Province. ... Legio VI Ferrata (Ironclad) was a Roman legion. ... Samosata, meaning sun, was an ancient city whose ruins still exist at the modern Turkish city of Samsat. ... Legio IV Scythica was a Roman legion levied by Marcus Antonius around 42 BC, for his campaign against the Parthian empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. ... Zeugma – also Seleucia, Seleuceia, Seleukheia, Seleukeia, Seleukeia Euphrates, and Selevkaya Euphrates – is an ancient city of Commagene; currently located in the Gaziantep Province of Turkey It is a historical settlement which is considered among the four most important settlement areas under the reign of the kingdom of Commagene. ... Legio III Gallica was a Roman legion levied by Julius Caesar around 49 BC, for his civil war against the conservative republicans led by Pompey. ... Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. ... Legio X Fretensis (Of the sea streits) was a Roman legion levied by Augustus in 41/40 BC to fight during the civil war; X Fretensis is recorded to exist at least until 260 AD. Its symbol was the bull (Latin: Taurus – holy animal of the goddess Venus, the mythical... Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds; official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-Al-Quds) is Israels capital and largest city, with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006 [1]) contained in 123 km². An ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean... Legio XXII Deiotariana was a Roman legion, levied approximately in 48 BC and probably destroyed in 132–135 CE. Its cognomen comes from Deiotarus, a Celtic king, and its emblem is unknown, but could be a Galatian symbol. ... Nicopolis (meaning in Greek: city of victory; see also List of traditional Greek place names) or Actia Nicopolis was an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 BC by Octavian in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. ... Legio III Cyrenaica, meaning from Cyrenaica (a Roman province), was a Roman legion probably levied by Marcus Antonius around 36 BC, then governor of Cyrenaica. ... Qift (قفط) is a small town in the Qina governorate of Egypt about 43 km north of Luxor, on the east bank of the Nile. ... Legio III Augusta was a Roman legion levied by Augustus in 43 BC. Activity of this legion in the African Roman provinces, its principal theatre of operations, is still mentioned in late 4th century, early 5th century. ... Roman Remains at Lambessa (19th cent. ... Legio VII Gemina (Twin) was a Roman legion. ... Cathedral of León The Palacio de los Guzmanes, the provincial parliament (Diputación) in the capital Old local council Wikimedia Commons has media related to: León The city of León, located at 42. ...

Late Empire

In the Later Roman Empire, the number of legions was increased and the Roman Army expanded. There is no evidence to suggest that legions changed in form before the Tetrarchy, although there is evidence that they were smaller than the paper strengths usually quoted. The final form of the legion originated with the elite legiones palatinae created by Diocletian and the Tetrarchs. These were infantry units of around 1,000 men rather than the 5,000, including cavalry, of the old Legions. The earliest legiones palatinae were the Lanciarii, Joviani, Herculiani and Divitenses. Late Antiquity is a rough periodization (c. ... The principate of the Roman empire had no use for the republican army with its intense loyalties to competing generals. ... The Tetrarchs, a porphyry sculpture sacked from a Byzantine palace in 1204, Treasury of St. ... Emperor Diocletian. ...

The 4th century saw a very large number of new, small legions created, a process which began under Constantine II. In addition to the elite palatinae, other Legions called comitatenses and pseudocomitatenses, along with the auxilia palatina, provided the infantry of late Roman armies. The Notitia Dignitatum lists 25 legiones palatinae, 70 legiones comitatenses, 47 legiones pseudocomitatenses and 111 auxilia palatina in the field armies, and a further 47 legiones in the frontier armies.^[3] Legion names such as Honoriani and Gratianenses found in the Notitia suggest that the process of creating new legions continued through the 4th century rather than being a single event. The names also suggest that many new legions were formed from vexillationes or from old legions. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Constantine II as caesar. ... Comitatenses is the Latin plural of comitatensis, originally the adjective derived from comitatus (company, party, suite; in this military context it came to the novel meaning of the field army), itself rooting in Comes (companion, but hence specific historical meanings, military and civilian). ... Auxilia palatina is the technical name in Roman history for infantry units first raised by Constantine the Great as part of the new field army he created in about 325 AD. Some of the senior and probably oldest of these units had special names such as Cornuti or Brachiati; others... The Notitia Dignitatum is a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries. ... Bronze coin bearing the profile of Honorius Flavius Honorius (September 9, 384–August 15, 423) was Emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. ... A coin of Gratian. ... A Vexillatio was a detachment of a Roman legion usually consisting of about 1000 infantry and/or 500 cavalry. ...

According to the late Roman writer Vegetius' De Re Militari, each century had a ballista and each cohort had an onager (or Wild Ass in Latin), giving the legion a formidable siege train of 59 Ballistae and 10 Onagers each manned by 10 libritors (artillerymen) and mounted on wagons drawn by oxen or mules. In addition to attacking cities and fortifications, these would be used to help defend Roman forts and fortified camps (castra) as well. They would even be employed on occasion, especially in the later Empire, as field artillery during battles or in support of river crossings. Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus) was a celebrated military writer of the 4th century. ... De Re Militari (Latin On military matters) was a treatise of late Roman warfare that became a military guide in the middle ages. ... The ballista (Latin, from Greek ballistēs, from ballein to throw, plural ballistae) was a powerful ancient crossbow. ... sketch of an Onager, from Antique technology by Diels The onager was a post-classical Roman siege engine, which derived its name from the kicking action of the machine, similar to that of an onager (wild ass). ... Originally a castrum is a celtic fortification, which is like a round walled castle in the top of a hill. ... This article describes U.S. field artillery. ...

Legionary officers

The following list describes the system of officers which developed within the legions from the Marian reforms (104 BC) until the military reforms of Diocletian (circa 290). Emperor Diocletian. ...

Senior officers

• Dux: A general in charge of two or more legions. While the title of dux could refer to a Consul or Imperator, it usually refers to the Roman Governor of the provinces. As the Governor, the Dux was both the highest civil official as well as the commander-in-chief of the legions garrisoned within the province. This office was similar in terms of duties and responsibility to a modern commander-in-chief of a theater of operation.^{[citations needed]}

• Legatus legionis: The overall legionary commander. This post was generally appointed by the emperor to a man who was usually a former Tribunus Laticlavius and held command for 3 or 4 years, although he could serve for a much longer period. In a Roman province with only one legion, the Legatus was also the provincial governor and in provinces with multiple legions, each legion had a Legatus and the provincial governor had overall command of them all. ^{[citations needed]}

• Tribunus Laticlavius: Named for the broad striped toga worn by men of senatorial rank, this tribune was appointed by the Emperor or the Senate. Though generally quite young and less experienced than the Tribuni Angusticlavii, he served as second in command of the legion, behind the Legate. Due to his age and inexperience he was not the actual second in command in battle. If the legate died he would take command of the legion ^{[citations needed]}

• Praefectus Castrorum: The camp Prefect. Generally he was a long serving veteran who previously had served as Primus Pilus and finished his 25 years with the Legions. He was the battle commander and actual second in command of the legion, although he was of lower social status than the Tribunii. He has no modern equivalent.

• Tribuni Angusticlavii: Each legion had five military tribunes of equestrian (knight) class citizens. They served as staff officers of the Legion, but also performed duties such as commander of a detachment from the legion. ^{[citations needed]}

• Primus Pilus: The "First Spear" was the commanding centurion of the first cohort and the senior centurion of the entire Legion. This was the highest rank that an career officer could achieve in the 25 years he served. When the Primus Pilus retired he would most likely gain entry into the Equestrian Class. He was paid 60 times the base wage.

Dux is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, to lead) and could refer to anyone who commanded troops, such as tribal leaders. ... Consul (abbrev. ... The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. ... A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the Head of state; furthermore the title applies to officials with a similar mandate as representatives of a chartered company which has... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was equivalent to a modern general officer in the Roman army. ... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120. ... A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief adminstator of Roman law throughout one or more of Ancient Romes many provinces. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere, to make in front, i. ...

Mid-level officers

• The Pilus Prior: The ten Centurions of the First Centuries of each of the ten Cohorts were called Pilus Prior and were the most senior Centurion within their respective cohort. While the legion was in battle formation, the Pilus Prior was given command of the entire cohort, with each of the Centurions as his lieutenants. The Primus Pilus was also a Pilus Prior, and the most senior of all the Centurions within the Legion. These positions were usually held by experienced veteran soldiers who had been moved up within the ranks. This rank is subordinate to the Primus Pilus.

• Primi Ordines: The five Centurions of the First Cohort, and included the Primus Pilus. They, excluding the Primus Pilus, were paid 30 times the base wage. This rank is senior to all other Centurions, save the Primus Pilus and Pilus Prior.

• Centurions: Each legion had 59 or 60 centurions, one to command each century of the 10 cohorts. They were the backbone of the professional army and were the career soldiers who ran the day to day life of the soldiers and issued commands in the field. They were generally moved up from the ranks, but in some cases could be direct appointments from the Emperor or other higher ranking officials. The cohorts were ranked from the First to the Tenth and the Century within each cohort ranked from 1 to 6, with only 5 Centuries in the First Cohort (For a total of 59 Centurions and the Primus Pilus). The Century that each Centurion commanded was a direct reflection of his rank. (Command of the First Century of the First Cohort was the highest and the 6th Century of the 10th Cohort was the lowest). This position is comparable to a modern platoon commander.^{[citations needed]}

Modern reenactment including a centurion of 70 AD A centurion (Latin: centurio; Greek: hekatontarchos) was a professional officer of the Roman army. ... Platoon is a term from military science. ...

Low-level officers

• Optio: One for each Centurion (59), they were appointed by the Centurion from within the ranks to act as his second in command. Paid twice the basic wage.^{[citations needed]}
• Tesserarius: (Guard Commander) Again there were 59 of these, or one for each Century. They acted seconds to the Optios. Paid one and a half times the basic wage.

• Decurion: Led a Contubernium, or "Tent Group", of 8 to 10 men. Each Century had 8 to 10 of these. Paid one and a quarter times basic wage. This rank is similar to the modern day squad leader.^{[citations needed]}

An optio (from the Latin verb optare, to choose, because an optio was chosen by his centurion) was a soldier in the Roman army who held a position similar to that of a non-commissioned officer in modern armies. ... A Decurion is a cavalry officer in command of a troop or Turma of thirty men in the army of the Roman Empire. ... The Contubernium was smallest group of soilders in the Roman Army. ... Squad Leader game // Introduction Original purple topped SL box Squad Leader is a tactical level board wargame originally published by Avalon Hill in 1977. ...

Special duty posts

• Aquilifer: A single position within the Legion. The Aquilifer was the Legion's Standard or Aquila (Eagle) bearer and was an enormously important and prestigious position. Losing the aquila was considered a great dishonor. This post therefore had to be filled with steady veteran soldiers, with a excellent understanding of the tactics of the legion. He was paid twice the basic wage.

• Signifer: Each Century had a Signifer (59). He was responsible for the men's pay and savings, and the standard bearer for the Centurial Signum, a spear shaft decorated with medallions and often topped with an open hand to signify the oath of loyalty taken by the soldiers. It was this banner that the men from each individual Century would rally around. A soldier could also gain the position of Discentes signiferorum, or standard bearer in training. He was paid twice the basic wage.

• Cornicen (Horn blower): Worked hand in hand with the Signifer drawing the attention of the men to the Centurial Signum and issuing the audible commands of the officers.

• Imaginifer: Carried the Standard bearing the image of the Emperor as a constant reminder of the troop's loyalty to him.

An aquilifer was the standard bearer of a Roman legion. ... The signa militaria were the Roman military ensigns or standards. ... Cornicen on Trajans column. ...

Symbols

From 104 BC onwards, each legion used an aquila (eagle) as its standard symbol. The symbol was carried by an officer known as aquilifer, and its loss was considered to be a very serious embarrassment, and often led to the disbanding of the legion itself.^{[citation needed]} Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 109 BC 108 BC 107 BC 106 BC 105 BC - 104 BC - 103 BC 102 BC... The signa militaria were the Roman military ensigns or standards. ... An aquilifer was the standard bearer of a Roman legion. ...

In Gallic War (Bk IV, Para. 25), Julius Caesar describes an incident at the start of his first invasion of Britain in 55BC that illustrated how fear for the safety of the eagle could drive Roman soldiers. When Caesar's troops hesitated to leave their ships for fear of the Britons, the aquilifer of the tenth legion threw himself overboard and, carrying the eagle, advanced alone against the enemy. His comrades, fearing disgrace, 'with one accord, leapt down from the ship' and were followed by troops from the other ships. Legio X Gemina, the twin legion, was levied by Julius Caesar on 58 BC, for his invasion of Gaul. ...

With the birth of the Roman Empire, the legions created a bond with their leader, the emperor himself. Each legion had another officer, called imaginifer, whose role was to carry a pike with the imago (image, sculpture) of the emperor as pontifex maximus. Alternate meanings: see Pontifex (disambiguation) In Ancient Rome, the Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the collegium of the Pontifices, the most august position in Roman religion, open only to a patrician, until 254 BC, when a plebeian first occupied this post. ...

Each legion, furthermore, had a vexillifer who carried a vexillum or signum, with the legion name and emblem depicted on it, unique to the legion. It was common for a legion, to detach some sub-units from the main camp, to strengthen other corps. In these cases, the detached subunits carried only the vexillum, and not the aquila, and were called, therefore, vexillationes. A miniature vexillum , mounted on a silver base, was sometimes awarded to officers as a recognition of their service upon retirement or reassignment. A Vexillatio was a detachment of a Roman legion usually consisting of about 1000 infantry and/or 500 cavalry. ...

Life in the legions

Discipline

The military discipline of the legions was quite harsh. Regulations were strictly enforced, and a broad array of punishments could be inflicted upon a legionary who broke them. Many legionaries became devotees in the cult of the minor goddess Disciplina, whose virtues of frugality, severity and loyalty were central to their code of conduct and way of life. A Roman Legionary, 1st century Roman re-enactors, 1st century Roman legionary, 3rd century. ... In Roman mythology, Disciplina was the personification of discipline. ...

Minor punishments

• Castigatio: being hit by the centurion with his staff or animadversio fustium
• Reduction of rations, or to be forced to eat barley instead of the usual grain ration
• Flogging in front of the century, cohort or legion
• Whipping with the flagrum (flagellum, flagella), or "short whip" — a much more brutal punishment than simple flogging. The "short whip" was used for slave volunteers, volones, who comprised the majority of the army in the later years of the Roman Empire.
• Pecunaria multa: fines or deductions from the pay allowance

Major punishments

• Fustuarium — a sentence for desertion or dereliction of duty. The legionary would be stoned, or beaten to death by cudgels, in front of the assembled troops, by his fellow soldiers, whose lives had been put in danger. Soldiers under sentence of fustuarium who escaped were not pursued, but lived under sentence of banishment from Rome.
• Decimation — a sentence carried out against an entire unit which had mutinied, deserted, or shown dereliction of duty. One out of every ten men would be put to death, and the rest of the men would be forced to live outside the camp and in some instances obliged to renew the military oath, the sacramentum.

The fustuarium (an abstraction from the Latin fustis, a branch or rod) was a Roman military form of execution by cudgeling, which was copied by later armies. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Factors in the Legion's success

• The Romans were able to copy and adapt the weapons and methods of their opponents more effectively. Examples include weapons like the gladius and warship design.

• Roman organization was more flexible than those of many opponents. Over time, the legions effectively handled challenges ranging from cavalry, to guerrillas, to siege warfare.

• Roman discipline, organization and systemization sustained combat effectiveness over a longer period. These elements appear throughout the legion in training, logistics, field fortification etc.

• The Romans were more persistent and more willing to absorb and replace losses over time than their opponents. Wars with Carthage, the Parthians and barbarian forces illustrate this.

• Roman leadership was mixed, but over time it was often effective in securing Roman military success.

• The influence of Roman military and civic culture, as embodied particularly in the heavy infantry legion, gave the Roman military consistent motivation and cohesion.

For a more detailed analysis of these and other factors, as well as the Romans in battle, see the articles Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations and Roman military equipment. Gladius is Latin for sword (in general). ... The Roman army was primarily based around heavy infantry. ... Disclaimer:This article makes extensive use of images used by kind permission of the Creative Assembly made with the Rome: Total War computer game. ...

Bibliography

• History of the Art of War. Vol 1. Ancient Warfare, Hans Delbrück
• Roman Warfare, Adrian Goldsworthy
• History of Warfare, John Keegan
• Greece and Rome at War, Peter Connolly
• The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986), R. Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor N. Dupuy.
• War, Gwynne Dyer.
• The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, Trevor N. Dupuy.
• Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (with English translation on-line)
• Gaius Julius Caesar, The Gallic War
• William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
• The Punic Wars, Adrian Goldsworthy.
• Carnage and Culture, Victor Davis Hanson
• The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, by Arther Ferrill, 1988
• The Complete Roman Army, by Adrian Goldsworthy
• The Military System Of The Romans, by Albert Harkness
• From the Rise of the Republic and the Might of the Empire to the Fall of the West, by Nigel Rodgers

Hans Delbrück, 1848-1929 Hans Delbrück (November 11, 1848 - July 14, 1929), German historian, was born at Bergen on the island of Rügen, and studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn. ... Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969) is a British historian and military writer. ... Sir John Keegan (born 1934) is an English military historian. ... Peter Connolly (born 1935) is a renowned British scholar of the ancient world, Greek and Roman military equipment historian and artist. ... Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus) was a celebrated military writer of the 4th century. ... In Ancient Rome, several men of the Julii Caesares family were named Gaius (Caius) Julius (Iulius) Caesar, the most famous of which was the Dictator Julius Caesar. ...

Notes

One of the Men-at-Arms Series. ...

Related articles

• Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations
• Roman military equipment
• List of Roman legions
• Military history of ancient Rome
• Legionary

The Roman army was primarily based around heavy infantry. ... Disclaimer:This article makes extensive use of images used by kind permission of the Creative Assembly made with the Rome: Total War computer game. ... This is a list of Roman legions. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A Roman Legionary, 1st century Roman re-enactors, 1st century Roman legionary, 3rd century. ...

External links

• The Roman Military Museum with ancient military equipment
• The Roman Army Page, Gary Brueggeman (pop-up ads)
• UNRV's Roman Military

See also

• Castra
• Disciplina
• Donativum
• Legionary
• List of Ancient Rome-related topics
• List of Roman legions
• Military history of ancient Rome
• Phalanx formation
• Punic wars
• Roman Empire
• Roman Republic

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Category:Roman_Legion

Originally a castrum is a celtic fortification, which is like a round walled castle in the top of a hill. ... In Roman mythology, Disciplina was the personification of discipline. ... Donativum (plural, donativa ) was the name given to the gifts of money dispersed to the soldiers of the Legions or to the Praetorian Guard by the Roman emperors. ... A Roman Legionary, 1st century Roman re-enactors, 1st century Roman legionary, 3rd century. ... History - Ancient history - Ancient Rome This is a List of Ancient Rome-related topics, that aims to include aspects of both the Ancient Roman Republic and Roman Empire. ... This is a list of Roman legions. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A modern reconstruction of Greek hoplites forming a phalanx formation. ... The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ...