 Road Construction on Trajan's Column. The Roman roads were essential for the growth of the Roman empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies."At its peak, the Roman road system spanned 52,819 miles (85,004 km) and contained about 372 links. The Romans Road refers to a set of scriptures from the book of Epistle to the Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation for each person. ...
Roman Road was a one-off TV Drama that aired on ITV1 on 31 December 2004. ...
Download high resolution version (620x820, 105 KB)Street in Pompeii Author: Paul Vlaar Date: 2003-06-21 Source: http://www. ...
Download high resolution version (620x820, 105 KB)Street in Pompeii Author: Paul Vlaar Date: 2003-06-21 Source: http://www. ...
For other uses, see Pompeii (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2996x2460, 2700 KB) [edit] Summary Romanian National History Museum Cast [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2996x2460, 2700 KB) [edit] Summary Romanian National History Museum Cast [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
See: Structural history of the Roman military The branches of the Roman military at the highest level were the Roman army and the Roman navy. ...
The Romans, for military, commercial and political reasons, became adept at constructing roads, which they called viae (plural of the singular term via). The word is related to the English way (Old English weg) and weigh, (OE wegan, "to lift up, carry, bear, move, convey"; cf. "weigh anchor", where the sense is simply "lift up"). The Indo-European root, *wegh-, with a palatal gh (as the ch in German ich), becomes *wegh- with a guttural g (as ch in German ach) in the centum languages, including Latin. It basically means "to move or convey" (vehicle, from Latin vehere, "to carry, bring, drive" has the same root, as have the English words wain and wa(g)gon [the latter word coming from Germanic via French]). Viae were always intended primarily as carriage roads, the means of carrying material from one location to another. For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ...
These long highways were very important in maintaining both the stability and expansion of the empire. The legions made good time on them, and some are still used millennia later. In late Antiquity these roads played an important part in Roman military reverses by offering avenues of invasion to the barbarians. The Roman Legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) is a term that can apply both as a transliteration of legio (conscription or army) to the entire Roman army and also, more narrowly (and more commonly), to the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of...
A millennium (pl. ...
Most Roman roads were named after the censor who ordered their construction or reconstruction. The same person often served afterward as consul, but the road name is dated to his term as censor. If the road was older than the office of censor or was of unknown origin, it took the name of its destination or of the region through which it mainly passed. A road was renamed if the censor ordered major work on it, such as paving, repaving or rerouting. Censor was the title of two magistrates of high rank in the Roman Republic. ...
The Roman road system
Types of roads Roman roads vary from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 BC, specify that a road shall be 2.45 m (8 ft) wide where straight and 4.90 m (16 ft) where curved. The tables command Romans to build roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. Building roads that would not need frequent repair therefore became an ideological objective. Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum, more informally simply Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. ...
Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus, or claim. The jus eundi ("right of going") established a claim to use an iter, or footpath, across private land; the ius agendi ("right of driving"), an actus, or carriage track. A via combined both types of servitutes, provided it was of the proper width, which was determined by an arbiter. The default width was the latitudo legitima of 2.4 m (8 ft). In these rather dry laws we can see the prevalence of the public domain over the private, which characterized the republic.
With the conquest of Italy prepared viae were extended from Rome and its vicinity to outlying municipalities, sometimes overlying earlier roads. Building viae was a military responsibility and thus came under the jurisdiction of a consul. The process had a military name, viam munire, as though the via were a fortification. Municipalities, however, were responsible for their own roads, which the Romans called viae vicinales. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1268 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2592x1944, 1268 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...
A via connected two cities. Some links in the network were as long as 90 kilometers (55 miles). The builders always aimed at a regulation width, but actual widths have been measured at between 1.1 m and more than 7 m.
The builders aimed at directional straightness. Many long sections are ruler-straight, but it should not be thought that all of them were. The Roman emphasis on constructing straight roads often resulted in steep grades relatively impractical for most economic traffic; over the years the Romans themselves realized this and built longer, but more manageable, alternatives to existing roads.
Viae were generally centrally placed in the countryside. Features off the via were connected to the via by viae rusticae, or secondary roads. Either main or secondary roads might be paved, or they might be left unpaved, with a gravel surface, as they were in North Africa. These prepared but unpaved roads were viae glareae or sternendae ("to be strewn"). Beyond the secondary roads were the viae terrenae, "dirt roads". A road map of the empire reveals that it was laced fairly completely with a network of prepared viae. Beyond the borders are no roads; however, one might presume that footpaths and dirt roads allowed some transport.
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 235 KB) Summary Roma, Campidoglio: il Miliarium, punto di partenza delle vie consolari by Lalupa Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Roman road ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1704x2272, 235 KB) Summary Roma, Campidoglio: il Miliarium, punto di partenza delle vie consolari by Lalupa Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Roman road ...
Traveling a road
Milestones
 Potaissa Napoca Miliarium.
 Remains of the miliarium aureum in the Roman Forum. Before 250 BC, the via Appia, and after 124 BC, most viae, were divided into numbered miles by milestones. The modern word mile derives in fact from the Latin milia passuum, "one thousand of paces", which amounted to about 1,500 m. A milestone, or miliarium, was a circular column on a solid rectangular base, set for more than 60 cm into the ground, standing 1.50 m, 50 cm in diameter, weighing more than 2 tons. At the base was inscribed the number of the mile relative to the road it was on. In a panel at eye-height was the distance to the Roman Forum and various other information about the officials who made or repaired the road and when. These miliaria are valuable historical documents now. Their inscriptions are collected in the volume XVII of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (979x1667, 1139 KB) Copy of the Roman miliar discovered in Aiton Village. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (979x1667, 1139 KB) Copy of the Roman miliar discovered in Aiton Village. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 313 KB) it: Roma, Foro Romano, resti del Miliarium Aureum. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 313 KB) it: Roma, Foro Romano, resti del Miliarium Aureum. ...
Remains of the Appian Way in Rome, Italy The Appian Way (Latin: Via Appia) is a famous road built by the Romans. ...
A Spanish kilometre stone A milestone on the Boston Post Road in Harvard Square, Massachusetts, USA Slate milestone near Bangor, Wales A milestone or kilometre sign is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road at regular intervals, typically at the side of the road or in...
PACE may refer to: Planetary Association for Clean Energy Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, in the United Kingdom Academy for Gifted Children in Richmond Hill, Ontario, the acronym PACE stands for Programming for Academic and Creative Excellence Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence...
Part of the Roman Forum. ...
The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) is a comprehensive collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. ...
 A provincial roman milestone, at Alto Rabagao, Portugal (Road from Bracara Augusta to Asturias) The Romans had a preference for standardization whenever they could, and so Augustus, after becoming permanent commissioner of roads in 20 BC, set up the miliarium aureum (golden milestone) near the temple of Saturn. All roads were considered to begin from this gilded bronze monument. On it were listed all the major cities in the empire and distances to them. Constantine called it the umbilicus Romae (navel of Rome). Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 299 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (766 × 1,536 pixels, file size: 549 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 299 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (766 × 1,536 pixels, file size: 549 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ...
For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
A Spanish kilometre stone A milestone on the Boston Post Road in Harvard Square, Massachusetts, USA Slate milestone near Bangor, Wales A milestone or kilometre sign is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road at regular intervals, typically at the side of the road or in...
The now ruined Temple of Saturn (Latin: Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) stands at the western end of the Forum Romanum in Rome and represents the oldest surviving foundation within that area, having been established in circa 498 BCE. The present ruins represent the third incarnation of the Temple of...
Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Milestones permitted distances and locations to be known and recorded exactly. It wasn't long before historians began to refer to the milestone at which an event occurred.
Way stations - See also: Mansio
A legion on the march didn't need a way station, as it brought its own baggage train (impedimenta) and constructed its own camp (castra) every evening at the side of the road. Other officials or people on official business, however, had no legion at their service, and so the government maintained way stations, or mansiones ("staying places"), for their use. Passports were required for identification. In the Roman Empire, a mansio (from the Latin word mansus the perfect passive participle of manere to remain or to stay) was an official stopping place on a Roman road, or via, maintained by the central government for the use of officials and those on official business whilst travelling. ...
The Roman Legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) is a term that can apply both as a transliteration of legio (conscription or army) to the entire Roman army and also, more narrowly (and more commonly), to the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of...
Basic ideal plan of a Roman castrum. ...
In the Roman Empire, a mansio (from the Latin word mansus the perfect passive participle of manere to remain or to stay) was an official stopping place on a Roman road, or via, maintained by the central government for the use of officials and those on official business whilst travelling. ...
This article is about the international travel document. ...
Carts could travel about 12 km per day, pedestrians a little more, and so each mansio was about 25 to 30 km (15 miles to 18 miles) from the next one. There the official traveller found a complete villa dedicated to his refreshment. Often a permanent military camp or a town grew up around the mansio. The Albertian Villa Medici in Fiesole: terraced grounds on a sloping site. ...
Non-official travellers needed refreshment too, and at the same locations along the road. A private system of 'inns' or cauponae were placed near the mansiones. They performed the same functions but were somewhat disreputable, as they were frequented by thieves and prostitutes. Graffiti decorate the walls of the few whose ruins have been found.
Genteel travellers needed something better than cauponae. In the early days of the viae, when little unofficial existed, houses placed near the road were required by law to offer hospitality on demand. Frequented houses no doubt became the first tabernae, which were hostels, rather than the "taverns" we know today. As Rome grew, so did its tabernae, becoming more luxurious and acquiring good or bad reputations as the case may be. One of the best hotels was the Tabernae Caediciae at Sinuessa on the Via Appia. It had a large storage room containing barrels of wine, cheese and ham. Many cities of today grew up around a taberna complex, such as Rheinzabern in the Rhineland, and Saverne in Alsace. Remains of the Appian Way in Rome, Italy The Appian Way (Latin: Via Appia) is a famous road built by the Romans. ...
Rheinzabern Rheinzabern is a rather small town in the south-east of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany near River Rhine. ...
Saverne (German Zabern), a town of France in the région of Alsace, situated on the Rhine-Marne canal at the foot of a pass over the Vosges Mountains, and 45 km (27 m. ...
(New region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Arrondissements 13 Cantons 75 Communes 903 Statistics Land area1 8,280 km² (??? mi) km² Population (Ranked 14th) - January 1, 2006 est. ...
A third system of way stations serviced vehicles and animals: the mutationes ("changing stations"). They were located every 12-18 miles. In these complexes, the driver could purchase the services of wheelrights, cartwrights, and equarii medici, or veterinarians. Using these stations in chariot relays, the emperor Tiberius hastened 800 kilometers (500 miles) in 24 hours to join his brother, Drusus Germanicus, who was dying of gangrene as a result of a fall from a horse. For other persons named Tiberius, see Tiberius (disambiguation). ...
Bust of Nero Claudius Drusus, in the Musée du Cinquantinaire, Brussels Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus and variously called Drusus, Drusus I, Drusus Claudius Nero, or Drusus the Elder (14 January 38 - 9 BC) was the youngest son of Livia, wife of Augustus, and her first...
Vehicles Roman law and tradition forbade the use of vehicles in urban areas, except in certain cases. Married women and government officials on business could ride. The Lex Iulia Municipalis restricted commercial carts to night-time access to the city within the walls and within a mile outside the walls. Outside the cities, Romans were avid riders and rode on or drove quite a number of vehicle types, some of which are mentioned here. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (680x1024, 221 KB) Roman road that leads to Segovia through FuenfrÃa. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (680x1024, 221 KB) Roman road that leads to Segovia through FuenfrÃa. ...
Satellite Map of the Sierra de Guadarrama. ...
Lex Julia (or: Lex Iulia, plural: Leges Juliae/Leges Iuliae) are ancient Roman laws, introduced by any member of the Julian family. ...
For purposes of description, Roman vehicles can be divided into the car, the coach and the cart. Cars were used to transport one or two individuals, coaches were used to transport parties, and carts to transport cargo.
Of the cars, the most popular was the carrus ("car"), a standard chariot form descending to the Romans from a greater antiquity. The top was open, the front closed. One survives in the Vatican. It carried a driver and a passenger. A carrus of two horses was a biga; of three horses, a triga; and of four horses a quadriga. The tires were of iron. When not in use, its wheels were removed for easier storage.
A more luxurious version, the carpentum, transported women and officials. It had an arched overhead covering of cloth and was drawn by mules. A lighter version, the cisium, equivalent to our gig, was open above and in front and had a seat. Drawn by one or two mules or horses, it was used for cab work, the cab drivers being called cisiani. The builder was a cisarius. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Of the coaches, the main stay was the raeda or reda, which had 4 wheels. The high sides formed a sort of box in which seats were placed, with a notch on each side for entry. It carried several people with baggage up to the legal limit of 1000 pounds. It was drawn by teams of oxen, horses or mules. A cloth top could be put on for weather, in which case it resembled a covered wagon.
The raeda was probably the main vehicle for travel on the roads. Raedae meritoriae were hired coaches. The fiscalis raeda was a government coach. The driver and the builder were both named a raedarius.
Of the carts, the main one was the plaustrum or plostrum. This was simply a platform of boards attached to wheels and a cross-tree. The wheels, or tympana, were solid and were several inches thick. The sides could be built up with boards or rails. A large wicker basket was sometimes placed on it. A two-wheel version existed along with the normal 4-wheel type called the plaustrum maius.
The military used a standard wagon. Their transportation service was the cursus clabularis, after the standard wagon, called a carrus clabularius, clabularis, clavularis, or clabulare. It transported the impedimenta, or baggage of a military column.
Post offices Two postal services were available under the empire, one public and one private.
The Cursus publicus, founded by Augustus, carried the mail of officials by relay throughout the Roman road system. The vehicle for carrying mail was a cisium with a box, but for special delivery, a horse and rider was faster. A relay of horses could carry a letter at 800 km (500 miles) of distance in 24 hours. The postman wore a characteristic leather hat, the petanus. The postal service was a somewhat dangerous occupation, as postmen were a target for bandits and enemies of Rome. Cursus publicus was the courier service of the Roman Empire. ...
For other persons named Octavian, see Octavian (disambiguation). ...
Private mail of the well-to-do was carried by tabellarii, an organization of slaves available for a price.
The itinerary
 Tabula Peutingeriana (Southern Italy centered). The Romans and ancient travelers in general did not use maps. They may have existed as specialty items in some of the libraries, but they were hard to copy and were not in general use. On the Roman road system, however, the traveller needed some idea of where he was going , how to get there, and how long it would take. The itinerarium filled this need. In origin it was simply a list of cities along a road. It was only a short step from lists to a master list. To sort out the lists, the Romans drew diagrams of parallel lines showing the branches of the roads. Parts of these were copied and sold on the streets. The very best featured symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. They cannot be considered maps, as they did not represent landforms. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (746x970, 257 KB) Part of Tabula Peutingeriana konrad miller´s facsimile from 1887 Image with permissions from this source: Bibliotheca Augustana (The original-map is possible with copyrights by the museum in Vienna!) File links The following pages link to this...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (746x970, 257 KB) Part of Tabula Peutingeriana konrad miller´s facsimile from 1887 Image with permissions from this source: Bibliotheca Augustana (The original-map is possible with copyrights by the museum in Vienna!) File links The following pages link to this...
An itinerarium (plural: itineraria) was an Ancient Roman road map. ...
The Roman government from time to time undertook to produce a master itinerary of all Roman roads. Julius Caesar and Mark Antony commissioned the first known such effort in 44 BC. Zenodoxus, Theodotus and Polyclitus, three Greek geographers, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary. This task required over 25 years. The result was a stone engraved master itinerarium set up near the Pantheon, from which travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies. For other uses, see Julius Caesar (disambiguation). ...
Bust of Mark Antony Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N[1]) ( January 14 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. ...
Facade of the Pantheon The Pantheon (Latin Pantheon[1], from Greek Πάνθεον Pantheon, meaning Temple of all the gods) is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome. ...
Another master itinerary, the Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonini Augusti (the Antonine Itinerary) is known to have been undertaken in 217 AD. It was first printed in 1521 and after many reprintings survives today. Another major surviving itinerary is the Tabula Peutingeriana. The Ravenna Cosmography dates from the 7th century, but repeats earlier material. The Antonine Itinerary is a Latin document that can be described as the Road Map of Roman Britain. ...
The Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger table) is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. ...
The Ravenna Cosmography was a 7th century map of the known world, named from the city of Ravenna in Italy where it was constructed. ...
Archaeology has turned up some itinerary material in unexpected places. The Cups of Cadiz, four silver cups found by workmen excavating a foundation at Bracciano in 1852, are engraved with the names and distances of stations between Cadiz and Rome.
The term itinerary changed meaning over the centuries. In the Itinerarium Burdigalense (Bordeaux Pilgrim, 333 AD), the itinerary is a description of what route to take to the Holy Land. The Itinerarium Alexandri is a list of the conquests of Alexander the Great. Today it means either a travel journal or a list of recommended stops. The Itinerarium Burdigalense (also known as the Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum) is the oldest known Itinerarium, written by an anonymous pilgrim from Burdigala (present-day Bordeaux). ...
For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ...
Construction of a road
The method The Romans are believed to have inherited the art of road construction from the Etruscans. No doubt the art grew as it went along and also incorporated good ideas from other cultures. Image File history File links Romeroadbuild. ...
The Etruscan civilization existed in Etruria and the Po valley in the northern part of what is now Italy, prior to the formation of the Roman Republic. ...
After the architect looked over the site of the proposed road and determined roughly where it should go, the agrimensores went to work surveying the road bed. They used two main devices, the rod and one called the groma, which helped them obtain right angles. The gromatici, the Roman equivalent of rod men, placed rods and put down a line called the rigor. As they did not possess anything like a transit, an architect tried to achieve straightness by looking along the rods and commanding the gromatici to move them as required. Using the gromae they then laid out a grid on the plan of the road. Groma Definition The Groma or gruma (altered from Greek gnomon γνὠμων indicator, possibly through Etruscan) was the principal Roman surveying instrument. ...
Gromatici (from groma or gruma, a surveyors pole), or Agrimensores, the name for land-surveyors amongst the Romans. ...
The libratores began their work. Using ploughs and legionaries with spades, they excavated the road bed down to bed rock or at least to the firmest ground they could find. The excavation was called the fossa, "ditch". The depth varied according to terrain. Fossa is the Latin word for ditch or trench. ...
The road was constructed by filling the ditch. The method varied according to geographic locality, materials available and terrain, but the plan, or ideal at which the architect aimed was always the same. The roadbed was layered.
Into the fossa was dumped large amounts of rubble, gravel and stone, whatever fill was available. Sometimes a layer of sand was put down, if it could be found. When it came to within several dozen centimeters of the surface it was covered with gravel and tamped down, a process called pavire, or pavimentare. The flat surface was then the pavimentum. It could be used as the road, or additional layers could be constructed. A statumen or "foundation" of flat stones set in cement might support the additional layers.
The final steps utilized concrete, which the Romans had exclusively rediscovered. They seem to have mixed the mortar and the stones in the fossa. First a several-inch layer of coarse concrete, the rudus, then a several-inch layer of fine concrete, the nucleus, went onto the pavement or statumen. Into or onto the nucleus went a course of polygonal or square paving stones, such as you see in the picture, called the summa crusta. The crusta was crowned for drainage.
It is unclear that any standard terminology was used; the words for the different elements perhaps varied from region to region. Today the concrete has worn from the spaces around the stones, giving the impression of a very bumpy road, but the original surface was no doubt much closer to being flat. These remarkable roads are resistant to rain, freezing and flooding. They needed little repair.
Surpassing obstacles The Roman road (from Cazane near Iron Gates) was carved in stone about 1.5-1.75 m, the rest of the road, above the Danube, was made from wooden structure. Roman architects preferred to engineer solutions to obstacles rather than circumvent them. The Iron Gate upstream The Iron Gate (Romanian: Porţile de Fier, Serbian: Gvozdena Vrata, Hungarian: Vaskapu, German: Eisernes Tor) is a gorge on the Danube River. ...
This article is about the Danube River. ...
River crossings were achieved by bridges, or pontes. Single slabs went over rills. A bridge could be of wood, stone, or both. Wooden bridges were constructed on pilings sunk into the river, or on stone piers. Larger or more permanent bridges required arches. Roman bridges were so well constructed that many are in use today. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3303x2464, 1625 KB) [edit] Summary Romanian National History Museum Cast [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3303x2464, 1625 KB) [edit] Summary Romanian National History Museum Cast [edit] Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Roman road Metadata This file contains additional information, probably...
 Tabula Traiana over Roman road. Causeways were built over marshy ground. The road was first marked out with pilings. Between them were sunk large quantities of stone so as to raise the causeway to more than 1.5 m above the marsh. In the provinces, the Romans often did not bother with a stone causeway, but used log roads (pontes longi). Image File history File links Iron Gate: Tabula Traiana Source: de. ...
Image File history File links Iron Gate: Tabula Traiana Source: de. ...
Outcroppings of stone, ravines, or hilly or mountainous terrain called for cuttings and tunnels. Roman roads generally went straight up and down hills, rather than in a serpentine pattern. Grades of 10%-12% are known in ordinary terrain, 15%-20% in mountainous country.
Financing Financing road building was a Roman government responsibility. Maintenance, however, was generally left to the province. The officials tasked with fund raising were the curatores viarum, whence English word curator. They had a number of methods available to them. Private citizens with an interest in the road could contribute to its repair. High officials might distribute largesse to be used for roads. Censors, who were in charge of public morals and public works, were expected to fund repairs sua pecunia (with their own money). Beyond those means, taxes were required. Evergetism is a term coined by French historian A Boulanger, it derives directly from Greek εÏεÏγετÎω meaning « I do good things ». It is the practice of notables to distribute a part of their wealth to the community of the hoi polloi, rather than to individuals (clientelism). ...
The beauty and grandeur of the roads might tempt us to believe that any Roman citizen could use them for free, but this was not the case. Tolls abounded, especially at bridges. Often they were collected at the city gate. Freight was made heavier still by import and export taxes. These were only the charges for using the roads. Costs of services on the journey went up from there.
Roman roads There are many examples of roads that still follow the route of Roman roads.
Via Militaris
Ancient Via Egnatia route Via Egnatia (Greek: Εγνατία Οδός) was a road constructed by the Romans around 146 BC. It was named after Gnaeus Egnatius, proconsul of Macedonia, who ordered its construction. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 151 BC 150 BC 149 BC 148 BC 147 BC - 146 BC - 145 BC 144 BC...
The Greek city of Epidamnos (Strabo Geography vi. ...
Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city, which, according to legend, was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Î’Ïζας or Î’Ïζαντας in Greek). ...
Thessaloniki or Salonica (Greek: ) is Greeces second-largest city and the capital of Macedonia, the largest Region of Greece. ...
The Via Aquitania was a Roman road. ...
Narbonne (Narbona in Catalan and in Occitan, commonly Narbo especially when referring to the Ancient Rome era) is a town and commune of southwestern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon région. ...
New city flag (Occitan cross) Traditional coat of arms Motto: (Occitan: For Toulouse, always more) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Midi-Pyrénées Department Haute-Garonne (31) Intercommunality Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse Mayor Jean-Luc Moudenc (UMP) (since 2004) City Statistics Land...
For other uses, see Bordeaux (disambiguation). ...
The Via Domitia was the first Roman road built in Gaul, which is in modern day France. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC - 110s BC - 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC Years: 123 BC 122 BC 121 BC 120 BC 119 BC - 118 BC - 117 BC 116 BC...
Nîmes is a city and commune of southern France, préfecture (capital) of the Gard département. ...
Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees For the mountains in Victoria, Australia, see Pyrenees (Victoria). ...
Camà vell de Panissars, la Jonquera (Alt Empordà ) El projecte dexcavació daquest jaciment es va desenvolupar al llarg de dues campanyes, entre els anys 1998 i 1999. ...
 Map of Roman roads in Italy Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (751x663, 203 KB) [edit] Summary nl: Zelfgemaakt op basis van Image:Map of Italy (w. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (751x663, 203 KB) [edit] Summary nl: Zelfgemaakt op basis van Image:Map of Italy (w. ...
Major roads Via Aemilia (It. ...
Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. ...
Piacenza (Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. ...
Remains of the Appian Way in Rome, Italy The Appian Way (Latin: Via Appia) is a famous road built by the Romans. ...
In the Third war of the Diadochi, Ptolemy I Soter meets a force under Antigonuss son Demetrius at Gaza, where they fight an inconclusive battle. ...
For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...
Apulia is a region of Italy (called Puglia in Italian), bordering on Molise to the north-west, Campania to the south-west, Basilicata to the south, the Adriatic Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the south-east. ...
Via Aurelia was the Roman road which passed out of ancient Rome through the Porta Aurelia in the Aurelian Walls and ran to the coast a little southeast of modern Palidoro and then followed a coastal route north to Vada Volaterrana. ...
Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC - 240s BC - 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 246 BC 245 BC 244 BC 243 BC 242 BC - 241 BC - 240 BC 239 BC 238...
Route of Via Cassia (in green). ...
For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ...
Route of Via Flaminia (in purple). ...
Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC - 220 BC - 219 BC 218 BC...
Via Salaria, an ancient Roman road in Italy, which eventually ran from Rome (from Porta Salaria of the Aurelian Walls) to Castrum Truentinum (Porto dAscoli) on the Adriatic coast, a distance of 242 km, via Reate (Rieti) and Asculum (Ascoli Piceno). ...
A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ...
Mark or march (or various plural forms of these words) are derived from the Frankish word marka (boundary) and refer to a border region, e. ...
Others - Via Aemilia Scaura (109 BC)
- Via Aquillia, branches off the Appia at Capua to the sea at Vibo
- Via Amerina, from Rome to Ameria and Perusia
- Via Claudia Julia Augusta (13 BC)
- Via Clodia, from Rome to Tuscany forming a system with the Cassia
- Via Domitiana, coast road from Naples to Formia.
- Via Julia Augusta (8 BC), exits Aquileia.
- Via Labicana, southeast from Rome, forming a system with the Praenestina
- Via Ostiensis, from Rome to Ostia
- Via Postumia (148), from Verona across the Apennines to Genoa
- Via Popilia (132 BC), two distinct roads, one from Capua to Rhegium and the other from Ariminum through the later Veneto region, possibly to Pula in Istria
- Via Praenestina, from Rome to Praeneste
- Via Severiana, Terracina to Ostia
- Via Tiburtina, from Rome to Aternum.
- Via Traiana Nova (Italy), from Lake Bolsena to the Via Cassia. Known by archaeology only.
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Via Aemilia Scauri. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 150s BC 140s BC 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC - 100s BC - 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC Years: 114 BC 113 BC 112 BC 111 BC 110 BC - 109 BC - 108 BC 107 BC...
Capua is a city in the province of Caserta, (Campania, Italy) situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Napoli, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. ...
The Via Cassia was an important Roman road striking out of the Via Flaminia near the Mulvian Bridge in the immediate vicinity of Rome and, passing not far from Veii traversed Etruria. ...
Ameria is a city of Umbria, situated about 65 miles north of Rome on the Via Amerina (which approached it from the South starting from Falerii and passing through Castellum Amerinum, probably mod. ...
The ancient Perusia, now Perugia, first appears in history as one of the twelve confederate cities of Etruria. ...
Modern signage of the revitalized track near Unterdiessen, Bavaria. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC - 10s BC - 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s Years: 18 BC 17 BC 16 BC 15 BC 14 BC 13 BC 12 BC 11 BC 10 BC 9 BC 8 BC...
Via Clodia was an ancient high-road of Italy. ...
For other uses, see Tuscany (disambiguation). ...
Via Domiziana in the Campania region of Italy was a major Roman road built under and named for the emperor, Domitian, to facilitate access to and from the important ports of Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli) and Portus Julius (home port of the western Imperial fleet, consisting of the waters around modern...
Via Julia Augusta is the name given to the Roman road formed by the merging of the Via Aemilia Scauri with the Via Postumia. ...
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC - 0s BC - 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 13 BC 12 BC 11 BC 10 BC 9 BC - 8 BC - 7 BC 6 BC 5 BC 4 BC 3 BC Births...
Aquileia (Friulian Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman town of Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times. ...
Via Labicana, an ancient highroad of Italy, leading east southeast from Rome. ...
Via Ostiensis (Italian: via Ostiense) was an important road in ancient Rome. ...
Ostia Antica was the harbor of ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. ...
Via Postumia, an ancient highroad of northern Italy constructed in 148 BC by the consul Spurius Postumius Albinus. ...
Events Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Athendodorus to Patriarch Euzois An Shih Kao arrives in China. ...
This article is about the city in Italy. ...
The Apennine Mountains (Greek: Απεννινος; Latin: Appenninus--in both cases used in the singular; Italian: Appennini) is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming, as it were, the backbone of the country. ...
For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ...
The name Via Popilia refers to two different ancient Roman roads begun in the consulship of Publius Popilius Laenas, who was better known for his attack on the Gracchi. ...
Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC 140s BC - 130s BC - 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC Years: 137 BC 136 BC 135 BC 134 BC 133 BC - 132 BC - 131 BC 130 BC...
Capua is a city in the province of Caserta, (Campania, Italy) situated 25 km (16 mi) north of Napoli, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. ...
Categories: Italy-related stubs | Coastal cities | Towns in Calabria ...
Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, population 134,378 (November 2004). ...
Veneto or Venetia, is one of the 20 regions of Italy. ...
Pula (Latin Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola; Italian Pola (the city has an official Croatian-Italian bilingualism [1]); Istriot Pula, German Polei) is the largest city in Istria, situated at the southern tip of the peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006). ...
Istria (Croatian and Slovenian: Istra, Venetian and Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. ...
Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) was and is a very ancient city of Latium (modern Lazio) 23 miles (37 km) east of Rome, and was reached by the Via Praenestina (see below). ...
This article deals with the ancient town, for the composer see: Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Palestrina (ancient Praeneste) was and is a very ancient city of Latium (modern Lazio) 23 miles (37 km) east of Rome, and was reached by the Via Praenestina (see below). ...
Via Severiana was an ancient highroad of Italy, running southeast from Ostia to Terracina, a distance of 73 miles along the coast, and taking its name, no doubt, from the restoration of an already existing road by Septimius Severus, who was a great benefactor of Ostia. ...
Terracina is a town and comune of the province of Latina - (until 1934 of the province of Rome), Italy, 76 km SE of Rome by rail (56 km by the Via Appia). ...
Ostia Antica was the harbor of ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. ...
Via Tiburtina, an ancient road of Italy, leading east northeast from Rome to Tibur, a distance of about 18 miles. ...
Aternum was a Roman town, located where now days there is Pescara, in Italy. ...
For Arabian road, see Via Traiana Nova Extension by the emperor Trajan of the Via Appia from Beneventum, reaching Brundisium by a shorter route (ie via Canusium and Barium rather than via Tarentum). ...
Bolsena is a town and comune of Italy, in the province of Viterbo in northern Lazio on the eastern shore of Lake Bolsena. ...
Route of Via Cassia (in green). ...
Trans-Alpine roads These roads connected modern Italy and Germany The Via Claudia Augusta was the Roman road that linked the valley of the Po with Rhaetia across the Alps. ...
This article is about the year 47. ...
Altinum (mod. ...
For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ...
For other meanings for Augsburg: See Augsburg (disambiguation) , Augsburg is a city in south-central Germany. ...
The Ötztal Alps (Ger. ...
Type Anti-tank Nationality Joint France/Germany Era Cold War, modern Launch platform Individual, Vehicle Target Vehicle, Fortification History Builder MBDA, Bharat Dynamics (under license) Date of design 70s Production period since 1972 Service duration since 1972 Operators 41 countries Variants MILAN 1, MILAN 2, MILAN 2T, MILAN 3, MILAN...
famous harbor entrance of Lindau reverse side of the old town hall of Lindau Lindau is a German city and an island in the eastern part of the Lake Constance, the Bodensee. ...
San Bernardino Pass (el. ...
- Trajan's bridge and Iron Gates road.
- Via Traiana - Porolissum Napoca Potaissa Apulum road.
- Via Pontica - Troesmis Piroboridava Caput Stenarum Apulum Partiscum Lugio
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1700x2200, 3306 KB) Summary Nasa work + own work = public domain Roman roads along the Danube Request please fell free to update the map Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Roman road ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1700x2200, 3306 KB) Summary Nasa work + own work = public domain Roman roads along the Danube Request please fell free to update the map Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Roman road ...
This article is about the Danube River. ...
Drawings of the still-standing pillars Trajans Bridge was the first bridge built on the lower Danube river, east from the Iron Gates, near what is now the city of Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania and Kladovo, Serbia. ...
The Iron Gate upstream The Iron Gate (Romanian: Porţile de Fier, Serbian: Gvozdena Vrata, Hungarian: Vaskapu, German: Eisernes Tor) is a gorge on the Danube River. ...
This article is about the city in Spain. ...
Location Location of Gijon Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Gijón / Xixón (Asturian) Spanish name Gijón Postal code 33200 to 33299 Website http://www. ...
La VÃa de la Plata (en:Way of the Silver or Route of the Silver) is an old commercial path that crosses the west of Spain from North to South, connecting Merida to Astorga. ...
External links Official city site Live Cam of Obradoiro Façade Confraternity of St. ...
For specific systems, such as the Autobahns of Germany, see list of highway systems with full control of access and no cross traffic. ...
Camà vell de Panissars, la Jonquera (Alt Empordà ) El projecte dexcavació daquest jaciment es va desenvolupar al llarg de dues campanyes, entre els anys 1998 i 1999. ...
Location Location of Cádiz Coordinates : Time Zone : General information Native name Cádiz (Spanish) Spanish name Cádiz Postal code – Website http://www. ...
Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (French: Pyrénées; Spanish: Pirineos; Occitan: Pirenèus or Pirenèas; Catalan Pirineus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ...
The Via Domitia was the first Roman road built in Gaul, which is in modern day France. ...
La Jonquera (Catalan official name, La Junquera in Spanish) is a city in Catalonia, Spain, just by the border with France. ...
Location Coordinates : 39°29′ N 0°22′ W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name València (Catalan) Spanish name Valencia Founded 137 BC Postal code 46000-46080 Website http://www. ...
Tarragona (IPA: in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. ...
Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ...
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Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman Army (until 284 A.D., c. ...
Akeman Street was a major Roman road in England that linked London to the Fosse Way at Cirencester. ...
Roman Britain, with the route of Dere Street in red Dere Street or Deere Street, (latterly Via Regia in Scotland) was a Roman Road between York and Scotland. ...
Roman Britain, with Ermine Street highlighted Ermine Street should not be confused with Ermin Street, the road from Silchester to Gloucester. ...
Fen Causeway or the Fen Road is the modern name for a Roman road of England that runs between Denver in the east and Peterborough in the west. ...
The Fosse Way was a Roman road in England which linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England, to Lincoln (Lindum) in the East Midlands, via Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Coritanorum). ...
King Street is the name of a modern road on the line of a Roman road (map. ...
The principal route is: Londinium (London) to Pontes to Calleva to Spinae to Cunetio to Aquae Sulis. ...
The Peddars Way is a long distance footpath in Norfolk, England. ...
Stane Street is the modern name given to an important Roman road in England that linked London to the Roman town of Regnum (near modern Chichester). ...
The Stanegate, or stone road, was an important Roman road in ancient Britain. ...
The Via Devana was a Roman Road in England that ran from Colchester in the south-east to Chester in the north-west. ...
The modern Watling Street crossing the Medway at Rochester near the Roman and Celt crossings Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans. ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roman Road General articles Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
- Roman Roads
- The Design & Makeup of Ancient Roman Roads
- Road Map
- Viae - Article by William Ramsay
- Traianus - Technical investigation of Roman public works
Road descriptions - Roman Roads in the Mediterranean
- Vias Romanas em Portugal (in Portuguese)
- Itineraires Romains en France (in French)
- Augustine's Africa
- pictures of Roman roads in the province of Raetia (German captions
Roman law regarding public and private domain Road construction - Roman Road Construction
- Construction of Roman Roads
- Design and Construction of Roman Roads
- Roman Road Construction
References - Von Hagen, Victor W., The Roads That Led To Rome, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York, 1967
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