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Roman siege engines were, for the most part, adapted from Hellenistic siege technology. Relatively little was done on their part to develop the technology, however the Romans brought an unrelentingly aggressive style to siege warfare (Goldsworthy 2000: 144). Caesar looked at war as a means of conquering and establishing Roman rule over new territories, bringing wealth to those serving in the field as well as citizens of the empire. He also knew that success in the field would increase the loyalty of his soldiers, allowing for more territory to be conquered through continued service. To this end, he took great interest in the integration of siege engines, organizing their use for optimal battlefield efficiency (Keppie 1984: 99). The branches of the Roman military at the highest level were the Roman army and the Roman navy. ...
The Roman army is the set of land-based military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military. ...
This is a list of both unit types and ranks of the Roman army from the Roman Republic to the fall of the Roman Empire. ...
This is a list of Roman legions. ...
// Manius Acilius Glabrio -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC) -- Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91) -- Titus Aebutius Helva -- Aegidius -- Lucius Aemilius Barbula -- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) -- Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus -- Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC) -- Flavius Aëtius -- Lucius Afranius (consul) -- Sextus Calpurnius Agricola -- Gnaeus Julius Agricola -- Flavius Antoninus -- Marcus...
Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ...
Roman trireme, a warship, 31 BC. Note the bank of oars (two on the hidden side), the square-rigged sails, the steering oars, the tower on deck, the ram at the prow, the ballistae and the Greek fire. ...
The history of ancient Rome - originally a city-state of Italy, and later an empire covering much of Eurasia and North Africa from the ninth century BC to the fifth century AD - was often closely entwined with its military history. ...
The following is a List of Roman wars fought by the ancient Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire, organized by date. ...
The following is a List of Roman battles (fought by the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire), organized by date. ...
As with most other military forces the Roman military adopted a carrot and stick approach to military, with an extensive list of decorations for military gallantry and likewise a range of punishments for the punishment of military transgressions. ...
The technology history of the Roman military covers the development of and application of technologies for use in the armies and navies of Rome from the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ...
Roman military engineering is that Roman engineering carried out by the Roman Army - almost exclusively by the Roman legions for the furthering of military objectives. ...
Basic ideal plan of a Roman castrum. ...
List of ancient Roman triumphal arches (By modern country) // France Orange Reims: Porte de Mars Saint Rémy de Provence: Roman site of Glanum Saintes: Arch of Germanicus Greece Arch of Galerius, Thessaloniki Hadrians Arch, Athens Italy It has been suggested that List of Roman arches in Rome be...
For the one-off TV Drama, see Roman Road (TV Drama) A Roman road in Pompeii. ...
Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns and used in an established way. ...
Root directory at Military history of ancient Rome Romes military was always tightly keyed to its political system. ...
The strategy of the Roman military encompasses its grand strategy (the arrangements made by the state to implement its political goals through a selection of military goals, a process of diplomacy backed by threat of military action, and a dedication to the military of part of its production and resources...
robert galusha is mad ass fucking hot Root directory at Strategy of the Roman military Roman infantry tactics refers to the theoretical and historical deployment, formation and maneuvers of the Roman infantry from the start of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. ...
Map of all the territories once occupied by the Roman Empire, along with locations of limes Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire. ...
The limes Germanicus, 2nd century. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...
In Ancient Rome, several men of the Julii Caesares family were named Gaius (Caius) Julius (Iulius) Caesar, the most famous of which was the Dictator Julius Caesar. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare. ...
Army engineering corps
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To facilitate this organization and the army’s self-sufficiency, an engineering corps was developed. An officer of engineers, or praefectus fabrum , is referenced in armies of the Late Republic , but this post is not verifiable in all accounts and may have simply been a military advisor on the personal staff of a commanding officer (Keppie 1984: 99). There were legion architects (whose rank is yet unknown) who were responsible for the construction of war machines who would also assure that all artillery constructions in the field were level. Ensuring that constructions were level was the job of the libratores , who would also launch missiles and other projectiles (on occasion) during battle (Le Bohec 1994: 52). The engineering corps was in charge of massive production, frequently prefabricating artillery and siege equipment to facilitate its transportation (Goldsworthy 2000: 144). Roman military engineering is that Roman engineering carried out by the Roman Army - almost exclusively by the Roman legions for the furthering of military objectives. ...
Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c. ...
Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ...
A siege is a military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. ...
Artillery During a siege the Romans would attack the weakest area of their enemy’s defenses and attempt to breach the wall(s) there. To support this effort, artillery fire would commence, with three main objectives (according to Le Bohec 1994: 138); to cause damage to defenses, casualties among the opposing army, and loss of morale. It would also provide cover fire for troops building siege ramps or in siege towers. There were machines called tormenta , which would launch – sometimes incendiary - projectiles such as javelins, arrows, rocks, or beams. These devices were on wheeled platforms, to follow the line’s advance. All were, “predicated on a principle of physics: a lever was inserted into a skein of twisted horsehair to increase torsion, and when the arm was released a considerable amount of energy was thus freed” (Le Bohec 1994: 138). It was later stated that sinew, instead of twisted hair provided a better “spring.” These weapons could be high-maintenance devices and were vulnerable to having their leather or sinew or hemp skeins get wet or even damp, which would cause them to slacken and lose tension, rendering the engine useless (http://www.legionxxiv.org/catapulta/).
It is somewhat difficult to clearly define and describe Roman artillery , as names are easily confused and historians still do not agree on all definitions. Perhaps best known are the ballista, the onager, and the scorpio. A modern reconstruction of a Roman centurion around 70 A modern reconstruction of a Roman miles, (10-240) The Roman legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
Binomial name Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775 The onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, and Tibet (China). ...
Ballistae After the absorption of the Ancient Greek City states into the Roman Republic in 146 BC, the highly advanced Greek technology began to spread across many areas of Roman influence. This included the hugely advantageous military advances the Greeks had made (most notably by Dionysus of Syracuse), as well as all the scientific, mathematical, political and artistic developments. A Ballista File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
A Ballista File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c. ...
The Romans 'inherited' the torsion powered Ballistae which had by now spread to several cities around the Mediterranean, all of which became Roman spoils of war in time, including one from Pergamum, which was depicted among a pile of 'trophy' weapons in relief on a balustrade. Pergamon or Pergamum (modern day Bergama in Turkey) was a Greek city, in northwestern Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakir), that became an important kingdom during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 282...
The torsion ballista, developed by Alexander, was a far more complicated weapon than its predecessor, and the Romans developed it even further.
Every century (group of 60-100 men) in the Roman army had a ballista by the First Century (Le Bohec 1994: 138). It was the command of the chief of the ballista, under whom were the artillery experts, or doctores ballistarum and finally, the artillerymen, or ballistarii (Le Bohec 1994: 49). Ballistae were heavy missile weapons, hurling large rocks great distances to damage rampart walls. They resembled large crossbows, rather than catapults. They were powered by two horizontal like arms, which were inserted into two vertical and tightly wound "skein" springs contained in a rectangular frame structure making up the head or principle part of the weapon. The arms were drawn rearward with a winch lever to further twist the skeins and thus gain the torsion power to cast a projectile (http://www.legionxxiv.org/catapulta/). It has been said that the whirring sound of a ballista-fired stones struck fear and dread into the hearts of those inside the walls of besieged cities. The stones chosen to be used in the ballista had to be a particular sort. According to Vegetius river stones were best, since they are round, smooth, and dense. Ballista stones found at the site of Masada were chiseled to make them as round as possible (Garrison 1997). Centuria (Latin plural Centuriae) is a Latin substantive rooting in centum a hundred, denoting units consisting of (originally, approximatively) a 100 men. ...
15th century French soldier wearing a hauberk, armed with a crossbow/arbalest and resting on a pavise. ...
Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
Combatants Jewish Sicarii Roman Empire Commanders Elazar ben Yair Lucius Flavius Silva Strength 960 15,000 Casualties 953 Unknown Masada (a romanisation of the Hebrew מצדה, Metzada, from מצודה, metzuda, fortress) is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of...
Early Roman ballista Disclaimer:This section makes one use of an image used by kind permission of the Creative Assembly made with the Rome: Total War computer game. The Creative Assembly and SEGA do not endorse this page and can not be held responsible for the content held within it. Its use is disputed due to legal issues. See discussion. Creative Assembly (officially The Creative Assembly Ltd) is a British video game developer established in 28 August 1987 by Tim Ansell, best known for their Total War strategy games series (Composed of Shogun, Medieval, Rome and the forthcoming Medieval 2) and some sports games developed for distribution under EAs...
Rome: Total War is a grand strategy computer game where players fight historical and fictious battles during the era of the Roman Republic, from 270 BCE to 14 CE. The game was developed by Creative Assembly and released on September 22, 2004. ...
Creative Assembly (officially The Creative Assembly Ltd) is a British video game developer established in 28 August 1987 by Tim Ansell, best known for their Total War strategy games series (Composed of Shogun, Medieval, Rome and the forthcoming Medieval 2) and some sports games developed for distribution under EAs...
Sega Corporation ) is an international video game software and hardware developing company, and a former home computer and console manufacturer. ...
The early Roman Ballistae were made of wood, and held together with iron plates around the frames and iron nails in the stand. The main stand had a slider on the top, into which were loaded the bolts or stone 'shot'. Attached to this, at the back, was a pair of Winches and a Claw, used to ratchet the bowstring back to the armed firing position. slider passed through the field frames of the weapon, in which were located the torsion springs (rope made of animal sinew), which were twisted around the bow arms, which in turn were attached to the bowstring. Modern self-tailing winch on a sailing boat. ...
A ratchet lever hoist. ...
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is built to withstand tension. ...
Drawing the bowstring back with the winches twisted the already taut springs, storing the energy to fire the projectiles.
An Roman artillery section operating a ballista, as portrayed in the Rome: Total War computer game.
This image has an uncertain copyright status and is pending deletion. You can comment on the removal. The ballista was a highly accurate weapon (there many accounts right from its early history of single soldiers being picked off by the operators), but some design aspects meant it could compromise its accuracy for range. The lightweight bolts could not gain the high momentum of the stones over the same distance as those thrown by the later onagers, trebuchets, or mangonels; these could be as heavy as 200-300 pounds (90-135 kg). Image File history File links Ballista2. ...
Image File history File links Ballista2. ...
Rome: Total War is a grand strategy computer game where players fight historical and fictious battles during the era of the Roman Republic, from 270 BCE to 14 CE. The game was developed by Creative Assembly and released on September 22, 2004. ...
Sketch of an Onager, from Antique technology by Diels. ...
Trebuchet at Château des Baux, France. ...
A mangonel was a type of catapult or siege machine used in the medieval period to throw projectiles at a castles walls. ...
Officially the pound is the name for at least three different units of mass: The pound (avoirdupois). ...
The U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, which currently serves as the primary standard for measuring mass in the U.S. It was assigned to the United States in 1889 and is periodically recertified and traceable to the primary international standard, The Kilogram, held at the Bureau International des Poids et...
The Romans continued the development of the Ballista, and it became a highly-prized and valued weapon in the army of the Roman Empire. Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire. ...
It was used, just before the start of the Empire, by Julius Caesar during his conquest of Gaul and on both of his campaigns in conquering Britain. Both attempted invasions of Britain and the siege of Alesi are recorded in his own Commentarii (journal), The Gallic Wars (De Bello Gallico), now translated and published many times. Gaius Julius Caesar [1] (Latin pronunciation ; English pronunciation ; July 12 or July 13, 100 BC or 102 BC – March 15, 44 BC), was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in classical antiquity. ...
Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ...
Commentarii (Latin, =Greek: hupomnêmta), are notes to assist the memory, or memoranda. ...
Combatants Roman Republic Several Gallic tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Titus Labienus Mark Antony Quintus Cicero Vercingetorix, Ambiorix, Commius, among other The Gallic Wars were a series of military campaigns by several invading Roman legions under the command of Julius Caesar into Gaul, and the subsequent uprisings of the Gallic tribes. ...
An 18th century edition of Commentarii de Bello Gallico Commentarii de Bello Gallico (literally Commentaries on the Gallic War in Latin) is an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul. ...
First invasion of Britain The first invasion of Britain took place in 55 BC, after a rapid and successful initial conquest of Gaul, in part as an exploratory expedition to see the land across the sea, and more practically to try and put an end to the re-enforcements sent across by the native Britons to fight the Romans in Gaul. Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history. ...
Brython and Brythonic are terms which refer to indigenous, pre-Roman, Celtic speaking inhabitants of most of the island of Great Britain, and their cultures and languages, the Brythonic languages. ...
A total of eighty transports, carrying two legions attempted to land on the British shore (the eighteen accompanying cavalry transports had been blown off course on the way over), only to be driven back by the many British warriors assembled along the shoreline. The ships had to unload their troops on the beach, as it was the only one suitable for many miles, yet the massed ranks of British charioteers and javeliners were making it impossible. Hittite chariot (drawing of an Egyptian relief) Approximate historical map of the spread of the chariot, 2000–500 BC. A chariot is a two-wheeled, horse-drawn vehicle. ...
Seeing this, Caesar ordered the warships – which were swifter and easier to handle than the transports, and likely to impress the natives more by their unfamiliar appearance – to be removed a short distance from the others, and then be rowed hard and run ashore on the enemy’s right flank, from which position the slings, bows and artillery could be used by men on deck to drive them back. This manoeuvre was highly successful.
Scared by the strange shape of the warships, the motion of the oars, and the unfamiliar machines, the natives halted and then retreated a little. (Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, p99)
Siege of Alesia In Gaul, the stronghold of Alesia was under a Roman siege in 52 BC, and was famously almost completely surrounded by a fourteen mile long trench filled with water diverted from the local river, then another trench, then a wooden palisade and towers, then the besiegeing Roman army, then another series of palisades and trenches to protect them from any Gallic relief forces. As was standard siege technique at the time, ballistae were placed up in the towers with snipers (armed with either bows or slings). Battle of Alesia Conflict Gallic Wars Date September 52 BC Place Alesia, near modern Alise-Sainte-Reine (France) Result Roman victory The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia was a conflict fought in September 52 BC around the Gallic oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and hill fort...
Combatants Roman Republic Gallic Tribes Commanders Julius Caesar Vercingetorix Commius Strength ~30,000-60,000, 12 Roman legions and auxiliaries ~330,000 some 80,000 besieged ~250,000 relief forces Casualties 12,800 40,000-250,000 [] The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52...
Palisade and Moat A palisade is a Medieval wooden fence or wall of variable height, used as a defensive structure. ...
A bow is an ancient weapon that shoots arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow. ...
Home-made sling. ...
Onagers According to Vegetius, each cohort had an onager, for a total of ten per legion (Le Bohec 1994: 139). It’s name comes from the Latin word for “wild ass,” as the onager would rear up and kick up when discharged. The onager was a simpler version of the ballista. It had only one large skein placed horizontally within the frame with a large vertical arm, usually with a sling attached at its upper end (http://www.legionxxiv.org/catapulta/). It has been hazarded that catapults were used for curved trajectory, while ballista were used for direct trajectory (Le Bohec 1994: 139). Aside from large stones, the onager could also be loaded with the equivalent mass of smaller stones or fiery pitch to use against enemy troops or to bombard the inside of a fort. Its range was much shorter than that of the ballista and could be in danger of attack by enemy artillery during a siege (http://www.unrv.com/military/artillery.php). Binomial name Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775 The onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, and Tibet (China). ...
Legion can refer to: Roman legion, a division of troops within the Roman army Legion (demon), a demon found in the Christian Bible in Mark 5:9 and Luke 8:30 The American Legion, A veterans organization in the United States A creature from Castlevania Category: ...
Binomial name Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775 The onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, and Tibet (China). ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
Replica catapult at Château des Baux, France Catapults are siege engines using an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance. ...
It has been suggested that Catapulta be merged into this article or section. ...
Binomial name Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775 The onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the horse family and native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, and Tibet (China). ...
Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ...
Scorpions The scorpio was a crossbow-like device that fired smaller arrows with deadly accuracy (Keppie 1984: 99) used both in the field and in sieges. They were so-named for their deadly, armor-piercing sting and could be operated by just one or two men. Scorpions were meant to kill and injure enemy forces, rather than break down enemy fortifications. Due to their smaller size, they would be mounted on or in siege towers. During the Siege of Amida, a scorpion-fired arrow killed the son of Grumbate, king of the Chionitae, when he was approaching the city to surrender (Goldsworthy 2000: 191). 15th century French soldier wearing a hauberk, armed with a crossbow/arbalest and resting on a pavise. ...
A siege tower is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders whilst approaching the defensive walls of a fortification. ...
There has been some research done into the existence of the self-loading, serial-fire scorpio. Legionaries either side would continuously keep turning cranks which turned a chain, which operated the various mechanisms to load and fire the catapult. All that was needed was for another soldier to keep feeding in more arrows (http://www.roman-empire.net/army/leg-siege.html). Legion can refer to: Roman legion, a division of troops within the Roman army Legion (demon), a demon found in the Christian Bible in Mark 5:9 and Luke 8:30 The American Legion, A veterans organization in the United States A creature from Castlevania Category: ...
Breaching the walls A gold walled or mural crown, called the ‘’corona muralis’’ was awarded to the first man who captured the wall of an enemy city. Livy reports that in 210 BC, at the capture of New Carthage, this honor was claimed by both a legionary centurion and a marine. In order to avoid a near mutiny from the ferocity of the resulting dispute between legionaries and marines both men were eventually awarded a crown (Gilliver 1999: 141). A portrait of Titus Livius made long after his death. ...
Battering rams Roman battering rams, or aries was an effective weapon for breaking down an enemy’s walls as well as their morale. Under Roman law, any defenders who failed to surrender before the first ram touched their wall were denied any rights (Goldsworthy 2000: 145). The moment they heard the ram hit the wall, those inside the city knew that the siege proper had begun and there was no turning back (Gilliver 1999: 140). Replica battering ram at Château des Baux, France A battering ram is a weapon used from ancient times. ...
Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome. ...
Josephus describes the battering ram used at Jotapata thus (Le Bohec 1994: 139): A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 AD/CE)[1], who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[2], was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and...
Panoramic view from peak of Tel Yodfat. ...
- “It is an immense beam, similar to a ship’s mast, with one end covered with iron shaped into a ram’s head; hence its name. It is suspended from another beam like a balance arm by cables around its middle, and this in turn is supported at both ends by posts fixed in the ground. It is drawn back by a huge number of men who then push it forward in unison with all their might so that it hits the wall with its iron head. There is no tower strong enough nor any wall thick enough to withstand repeated blows of this kind, and many cannot resist the first shock.”
For protection, a battering ram was suspended in a mobile shelter called a tortoise, or testudo. According to Vegetius, it was given this name because the ram would swing out of the shelter much like a tortoise’s head comes out of its shell. Such shelters would provide the men underneath protection against missiles and incendiary devices. They were constructed from a framework of strong timbers with planks and wicker hurdles on the sides. The entire shelter would then be covered with a fireproof material such as uncured hides (Gilliver 1999: 134-135). According to Apollodorus, the shelter should be fixed to the ground while the ram was being used to both prevent skidding and strain on the axles from the weight of the moving apparatus. This would also increase the strength of the impact on the walls (Gilliver 1999: 138). Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus) was a celebrated military writer of the 4th century. ...
Apollodorus was a common name in ancient Greece. ...
Siege Towers According to Josephus, the Roman siege towers at Jotapata were 50 feet high and iron-plated to protect them from fire; those at Masada were reported to be 75 feet high. It was possible to have many different devices on siege towers, such as artillery, draw bridges and rams. Those at the top of the tower were to keep defenders off the walls while those below them attempted to breach the wall using ramps (Gilliver 1999: 136-137). Following a basic design, details of tower construction varied from siege to siege and there is no known-of treatise which specifies at which level siege equipment should be placed. Vegetius noted that, “besiegers sometimes built a tower with another turret inside it that could suddenly be raised by ropes and pulleys to over-top the wall” (Gilliver 1999: 138). A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 AD/CE)[1], who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[2], was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and...
A siege tower is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders whilst approaching the defensive walls of a fortification. ...
Panoramic view from peak of Tel Yodfat. ...
Combatants Jewish Sicarii Roman Empire Commanders Elazar ben Yair Lucius Flavius Silva Strength 960 15,000 Casualties 953 Unknown Masada (a romanisation of the Hebrew מצדה, Metzada, from מצודה, metzuda, fortress) is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel on top of...
A siege tower is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders whilst approaching the defensive walls of a fortification. ...
Artillery with Gabion fortification Cannons on display at Fort Point Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851) A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. ...
Drawbridge at the fort of Ponta da Bandeira; Lagos, Portugal A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle, but the term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges. ...
Replica battering ram at Ch teau des Baux, France A battering ram is a weapon used from ancient times. ...
Vegetius (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus) was a celebrated military writer of the 4th century. ...
Mines Mines could be dug under city walls as a means of entering a city secretly and capturing it but were more frequently constructed to weaken city walls. Once dug, sappers would underpin the walls with wood and cause the walls to collapse by firing the supports with resin, sulfur and other incendiary materials (Gilliver 1999: 140). It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Undermining. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with combat engineering. ...
Notes
References - James V. Garrison (1997). "Casting stones: ballista, stones as weapons, and death by stoning". Brigham Young University Studies 36 (3): 351-352.
- Gilliver, C.M. (1999). The Roman Art of War. Charleston, SC: Tempus.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000). Roman Warfare. London: Cassell.
- Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army from Empire to Republic. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books.
- Le Bohec, Yann (1994). The Imperial Roman Army. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd..
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