Not to be confused with Provençal which is a dialect of the Occitan language.

Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal) or Arpitan or Romand (Vernacular: francoprovençâl, arpitan, patouès; Italian: francoprovenzale, arpitano, dialetto, patoà; French: francoprovençal, arpitan, patois) is a Romance language with several distinct dialects that form a linguistic sub-group separate from Langue d'Oïl and Langue d'Oc. The name Franco-Provençal was given to the language by G.I. Ascoli in the 19th century because it shared features with French and Provençal without belonging to either. Although the name is well established, there is some dissatisfaction with it. The neologism Arpitan is becoming a popular name for the language and the people who speak it. The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... The Province of Foggia (Italian: Provincia di Foggia) is a province in the Apulia (Puglia) region of Italy. ... The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map. ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Bresse is an area of France, in the eastern part of the country, and a former province. ... The Bugey (French: le Bugey) is a historical region in the département of Ain, France. ... Dombes is a historic region of east-southeastern France, once an independent municipality, formerly part of the province of Burgundy, and now a district comprised in the département of Ain, and bounded W. by the Saone River. ... A Beaujolais label Beaujolais is a historical province and a wine-producing region in France. ... Flag of the Dauphiné Dauphiné (Occitan : Daufinat, Arpitan : Dôfenâ, archaic English: ), usually referred to as the Dauphiné, is a former province in southeastern France, roughly corresponding to the present departments of the Isère (Isera), Drôme (Drôma), and Hautes-Alpes (Hiôtas-Arpes). ... Flag of the Lyonnais Lyonnais is a former province of central-eastern France, located in the modern day Rhône département. ... Coat of arms of Forez Forez is a former province of France, corresponding approximately to the central part of the modern Loire département and a part of the Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme départements. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-Saône Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 km² Population (Ranked 20th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use. ... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ... Swiss redirects here. ... A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common proto-language. ... For other uses, see Indo-European. ... Hypothetical distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC. The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Italo-Western redirects here. ... Gallo-Romance languages Gallo-Italian languages Lombard Piedmontese Emilian-Romagnol Venetian Ligurian Gallo-Rhaetian languages Oïl languages(including French) Burgundian Champenois Franc-Comtois French Gallo Lorrain Norman Anglo-Norman Channel Island Norman Auregnais Dgèrnésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Picard Poitevin-Saintongeais Walloon Rhaetian languages Friulian Ladin Romansh *Franco... The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French, Oïl languages, Catalan, and Occitan, among other languages. ... SIL International is a worldwide non-profit evangelical Christian organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development. ... The geographical spread of the Oïl languages (except French) can be seen in shades of green in this map The Langues doïl language family in linguistics comprises Romance languages originating in territories now occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands. ... SIL International is a worldwide non-profit evangelical Christian organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development. ... 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ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links FRP-Map4. ... The Unicode Standard, Version 5. ... Provençal (Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France and other areas of France and Italy. ... Look up Vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... The langue doïl language family in linguistics comprises Romance languages originating in territories now occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands. ... Occitan (IPA AmE: ), known also as Lenga dòc or Langue doc (native name: occitan [1], lenga dòc [2]; native nickname: la lenga nòstra [3] i. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Provençal (Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France and other areas of France and Italy. ... A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ...

Today, the largest number of Franco-Provençal speakers reside in the Aosta Valley Autonomous Region of Italy. The language also is spoken in alpine valleys in the Province of Turin, two isolated towns in the Province of Foggia, and rural areas of the Suisse-Romande region of Switzerland. It constitutes one of the three Gallo-Romance languages of France and is classified as a regional language of France. Although its use is low, organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing. The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ... Eastern part of the province, satellite map The Province of Turin (It. ... The Province of Foggia (Italian: Provincia di Foggia) is a province in the Apulia (Puglia) region of Italy. ... The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map. ... The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French, Oïl languages, Catalan, and Occitan, among other languages. ... There are a number of languages of France. ...

The number of speakers has been declining significantly. According to UNESCO (1995), Franco-Provençal is a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "endangered language" in Switzerland and France. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. ...

• Words of Franco-Provençal origin that are found in English include:

avalanche, chalet, glacier, moraine, and névê.

The toe of an avalanche in Alaskas Kenai Fjords. ... This article is about a type of building. ... This article is about the geological formation. ... This article is about geological phenomena. ... This page describes terms and jargon related to climbing and mountaineering. ...

History

Franco-Provençal emerged from a Gallo-Roman variety of Latin. The linguistic region comprises east-central France, the Suisse-Romande, and the Aosta Valley with the adjacent alpine valleys of the Piedmont. This area covers territories once controlled by pre-Roman Celtic and Gaulish peoples, including the Allobroges, Sequani, Helvetii, and Salassi. By the 5th century, it was occupied by Burgundian tribes. Gallo-Roman figures, found in Ingelheim. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... This article is about the European people. ... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... A map of Gaul in the 1st century BC, showing the relative position of the Allobroges tribe. ... A map of Gaul showing the relative position of the Sequani tribe. ... A map of Gaul showing the northern Alpine position of the Helvetii. ... Augusta Praetoria Salassorum (mod. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...

Early manuscripts reveal that Franco-Provençal has existed at least since the 12th century, possibly diverging from Langue d'Oïl as early as the 8th or 9th centuries (Bec, 1971). One writer has detected the influence of Basque by analyzing "fossil words" ("mots fossiles") from toponyms and the dialect in the Aosta Valley (Krutwig, 1973, in: Henriet, 1997, p. 30). However, Franco-Provençal adhered conservatively to Latin linguistic conventions as it developed, primarily remaining a spoken language. The modern patois of its speakers continues to reflect medieval terms for many nouns and verbs, including: pâta for "rag", bayâ for "to give", moussâ for "to lie down", etc. Désormaux, writing on this subject in the foreword of his excellent Savoyard dictionary states: (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... The langue doïl language family in linguistics comprises Romance languages originating in territories now occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... As a means of recording the passage of time the 9th century was the century that lasted from 801 to 900. ... Basque (native name: euskara) is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Patois, although without a formal definition in linguistics, can be used to describe a language considered as nonstandard. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... Savoyard is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) language. ...

"The antiquated character of the Savoyard patois is striking. One can note it not only in phonetics and morphology, but also in the vocabulary, where one finds numerous words and directions that clearly disappeared from French." (Constantin & Désormaux, 1982).

Franco-Provençal never achieved the greatness of its three larger neighbors; French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally mountainous and isolated from one another. The internal boundaries of the entire linguistic domain were shattered by wars and religious conflicts. France, Switzerland, the Franche-Comté (protected by Habsburg Spain), and the duchy — later kingdom — ruled by the House of Savoy politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an edict, dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the Duchy of Savoy on 4 March 1540. The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of civil law and the judiciary (Grillet, 1807, p. 65). (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-Saône Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 km² Population (Ranked 20th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... An edict is an announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism. ... is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events May 30 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. ... For the earlier history of Savoy, see County of Savoy. ... is the 63rd day of the year (64th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1540 was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ...

Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their domain until the 20th century. As French political power expanded, and communication and transportation improved, speakers abandoned their patois, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard orthography, in favor of "educated" French. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ...

Several events have combined to stabilize the language in the Aosta Valley of Italy during the last half-century. The region's economy grew modestly from 1951 to 1991 enabling the population to increase. Several cultural groups, libraries, and theater companies actively using the Valdôtain dialect have fostered a sense of ethnic pride (EUROPA, 2005). The language also is explicitly protected by an Italian presidential decree (Decreto presidenziale della Repubblica del 20 novembre 1991, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche", Articolo 2) and a federal law (Legge 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482, "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche", pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999, Articolo 2) (External link). On the other hand, the alpine valleys of Italy's Piedmont region have been losing speakers due to lack of jobs and migration. The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ...

Switzerland does not recognize Franco-Provençal as one of its official languages. Residents who speak it as a second language live in the same regions where Swiss French predominates, except for the canton of Jura where it is not spoken. Currently, its use in agrarian daily life is rapidly disappearing. Switzerland sits at the crossroads of several major European cultures, which have heavily influenced the countrys languages and cultural practices. ... Swiss French (Suisse romand in French) is the name used for the different dialects of French spoken in the Francophone part of Switzerland known as Romandy. ... The Republic and Canton of the Jura, also known as the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura, is one of the Cantons of Switzerland. ... Agrarian has two meanings: It can mean pertaining to Agriculture It can also refer to the ideology of Agrarianism and Agrarian parties. ...

Franco-Provençal has had a precipitous decline in France. The official language of the French Republic is French (article 2 of the Constitution of France). The French government officially acknowledges Franco-Provençal as one of the "Languages of France" (External link ) but it is constitutionally barred from ratifying the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) that would guarantee it certain rights. Thus, Franco-Provençal has almost no political support. It also carries a generally low social status. This is the same situation that affects most regional languages that comprise the linguistic wealth of France. Speakers of regional dialects are aging and mostly rural. The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958, and has been amended 17 times, most recently on March 28, 2003. ... There are a number of languages of France. ... // The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. ...

Classification

The philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by the Linguasphere Observatory (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402) follows: Philology, etymologically, is the love of words. It is most accurately defined as an affinity toward the learning of the backgrounds as well as the current usages of spoken or written methods of human communication. The commonality of studied languages is more important than their origin or age (that is... The Linguasphere Observatory is a language research network. ...

Indo-European phylosector > Romanic phylozone > Italiano+Româneasca (Romance) set > Italiano+Româneasca chain > Romance-West net > Lyonnais+Valdôtain (Franco-Provençal) reference name.

Note: The Linguasphere language code for Franco-Provençal is: 51-AAA-j

A philological classification for Franco-Provençal published by Stanford University (Ruhlen ,1987, pp. 325-326) also follows: The Linguasphere language code is a reference system for world languages used by the Linguasphere Observatory and published in its Linguasphere Register. ... Stanford redirects here. ...

Indo-Hittite > Indo-European > Italic > Latino-Faliscan > Romance > Continental > Western > Gallo-Iberian-Romance > Gallo-Romance > North > Franco-Provençal.

Origin of the Language Name

The language region was first identified during advances in linguistics research during the 19th century. Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829-1907), a pioneering linguist in dialect studies, analyzed the unique phonetic and structural characteristics of numerous spoken dialects. In an article written about 1873 and published later, he offered a solution to existing disagreements about dialect frontiers and proposed a new linguistic region. He placed it between the Langue d'Oïl group of languages, whence came the appellation Franco, and the Langue d'Oc group, whence came the appellation Provençal, and gave Franco-Provençal its name. For the journal, see Linguistics (journal). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For dialects of programming languages, see Programming language dialect. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... The langue doïl language family in linguistics comprises Romance languages originating in territories now occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands. ... Occitan (IPA AmE: ), known also as Lenga dòc or Langue doc (native name: occitan [1], lenga dòc [2]; native nickname: la lenga nòstra [3] i. ...

Ascoli (1878, p. 61) described the language in these terms in his defining essay on the subject:

« Chiamo franco-provenzale un tipo idiomatico, il quale insieme riunisce, con alcuni caratteri specifici, più altri caratteri, che parte son comuni al francese, parte lo sono al provenzale, e non proviene già da une confluenza di elementi diversi, ma bensì attesta sua propria indipendenza istorica, non guari dissimile da quella per cui fra di lora si distinguono gli altri principali tipi neo-latini. »

"I call Franco-Provençal a type of language which brings together, along with some characteristics which are its own, characteristics partly in common with French, and partly in common with Provençal, and which are not due to a late confluence of diverse elements, but on the contrary, attests to its own historical independence, little different from those by which the principal neo-Latin [Romance] languages distinguish themselves from one another."

Although the name Franco-Provençal appears misleading, it continues to be used in most scholarly journals for the sake of continuity. Suppression of the hyphen between the two parts of the language name in French ("francoprovençal") was generally adopted following a conference at the University of Neuchâtel in 1969 (Marzys, 1971) however, most English journals continue to use the traditional spelling.

The name Romand has been in use regionally in Switzerland at least since 1494, when notaries in Fribourg were directed to write their minutes in both German and "Rommant". It continues to appear in the names of many Swiss cultural organizations today. Romand is also used by some professional linguists who feel that the compound term Franco-Provençal is "inappropriate" (Dalby, 1999/2000, p. 402).

A proposal to call the language Burgundian (French: "burgondien") in the 1960s did not take hold because of confusion with historical, political, and geographic regions of the same name (Meune, 2007).

Some contemporary speakers and writers prefer the name Arpitan because it underscores the independence of the language and does not imply a union to any other established linguistic group. Arpitan is derived from an indigenous word meaning "alpine" ("mountain highlands") (Bessat & Germi, 1991). It was popularized in the 1980s by Mouvement Harpitanya, a political organization in the Aosta Valley.

The language is called patouès (patois) or nosta moda ("our way of speaking") by native speakers. Some Savoyard speakers call their language sarde. This is a colloquial term, used because their ancestors were subjects of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy. (Savoie and Haute-Savoie were annexed by France in 1860.) The language is called gaga in the Forez region of France, and appears in the titles of dictionaries (e.g., Duplay, 1896) and other regional publications. Gaga comes from a local name for the residents of Saint-Étienne, popularized by Auguste Callet’s story "La légende des Gagats" published in 1866. Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, and Sardinia in the inset. ... The House of Savoy or in Italian, La Casa di Savoia, or simply Casa Savoia, (or Savoie, French) is a dynasty of nobles who traditionally had their domain in Savoy, a region that includes present-day Piemonte, other parts of Northern Italy, and a smaller region in France. ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Haute-Savoie is a French département, named after the Alps mountain range. ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... Coat of arms of Forez Forez is a former province of France, corresponding approximately to the central part of the modern Loire département and a part of the Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme départements. ... Coat of arms Motto: Franco-Provençal: Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Rhône-Alpes Department Loire (42) Canton Chief town of 9 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération Saint-Étienne Métropole Mayor Michel Thiollière  (UMP) (since 2001) Statistics Altitude 422 m–1...

Number of Speakers

The Franco-Provençal dialect with the greatest population of active daily speakers is Valdôtain (Valdoten). Approximately 68,000 speak the language in the Aosta Valley region of Italy according to reports conducted after the 1981 census. The alpine valleys of the adjacent province of Turin have an estimated 22,000 speakers. The Faetar dialect is spoken by just 1,400 speakers who live in an isolated pocket of the province of Foggia in the southern Italian Apulia region (Figures for Italy: EUROPA, 2005.)

Contrary to this official information reported by the European Commission, a poll by the Fondation Emile Chanoux in 2001 External link revealed that only 5% of all Aosta Valley residents claimed Franco-Provençal as their mother tongue. This is a substantial reduction to the figures reported on the Italian census 20 years earlier that was used by the E.C. Only 7% of the inhabitants (approximately 8,200 people) claimed to be able to speak any dialect of Franco-Provençal. A report published by Laval University in Québec External link, which analyzed this data, reports that it is "probable" that the language will be extinct in this region in ten years. Note: The most recent edition of Ethnologue (Gordon, 2005) reports that there are 70,000 Franco-Provençal speakers in Italy. However, these figures are derived from the 1971 census.

In rural areas of the cantons of Geneva, Valais, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Fribourg in Switzerland, various dialects are spoken as a second language by about 7,000 residents. (Figures for Switzerland: Gordon, 2005.)

Until the mid-19th century, Franco-Provençal dialects were the most widely spoken language in their domain in France. Today, regional vernaculars are limited to a small number of speakers in secluded towns. A 2002 report by the INED (Institut national d’études démographiques) states that the language loss by generation, that is, “the proportion of fathers who did not usually speak to their 5-year-old children in the language that their own father usually spoke in to them at the same age” was 90%. This was a greater loss than any language in France; a loss called "critical." The report estimated that fewer than 15,000 speakers in France were handing down some knowledge of Franco-Provençal to their children. (Figures for France: Héran, Filhon, & Deprez, 2002; figure 1, 1-C, p. 2.) Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Geographic distribution

Map showing the Franco-Provençal domain.^[1]

Map showing the Franco-Provençal/Arpitan domain (in Arpitan language).^[2] The inset shows the two isolated towns in the Apulia region of southern Italy where a dialect of Franco-Provencal is also spoken.

The historical linguistic domain of the Franco-Provençal language includes the following areas (also see: Jochnowitz, 1973): Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the Italian region. ...

France

• the major part of Rhône-Alpes and Franche-Comté regions, which includes the following départements: Jura (southern 2/3), Doubs (southern 1/3), Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Isère (except the southern edge), Rhône, Drôme (extreme north), Ardèche (extreme north), Loire, Ain, and Saône-et-Loire (southern edge).

(Région flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Lyon Regional President Jean-Jack Queyranne (PS) (since 2004) Departments Ain Ardèche Drôme Isère Loire Rhône Savoie Haute-Savoie Arrondissements 25 Cantons 335 Communes 2,879 Statistics Land area1 43,698 km² Population (Ranked 2nd)  - January 1, 2006... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Regional President Departments Doubs Haute-Saône Jura Territoire de Belfort Arrondissements 8 Cantons 116 Communes 1,786 Statistics Land area1 16,202 km² Population (Ranked 20th)  - January 1, 2006 est. ... The départements (or departments) are administrative units of France and many former French colonies, roughly analogous to English counties. ... Jura is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains (not be confused with the Swiss canton of Jura). ... Doubs is a département in eastern France named after the Doubs River. ... Haute-Savoie is a French département, named after the Alps mountain range. ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Isère (Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department, in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the Isère River. ... Rhône is a French département located in the central Eastern région of Rhône-Alpes. ... Drôme is a département in southeastern France named after the Drôme River. ... Ardèche (Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River. ... This article is about the French department. ... Préfecture building of the Ain département, in Bourg-en-Bresse Ain is a département named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France bordering Switzerland. ... Saône-et-Loire is a French département, named after the Saône and the Loire rivers between which it lies. ...

Switzerland

• most of Romandy (Suisse-Romande) area including the following cantons: Geneva (Genève/Genf), Vaud, the lower part of Valais (Wallis), Fribourg (Freiburg), and Neuchâtel. Note: Jura, and the northern valleys of the non-German-speaking parts of Berne linguistically belong to the Langues d'Oil.

The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map. ... A canton is a territorial subdivision of a country, e. ... The Republic and Canton of Geneva is the westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France and centered around the city of Geneva. ... The Canton of Vaud is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland located in the southwestern part of the country. ... The Valais (German:  ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva. ... The Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. ... Neuchâtel is a canton of Switzerland. ... The Republic and Canton of the Jura, also known as the Canton of Jura or Canton Jura, is one of the Cantons of Switzerland. ... The Swiss Canton of Berne is bilingual (German: Kanton  ; French Canton de Berne) and has a population of about 947,000. ...

Italy

• the Aosta Valley (place name in Franco-Provençal: Val d'Outa; in Italian: Valle d'Aosta; in French: Val-d'Aoste), with the exception the Walser valley in Gressoney.
• the alpine heights of the Province of Turin in the Piedmont basin which includes the following 43 communities: Ala di Stura, Alpette, Balme, Cantoira (Cantoire), Carema (Carême), Castagnole Piemonte, Ceres, Ceresole Reale (Cérisoles), Chialamberto (Chalambert), Chianocco (Chanoux), Coassolo, Coazze (Couasse), Condove (Condoue), Corio (Corio), Frassinetto, Germagnano (Saint-Germain), Giaglione (Jaillons), Giaveno, Gravere (Gravière), Groscavallo (Groscaval), Ingria, Lanzo Torinese (Lans), Lemie, Locana, Mattie, Meana di Susa (Méan), Mezzenile (Mesnil), Monastero di Lanzo (Moutier), Noasca, Novalesa (Novalaise), Pessinetto, Pont Canavese, Ribordone (Ribardon), Ronco Canavese (Ronc), Rubiana (Rubiane), Sparone (Esparon), Susa (Suse), Traves, Usseglio (Ussel), Valgioie (Valjoie), Valprato Soana (Valpré), Vénaus (Vénaux), Viù (Vieu).

Note: The southernmost valleys of Piedmont speak Occitan.

• two enclaves in the Province of Foggia, Apulia (Puglia) region: the villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito (where Faetar dialect is spoken).

The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ... Distribution of Highest Alemannic dialects The Walser are German-speaking people (more specifically, they speak Walser German dialects) that live in the alps of Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and Austria. ... Eastern part of the province, satellite map The Province of Turin (It. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ... The Province of Foggia (Italian: Provincia di Foggia) is a province in the Apulia (Puglia) region of Italy. ... This article is about the Italian region. ... Province of Foggia Faeto is a town and comune in the province of Foggia in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. ... Province of Foggia Celle di San Vito is a town and comune in the province of Foggia in the Apulia region of southeast Italy. ...

Linguistic Structure

Note: The overview in this section follows Stich (2003) and Martin (2005), with all Franco-Provençal examples written in accordance with Orthographe de référence B (see "Orthography" section, below).

Typology & Syntax

• Franco-Provençal is a synthetic language, as are Occitan and Italian. (English and French are primarily analytic languages.) Most verbs have different endings for person, number, and tenses making the use of the pronoun unnecessary, thus, two grammatical functions are bound together. However, the second person singular verb form regularly requires an appropriate pronoun for distinction.

• The standard word order for Franco-Provençal is Subject Verb Object (SVO) form in a declarative sentence, for example: Vos côsâds anglès. (You speak English.) except when the object is a pronoun, in which case the word order is Subject Object Verb (SOV). Verb Subject Object (VSO) form is standard word order for an interrogative sentence, for example: Côsâds-vos anglès ? (Do you speak English?)

A synthetic language, in linguistic typology, is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio. ... An analytic language is any language where syntax and meaning are shaped more by use of particles and word order than by inflection. ... In linguistic typology, subject-verb-object (SVO) is the sequence subject verb object in neutral expressions: Sam ate oranges. ... Sentence, derived from Latin sententia (perception, in the subjective sense of how one feels reality is), has three common meanings: Sentence (linguistics) Sentence (mathematical logic) Open sentence (a term that mathematics teachers attempted to introduce, but not used by mathematicians) Sentence (law) Sentence (music) This is a disambiguation page &#8212... In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. ... Verb Subject Object—commonly used in its abbreviated form VSO—is a term in linguistic typology. ...

Morphology

Franco-Provençal has grammar similar to that of other Romance languages. For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ...

• Articles have three forms: definite, indefinite, and partitive. Plural definite articles agree in gender with the noun to which they refer, unlike French. Partitive articles are used with mass nouns.

• Nouns are inflected by number and gender. Inflection by grammatical number (singular and plural) is clearly distinguished in feminine nouns, but not masculine nouns, where pronunciation is generally identical for those words ending with a vowel.

Note: To assist comprehension of written words, modern orthographers of the language have added an “s” to most plural nouns that is not reflected in speech. For example:

codo (masculine singular): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə],

codos (masculine plural): [ˈkodo] [ˈkodu] [ˈkodə],

pôrta (feminine singular): [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ],

pôrtas (feminine plural): [ˈpɔrte] [ˈpurte] [ˈpɔrtɛ] [ˈpurtɛ] [ˈpɔrtɑ] [ˈpurtɑ].

In general, inflection by grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) is the same as for French nouns, however, there are many exceptions. A few examples follow: An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. ... In languages, agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase. ... It has been suggested that Count noun be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, a noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... Inflection of the Spanish lexeme for cat, with blue representing the masculine gender, pink representing the feminine gender, grey representing the form used for mixed-gender, and green representing the plural number. ... In linguistics, grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ...

• Subject pronouns agree in person, number, gender, and case. Although the subject pronoun is usually retained in speech, Franco-Provençal - unlike French or English - is a partially pro-drop language (null subject language), especially in first-person singular. Masculine and feminine third-person singular pronouns are notable for the extremely wide variation in pronunciation from region to region. Impersonal verbs for weather and time take the neuter pronouns "o", or "el" (a regional variant used before a word beginning with a vowel), which is analogous to "it" in English.

• Direct and indirect object pronouns also agree in person, number, gender, and case. However, unlike subject pronouns, third person singlar and plural have neuter forms, in addition to masculine and feminine forms.

• Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives agree in person, number, gender, and case. (Masculine singular and plural forms are noteworthy because of their extremely wide variation in pronunciation from area to area.)

• Relative pronouns have one invariable form.

• Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

• Adverbs are invariable; that is, they are not inflected, unlike nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

• Verbs form three grammatical conjugation classes, each of which are further split into two subclasses. Each conjugation is different, formed by isolating the verb stem and adding an ending determined by mood, tense, voice, and number. Verbs are inflected in four moods: (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional), and two impersonal moods: (infinitive and participle), which includes verbal adjectives.

Verbs in Group 1a end in -ar (côsar, "to speak"; chantar, "to sing"); Group 1b end in -ier (mengier, "to eat"); Groups 2a & 2b end in -ir (finir, "to finish"; venir, "to come"), Group 3a end in -êr (dêvêr, "to owe"), and Group 3b end in -re (vendre, "to sell").

Auxiliary verbs are: avêr (to have) and étre (to be).

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. ... A pro-drop language (from pronoun-dropping) is a language where pronouns can be deleted when they are in some sense pragmatically inferable (the precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate). ... In linguistic typology, a null subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject. ... An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. ... A possessive pronoun is a part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something. ... Headline text hjvhwhatsgm,Possessive adjectives modify nouns. ... A poprelative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause within a larger sentence. ... In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun (called the adjectives subject), giving more information about what the noun or pronoun refers to. ... Adverbs redirects here. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In linguistics, many grammars have the concept of grammatical mood, which describes the relationship of a verb with reality and intent. ... In grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a verb mood that exists in many languages. ... Look up conditional in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. ... In linguistics, a participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tenses or voices, or it can be used as a modifier. ...

Phonetic Characteristics

• The placement of stressed syllables in the spoken language is a primary characteristic of Franco-Provençal that distinguishes it from French and Occitan. Franco-Provençal words take stress on the last syllable, as in French, or on the penultimate syllable, unlike French.

• Franco-Provençal also preserves final vowel sounds, in particular "a" in feminine forms and "o" in masculine forms (where it is pronounced "ou" in some regions.) The word portar is pronounced [pɔrˈtɑ] or [pɔrˈto], with accent on the final "a" or "o", but rousa is pronounced [ˈru:zɑ], with accent on the "ou".

• Vowels followed by nasal consonants "m" and "n" are normally nasalized in a similar manner to those in French, for example, chantar and vin in Franco-Provençal, and "chanter" and "vin" in French. However, in the largest part of the Franco-Provençal domain, nasalized vowels retain a timbre that more closely approaches the un-nazalized vowel sound than in French, for example, pan [pɑ̃] and vent [vɛ̃] in Franco-Provençal, compared to "pain" [pɛ̃] and "vent" [vɑ̃] in French.

For the computer operating system, see Syllable (operating system). ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velum—that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth. ...

Orthography

Franco-Provençal does not have a standard orthography. Most proposals use the Latin alphabet and four diacritics: the acute accent, grave accent, circumflex, and diaeresis (trema). (The ligature "œ" and cedilla found in French are omitted.) The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... Example of a letter with a diacritic A diacritical mark or diacritic, also called an accent, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation or to distinguish between similar words. ... The acute accent (   ) is a diacritic mark used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin and Greek scripts. ... The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), French, Catalan, Welsh, Italian, Vietnamese, Scottish Gaelic, Norwegian, Portuguese and other languages. ... The circumflex ( ˆ ) (often called a caret, a hat or an uppen) is a diacritic mark used in written Greek, French, Dutch, Esperanto, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Vietnamese, Japanese romaji, Welsh, Portuguese, Italian, Afrikaans and other languages, and formerly in Turkish [citation needed]. It received its English name from Latin circumflexus (bent... In linguistics, a, diaeresis, or dieresis (AE) (from Greek (diaerein), to divide) is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its vowels. ... The word ligature can mean more than one thing. ... A cedilla is a hook (¸) added under certain consonant letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation. ...

• Aimé Chenal and Raymond Vautherin wrote the first complete grammar and dictionary for any variety of Franco-Provençal, greatly expanding the work of Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne on the Valdôtain (Valdoten) dialect begun in the 19th century. It was published in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1982.

• The Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics (BREL) and the René Willien Center for Franco-Provençal Studies, both of Aosta, Italy, also have published an orthography also based on work by Cerlogne, with several modifications, that is actively promoted in the Aosta Valley.

• An orthographic method called La Graphie de Conflans has achieved acceptance, particularly among speakers residing in Bresse and Savoy, and appears in many printed works. It was first published by the Groupe de Conflans of Albertville, France in 1983. This method perhaps most closely follows the International Phonetic Alphabet, omitting extraneous letters found in other historical and contemporary proposals. It features the use of a combining low line (underscore) as a diacritic to indicate a stressed vowel in the penult when it occurs, for example: toma, déssanta.

• A recent standard entitled Orthographe de référence B (ORB) was proposed by linguist Dominique Stich with his dictionary by Editions Le Carré (2003). This is an emendation of his previous work published by Editions l'Harmattan (1998). His standard strays from close representation of Franco-Provençal phonology in favor of following French orthographic conventions, with silent letters and clear vestiges of Latin roots. However, it attempts to unify several written forms and is easiest for French speakers to read. — Note: Stich's dictionary for ORB is noteworthy because it includes neologisms by Xavier Gouvert for things found in modern life, such as: encafâblo for "cell phone" (from encafar, "to put into a pocket"), pignochière for "fast-food" (from pignochiér, "to nibble"), panètes for "corn flakes" (from panet, "maize, corn"), and mâchelyon for "chewing gum".

The table below compares a few words in each writing system, with French and English for reference. (Sources: Esprit Valdôtain (download 7 March 2007), C.C.S. Conflans (1995), and Stich (2003). Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Generally speaking, the penult is the next to the last item in a series but it most specifically means the next to the last syllable in a word. ... A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ...

IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ...

Numerals

Franco-Provençal uses a decimal counting system. For other uses, see Decimal (disambiguation). ...

0 ) zérô; 1 ) yona / yena / yon; 2 ) does / doves / dos ; 3 ) três; 4 ) quatro; 5 ) cinq; 6 ) siéx; 7 ) sèpt; 8 ) huét; 9 ) nô; 10 ) diéx; 11 ) onze'; 12 ) doze; 13 ) trèze; 14 ) quatôrze; 15 ) quinze; 16 ) sèze; 17 ) dix-sèpt; 18 ) dix-huét; 19 ) dix-nou; 20 ) vengt; 21 ) vengt-yona / vengt-et-yon; 22 ) vengt-does ... 30 ) trenta; 40 ) quaranta; 50 ) cinquanta; 60 ) souessanta; 70 ) sèptanta; 80 ) huétanta; 90 ) nonanta; 100 ) cent; 1000 ) mila; 1,000,000 ) on milyon / on milyona.

Many western dialects use a vigesimal (base-20) form for "80," that is, quatro-vingt ( /katroˈvɛ̃/ ), possibly due to the influence of French. The vigesimal or base-20 numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten). ...

Word Comparisons

The chart below compares words in Franco-Provençal to those in selected Romance languages, with English for reference.

Between vowels, the Latinate "p" became "v", "c" and "g" became "y", and "t" and "d" disappeared. Franco-Provençal also softened the hard palatized "c" and "g" before "a". This led Franco-Provençal to evolve down a different path from Occitan and Gallo-Iberian languages, closer to the evolutionary direction taken by French.

Franco-Provençal Dialect List

Classification of Franco-Provençal dialect divisions is challenging despite regional similarities. Each canton and valley uses its own vernacular without standardization. Difficult intelligibility among dialects was noted as early as 1807 by Grillet.

Dauphinois is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal language, which is spoken in Isère departement, roughly formerly Bas-Dauphiné. This is in France. ... Savoyard is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) language. ... Genevois is the name used in Geneva used for the dialect of Arpitan used in the canton of Geneva. ...

Dialect Examples

Several modern orthographic variations exist for all dialects of Franco-Provençal. The spellings and IPA equivalents listed below appear in Martin (2005).

External links:

• Atlas linguistique parlant d'une région alpine: Entre francoprovençal et occitan — Multimedia website from Stendhal University-Grenoble 3 with audio-clips of over 700 words and expressions by native speakers grouped in 15 themes by village. The linguistic atlas demonstrates the transition from Franco-Provençal phonology in the north to Occitan phonology in the south. (Note: Disable all pop-up blockers for this site.)
• L'Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du Valais romand (ALAVAL) — Multimedia website from Neuchâtel University with audio and video clips of Franco-Provençal speakers from the canton of Valais, Switzerland.
• Les Langues de France en chansons: N'tra Linga e Chanfon — Multimedia website with numerous audio clips of native Franco-Provençal speakers singing traditional songs. Select: Train direct > scroll to: Francoprovençal.

Phonology (Greek phonÄ“ = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages). ... The Valais (German:  ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva. ...

Toponyms

Other than people's last names, the Franco-Provençal legacy primarily survives in place names. Many are immediately recognizable, ending in -az, -oz (-otz), -uz, -ax, -ex, -ux, -oux, and -ieux (-ieu). These suffixes indicate the stress syllables based on a historical orthographic system considered obsolete by modern scholars. The last letter is not pronounced. For multi-syllabic names, “z” indicates stress on the second-to-last syllable, and “x” indicates stress on the last syllable, for example, Chanaz: /ˈʃɑ.nɑ/ (shana); Chênex: /ʃɛˈne/ (shèné). Examples:

France

Road sign for Charvex (La Balme de Thuy), Haute-Savoie, France after a name change in the 1990s to an old Savoyard spelling. (Previous village name: Charvet.) Photo: April 2004.

• Ain: Outriaz, Lompnaz, Seillonnaz, Ordonnaz, Contrevoz, Culoz, Marboz, Niévroz, Oyonnax, Sonthonnax-la-Montagne, Gex, Echenevex, Perrex, Chevroux, Lescheroux, Jujurieux, Civrieux, Misérieux, Toussieux, Ceyzérieu, Lagnieu, Lompnieu, Pugieu.
• Doubs: Saraz, Éternoz, Bolandoz, La Cluse-et-Mijoux, Montmahoux.
• Jura: Saffloz, Vertamboz, Morez, Lajoux, Le Vaudioux.
• Savoie: Chanaz, Drumettaz, Sonnaz, Motz, Lovettaz, Séez, La Motte-Servolex, Ontex, Verthemex, Avrieux, Champagneux, Chindrieux, Ruffieux.
• Haute-Savoie: La Clusaz, Viuz-en-Sallaz, Marcellaz, Aviernoz, Chevenoz, Les Carroz, Charvonnex, Chênex, Seythenex, Seytroux, Combloux.
• Rhône: Sermenaz, Jarnioux, Ouroux, Rillieux-la-Pape, Grézieu-la-Varenne, Vénissieux, Meyzieu.
• Loire: La Tour-en-Jarez, Razoux, Chénieux, Écullieux, Aveizieux.
• Isère: Vernioz, Proveysieux, Ornacieux, Brussieu, Courzieu, Monsteroux-Milieu.

Image File history File links Charvex-sign2. ... Image File history File links Charvex-sign2. ... Flag of Savoy This article is about the historical region of Savoy. ... Préfecture building of the Ain département, in Bourg-en-Bresse Ain is a département named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France bordering Switzerland. ... Doubs is a département in eastern France named after the Doubs River. ... Jura is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains (not be confused with the Swiss canton of Jura). ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Haute-Savoie is a French département, named after the Alps mountain range. ... Rhône is a French département located in the central Eastern région of Rhône-Alpes. ... This article is about the French department. ... Isère (Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department, in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the Isère River. ...

Switzerland

• Geneva: Athenaz, Bernex, Choulex, Onex, Laconnex, Saconnex, Troinex, Certoux.
• Fribourg: La Brillaz, La Sonnaz, Chesopelloz, Neyruz, Pont-en-Ogoz.
• Neuchâtel: Val-de-Ruz, Brot-Plamboz, Le Prevoux, Mutrux.
• Valais: Arbaz, Dorénaz, Nendaz, Vérossaz, Mazembroz, Vétroz, Nax, Bex, Mex, Vex, Massongex.
• Vaud: Saubraz, Cerniaz, Penthaz, Tolochenaz, Cheserex, Trelex, Paudex.

The Republic and Canton of Geneva is the westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France and centered around the city of Geneva. ... The Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. ... Neuchâtel is a canton of Switzerland. ... The Valais (German:  ) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country, in the Pennine Alps around the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva. ... The Canton of Vaud is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland located in the southwestern part of the country. ...

Italy

• Aosta Valley: Bionaz, Runaz, Lillaz, Cherolinaz, Dzovennoz, Echevennoz, Morgex, Planpincieux, Sauze d'Oulx.

The Aosta Valley (Italian: Valle dAosta, French: Vallée dAoste, Arpitan: Val dOuta) is a mountainous Region in north-western Italy. ...

Literature

A long tradition of Franco-Provençal literature exists although a prevailing form of written language did not materialize. An early 12th century fragment containing 105 verses from a poem about Alexander the Great may be the earliest known work. "Girart de Roussillon", an epic with 10,002 lines from the mid-12th century, has been asserted to be Franco-Provençal. It certainly contains prominent Franco-Provençal features, although the editor of an authoritative edition of this work claims that the language is a mixture of French and Occitan forms (Price, 1998). A significant document from the same period containing a list of vassals in the County of Forez also is not without literary value. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... For the film of the same name, see Alexander the Great (1956 film). ... Girart de Roussillon is an epic figure of in a cycle of Carolingian romances, collectively known as the Matter of France. ...

Among the first historical writings in the language are legal texts by civil law notaries that appeared in the 13th century as Latin was being abandoned for official administration. These include a translation of the Corpus Juris Civilis (known as the Justinian Code) in the vernacular spoken in Grenoble. Religious works also were translated and conceived in Franco-Provençal dialects at some monasteries in the region. "The Legend of Saint Bartholomew" is one such work that survives in Lyonnais patois from the 13th century. Marguerite d'Oingt (ca. 1240–1310), a Carthusian prioress, composed two long sacred texts in Lyonnais dialect that are especially noteworthy. An excerpt from "The Life of the Virgin Saint Beatrix of Ornacieux" in her own words follows: 16th century painting of a civil law notary, by Flemish painter Quentin Massys Civil law notaries are trained jurists who often receive the same training as advocating jurists — those with a legal education who become litigators such as barristers in England and Wales and Northern Ireland or avocats in France... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Justinian I depicted on a mosaic in the church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy The Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) is the modern name[1] for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor. ... The Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) is a fundamental work in jurisprudence issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor. ... For other uses, see Bartholomew (disambiguation). ... Events Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kyiv Births Pope Benedict XI Deaths April 11 - Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, also known as Llywelyn The Great Prince of Gwynedd Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276) Castile... [edit] Events May 11 - In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy Abulfeda becomes governor of Hama. ... Coat of arms of the Carthusian order Monasterio de la Cartuja, a former Carthusian monastery in Seville The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St. ... A priory is an ecclesistical circonscription run by a prior. ...

§ 112 : « Quant vit co li diz vicayros que ay o coventavet fayre, ce alyet cela part et en ot mout de dongiers et de travayl, ancis que cil qui gardont lo lua d'Emuet li volissant layssyer co que il demandavet et que li evesques de Valenci o volit commandar. Totes veys yses com Deus o aveyt ordonat oy se fit. »

Music score of the Cé qu'è l'ainô showing verses 1, 2, 4, & 68 in Franco-Provençal.

Religious conflicts in Geneva between Calvinist Reformers and staunch Catholics, supported by the Duchy of Savoy, brought forth many texts in Franco-Provençal during the early 17th century. One of the best known is "Cé qu'è lainô" ("The One Above"), which was composed by an unknown writer in 1603. The long narrative poem describes l'Escalade, a raid by the Savoyard army that generated patriotic sentiments. It became the unofficial national anthem of the Republic of Geneva. The first three verses follow (in Genevois dialect) with a translation: Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Calvinism is... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Year 1603 (MDCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... LEscalade, or Fête de lEscalade (from escalade, the act of scaling defensive walls) is an annual festival held in December in Geneva, Switzerland, celebrating the defeat of the surprise attack by troops sent by Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy during the night of 11–12 December... The Republic and Canton of Geneva is the westernmost canton or state of Switzerland, surrounded on almost all sides by France and centered around the city of Geneva. ...

Several writers created satirical, moralistic, poetic,comic, and theatrical texts during the era that followed, which indicates the vitality of the language at that time. These include: Bernardin Uchard (1575–1624), author and playwright from Bresse; Henri Perrin, comic playwright from Lyon; Jean Millet (1600?–1675), author of pastorals, poems, and comedies from Grenoble; Jacques Brossard de Montaney (1638–1702), composer of carols and comedies from Bresse; Jean Chapelon (1647–1694), a writer who produced of over 1,500 carols, songs, epistles, and essays from Saint-Étienne; and François Blanc dit la Goutte (1690–1742), writer of prose poems, including "Grenoblo maléirou" about the great flood of 1733 in Grenoble. Nineteenth century writers include Guillaume Roquille (1804–1860), working-class poet from Rive-de-Gier near Saint-Chamond, and Joseph Béard (1805–1872) of Rumilly. 1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene. ... Morality (from the Latin manner, character, proper behaviour) has three principal meanings. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... A comedy is a dramatic performance of a light and amusing character, usually with a happy conclusion to its plot. ... For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle &#8212... Year 1575 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... For other uses, see Author (disambiguation). ... A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or drama. ... Bresse is an area of France, in the eastern part of the country, and a former province. ... 1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1675 (MDCLXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Pastoral (disambiguation). ... Events March 29 - Swedish colonists establish first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden. ... Events March 8 - William III died; Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Look up Carol, carol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1647 (MDCXLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Events February 6 - The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed. ... Coat of arms Motto: Franco-Provençal: Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Rhône-Alpes Department Loire (42) Canton Chief town of 9 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération Saint-Étienne Métropole Mayor Michel Thiollière  (UMP) (since 2001) Statistics Altitude 422 m–1... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... // Events January 24 - Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ... Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech. ... 1804 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1860 is the leap year starting on Sunday. ... 1805 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne (1826–1910), abbot, is credited with reestablishing the cultural identity of the Aosta Valley with early scholarly studies as well as his poetry, which includes "L'infan prodeggo" (1855), "Marenda a Tsesalet" (1856), and "La bataille di vatse a Vertosan" (1858). (The Concours Cerlogne - an annual event named in his honor - has focused thousands of Italian students on preserving the region's language, literature, and heritage since 1963.) The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Abbot (disambiguation). ...

Amélie Gex (b. 1835, La Chapelle-Blanche, (Savoie)– d. 1883, Chambéry), the great Savoyard poet wrote in her native patois, as well as French. She was a passionate advocate for her language. Her literary efforts encompassed lyrical themes, work, love, tragic loss, nature, the passing of time, religion, and politics, and are considered by many to be the most significant contributions to the literature. Her works include: "Reclans de Savoie" ("Echos from Savoy", 1879), "Lo Cent Ditons de Pierre d’Emo" ("One Hundred Sayings by Pierre du Bon-Sens", 1879), "Fables" (1898), and "Contio de la Bova" ("Tales from the Cowshed", -date?-). Some of her writings, in French, are still in print.

| Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Savoie is a French département located in the Alps. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Chambéry is the capital of the department of Savoie, France. ...

At the end of the 19th century, regional dialects of Franco-Provençal were disappearing due to the expansion of the French language into all walks of life and the emigration of rural people to urban centers. Cultural and regional savant societies began to collect oral folk tales, proverbs, and legends from native speakers in an effort that continues to today. Numerous works have been published. An excerpt from "Le renâ à Dâvid Ronnet" ("David Ronnet's Fox") from “Le Patois Neuchâtelois” (Favre, 1894, p. 196) appears below (in Neuchâtelois dialect): Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up savant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. ... Look up proverb in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Legend (disambiguation). ...

¶ « Aë-vo jamai ohyi contâ l'istoire du renâ que Dâvid Ronnet a tioua dé s'n otau, à Bouidry ? Vo peuté la craëre, è l'é la pura veurtâ.

Dâvid Ronnet êtaë én' écofi, on pou couédet, qu'anmâve grô lé dzeneuillè; el é d-avaë mé d'èna dozân-na, avoué on poui que tsantâve dé viadze à la miné, mâ adé à la lévaye du solet. Quaë subiet de la métsance! mé z-ami ! E réveillive to l'otau, to lo vesenau; nion ne povaë restâ u llie quan le poui à Dâvid se boétàve à rélâ. Ç'tu poui étaë s'n orgoû.

Le gran mataë, devan de s'assetâ su sa sulta por tapa son coëur & teri le l'nieu, l'écofi lévâve la tsatire du dzeneuilli por bouèta feur sé dzeneuillé & lé vaër cor dè le néveau. E tsampâve à sé bêté dé gran-nè, de la queurtse, du pan goma dè du lassé, dé cartofiè coûtè, & s'amouésâve à lé vaër medzi, se roba lé pieu bé bocon, s'énoussa por pieu vite s'épyi le dzaifre. (...) »

¶ "Have you ever heard (anyone) tell the story of the fox that David Ronnet killed at his house in Boudry? You can believe it; it’s the absolute truth.

David Ronnet was a cobbler, a bit hardworking, who liked chickens a lot; he had more than a dozen, with a rooster that crowed sometimes to midnight, but always at sunrise. What a racket, my friends! It woke the whole house, the whole neighborhood; no one could stay in bed when David’s rooster began screeching. This rooster was his pride.

Early in the morning, before sitting at his stool to beat his leather & draw the wooden soles, the cobbler raised the door flap of the henhouse to put his chickens outside & to see them run on the porch. He threw his fowl some seeds, bran, bread soaked in milk, cooked potatoes, & enjoyed watching them eat, taking the biggest mouthfuls, enthusiastically (and) quickly fill their stomachs. (...)"

Prosper Convert (1852–1934), the bard of Bresse; Louis Mercier (1870–1951), folksinger and author of more than twelve volumes of prose from Coutouvre near Roanne; Just Songeon (1880–1940), author, poet, and activist from La Combe, Sillingy near Annecy; Eugénie Martinet (1896–1983), poet from Aosta; and Joseph Yerly (1896–1961) of Gruyères whose complete works were published in "Kan la têra tsantè" ("When the earth sang"), are well-known for their use of patois in the 20th century. 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. ... Roanne is a town and commune in southern France in the Loire département, about 90km north-west of Lyon. ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... City flag Coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Region Rhône-Alpes Department Haute-Savoie (préfecture) Arrondissement Annecy Canton Chief town of 3 cantons Intercommunality Communauté de lagglomération dAnnecy Mayor Jean-Luc Rigaut  (UDF) (since January 15, 2007) Statistics... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Aosta Cathedral. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gruyères is is the capital of the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Those with an interest in seeing a familiar work in this rare language, may want to seek out "Lo Petsou Prince", an authorized edition of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's classic work "Le Petit Prince" ("The Little Prince") by Raymond Vautherin (translator), (Gressan, Aosta: Wesak Editions, 2000), ISBN 88-87719-00-4. The opening lines of part 2 of the tale follow (in Valdôtain dialect): The Little Prince (French Le Petit Prince), published in 1943, is French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupérys most famous novel, which he wrote while staying at a hotel in New York. ... Antoine de Saint-Exupéry[1] (pronounced ) (June 29, 1900 – presumably July 31, 1944) was a French writer and aviator. ... The Little Prince (French Le Petit Prince), published in 1943, is French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupérys most famous novel, which he wrote while staying at a hotel in New York. ... The Little Prince (French: Le petit prince), published in 1943, is French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupérys most famous novel, which he wrote in the United States while renting The Bevin House in Asharoken, New York, on Long Island. ...

¶ « L’y est chouë s-an, dz’ëro restà arrëto pe lo déser ci Sahara. Quaque tsousa se s’ëre rontu dedin lo moteur de mon avion. Et di moman que dz’ayò avouë mè mecanichen, ni passadzë, dze m’apprestavo de tenté, solet, euna reparachon defecila. L’ëre pe mè euna questson de via o de mor. Dz’ayò dzeusto praou d’éve aprë p’euna vouètèina de dzor.

La premiëre nët dze me si donque indrumi dessu la sabla a pi de meulle vouet cent et cinquante dou kilométre d’un bocon de terra abitàye. Dz’ëro bien pi isolà d’un nofragà dessu euna plata-fourma i menten de l’ocean. Donque imaginade mina surprèisa, a la pouinte di dzò, quan euna drola de petsouda voéce m’at revèillà. I dijet:

-- Pe plèisi ... féi-mè lo dessin d’un maouton tseque ! »

¶ "So I lived by myself, until I had a mechanical failure in the Sahara. Something had broken in the engine of my airplane. And since I had neither a mechanic nor passengers with me, I prepared to try the difficult repair job alone. It was, for me, a matter of life or death. I had only enough drinking water for eight days.

The first night, then, I went to sleep on the sand a thousand miles from any inhabited land. I was more isolated than a person shipwrecked on a raft in the middle of the ocean. So you can imagine my surprise when, at dawn, a funny little voice awakened me. It said:

-- "Please ... draw me a sheep!"

The first comic book in Franco-Provençal (Savoyard dialect), "Le rebloshon que tyouè !" ("The cheese that killed!"), in the Fanfoué des Pnottas series, illustrated by Félix Meynet, with text by Pascal Roman, was published in 2000 by Editions des Pnottas, ISBN 2-940171-14-9. A popular work from The Adventures of Tintin originally written and illustrated by Hergé (Georges Remi), has been translated into the Bressan dialect of Franco-Provençal by Manuel and Josine Meune. Entitled "Lé Pèguelyon de la Castafiore" ("The Castafiore Emerald"), it was published in 2006 by Casterman Editions, ISBN 2-203009-30-6. Another work from the Tintin series, "L'Afére Pecârd" ("The Calculus Affair"), ISBN 2-203009-31-4 was released in translation in 2007. The Adventures of Tintin (French: ) is a series of Belgian comic books created by Belgian artist Hergé, the pen name of Georges Remi (1907–1983). ... Georges Prosper Remi (May 22, 1907 – March 3, 1983), better known by the pen name Hergé, was a Belgian comics writer and artist. ...

Sources

Savoyard is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) language. ...

See also

• Languages of Italy
• Languages of Switzerland
• Languages of France
• Language policy in France

Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Switzerland sits at the crossroads of several major European cultures, which have heavily influenced the countrys languages and cultural practices. ... There are a number of languages of France. ... This is an article about language policy in France. ...

External links

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Dictionaries

• Liga de la Savouè: Lexique Two dictionaries, French/Francoprovençal and Francoprovençal/French based on the standard ORA of Dominique Stich, in zip files containing MS Word docs.
• Gallica (BnF): Glossaire vaudois Vaudois dialect/French glossary by Pierre-Moïse Callet (1861); original book digitized, pp. 301 (complete).
• Le dictionnaire du patois forézien Forezian dialect/French, historical dictionary and grammar by Louis-Pierre Gras (1863), database.
• Parler Lyon Lyonnais dialect/French dictionary.
• Le nouveau Lexique Dauphinois Northern Dauphinois dialect/French dictionary.
• Particularités du langage de Mignovillard et des environs Jurassian dialect/French dictionary.
• Topio.ch: Un petit lexique Vaudois Vaudois dialect/French glossary.
• Patois Vivant Language and traditions of Forez. (FP) (FR)
• Burgundia Dictionnaires: Bressan Bressan Oïl & Bressan Franco-Provençal/French dictionaries, grammar, texts, expressions.
• Lexilogos Project Babel: Dictionnaire bressan francoprovençal French/Bressan dialect dictionary.
• Atelier-Musée du Chapeau: Notre “Patois”, 1,000 words and expressions from Chazelles-sur-Lyon (Loire). Select: Patrimoine > patois chazellois.
• Dictionnaire Freelang: Arpitan Savoyard-Français Savoyard dialect/French dictionary.
• Dialettando.com Italian to Italian dialects, including Franco-Provençal of Valle d’Aosta, dictionary and proverbs.
• Henry Suter: Termes régionaux de Suisse romande et de Savoie Suisse-Romande and Savoyard/French dictionary.
• Henry Suter: Noms de lieux de Suisse romande, Savoie et environs Etymology of place names. (FR)

Language, literature, & analysis

• Patwe.ch: Le Patois de Savièse Virtual classes for learning the dialect of Savièse, Valais (Switzerland). (FP) (FR)
• Liga de la Savouè: Apprendre le francoprovençal 15 lessons for learning the dialect of Savoy (France). (FP) (FR)
• University of New Hampshire (USA): Parlanne Faitare! Lessons and topics for learning the Faetar dialect, (Italy). (FP) (EN)
• Provencia di Torino: 1000 Proverbi in 4 versioni 1,000 proverbs in 4 languages. (FP) (FR) (IT)
• Région autonome Vallée d’Aoste: La littérature orale Proverbs, songs, and legends in Valdôtain dialect (Italy). (FR) (FP)
• Robert Ferraris: Toutes les littératures des pays de l’Ain Historical & contemporary authors of Ain (France); includes Franco-Provençal writers. (FR)
• Giuseppe Zoppelli: Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne CUNY, Brooklyn (USA). Article about Cerlogne with his poetry. (EN) (FP)
• René Merle: Études historiques-Études sociolinguistiques (domaine occitan et francoprovençal) Abstracts of published works by René Merle on Franco-Provençal topics. (FR)
• Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Romania Minor: Biblio francoprovençal Complutensian University of Madrid (Spain). 'Romania Minor' (European minor languages project), a comprehensive Franco-Provençal bibliography.
• Tintin parle gaga, survol de cinq siècles de littérature en parler forézien. Exposition catalogue in PDF, Musée des Amis du Vieux Saint-Étienne (France). (FR)

Institutional sites

• Université de Neuchâtel, Centre de dialectologie et d'étude du français régional University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland), Center for dialectology and regional languages. Information via keyword search on: "francoprovençal". (FR)
• Université Stendhal-Grenoble 3, Centre de Dialectologie de Grenoble (CDG) Stendhal University-Grenoble 3 (France), Dialectology Center of Grenoble. (FR)
• Centre d’Études francoprovençales “René Willien” (CEFP) Center for Franco-Provençal Studies, Saint-Nicolas, Aosta (Italy). (FR) (IT)
• Le BREL un éventail de ressources BREL: Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics (Italy). Article by the director. (FR)
• Fondation Emile Chanoux: Sondage linguistique Emile Chanoux Foundation, Aosta (Italy). Minority ethnolinguistics poll of the Aosta Valley. (FR) (IT)
• Université Laval: Val-d'Aoste Laval University, Québec (Canada). Expansive article about minority languages in the Aosta Valley, including links to full texts of language laws and statutes. (FR) (IT)
• Archives des parlers patois de la Suisse Romande et des régions voisines Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) sound archive of more than 1,500 radio broadcasts from 1952 to 1992 in Franco-Provençal. (FR) (FP)
• UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe, compiled by Tapani Salminen. Last update: 31 December 1995. (EN)
• Mercator-Media: Italy University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK). Publishing report, minority languages in Italy; Francoprovençal. (EN)
• Mercator-Legislation: Linguistic Rights and Legislation CIEMEN, Barcelona (Spain). Go to: General Information about Languages > (by language) Francoprovençal. (EN)

Ethnic & cultural sites

• Aliance Culturèla Arpitana, Fribourg (Switzerland) and Rochetaillée (France). (FR) (FP) (EN)
• Forum.Arpitania.eu Forum Arpitan message boards. Aliance culturèla arpitana, Fribourg (Switzerland) and Rochetaillée (France). (FR) (FP)
• Francoprovenzale.it EFFEPI: Association of the Franco-Provençal Minority in Piedmont, Ronco Canavese (Italy). (IT) (FR) (FP)
• Liga de la Savouè (La Ligue savoisienne) Savoy League, Annecy-le-Vieux, Haute-Savoie (France). Political outreach group. General information about history and culture of Savoy. (EN) (FP) (FR) (IT)
• Esprit Valdôtain : Notre pays Association for the promotion of Valdôtain identity, Aosta (Italy). (FR)
• Le Musée de la Maison de Barberine: Patois/Etymologie Musée Vallorcin, Vallorcine, Haute-Savoie (France). Articles in Savoyard (Chamoniard) dialect and on ethnographic topics. (FP) (FR)
• Lyoba.ch: Rencontre du patois Articles in Fribourgeois/Gruyèrienne dialect (Switzerland), general topics, and message board. (FP) (FR)
• Association "Les Amis du francoprovençal en Pays lyonnais" : Nontra lingua Publisher of Lo Creuseu, Yzeron, Rhône (France). Links to quarterly publications since April 2003 appear at bottom of page. (FR) (FP)
• Pro Loco Faeto Language and culture of Faeto (Italy). (FP) (IT)
• Celle di San Vito, Colonia Francoprovenzale Cultural Association, Franco-Provençal orthography guide, history, and broad range of local information, Celle di San Vito (Italy). (FP) (IT)