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This article (also known as Romania in the Dark Ages) treats the history of Romania and of the Romanian people, and refers to the time period roughly from the 5th century to the 10th century, that is between the Hunnic invasion, to the last phase of the Age of Migrations. Image File history File links Flag_of_Romania. ... This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... // The Province The Roman province of Dacia was limited to the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, the Banat and Oltenia, and temporally, Muntenia and southern Moldova. ... // Context The Dark Ages in Romania ended around the 11th century, following the period in which the Romanian lands had been part of the First Bulgarian Empire (802-1018) and the settling of the Magyar tribes into Europe (896) who led by Arpad, settled in Pannonia. ... It has been suggested that Byzantium after Byzantium be merged into this article or section. ... During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were in the situation of being second-class citizens (or even non-citizens) in their own country. ... The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. ... From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. ... Greater Romania (1920 - 1940) Greater Romania (România Mare) generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First and Second World Wars, the greatest territorial exent of a united country of ethnic Romanians, on historically Romanian lands. ... After a brief period of nominal neutrality, Romania joined the Axis Powers in June 1941, under the government of Ion Antonescu. ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... (Redirected from 1989 Romanian Revolution) People on the streets of Bucharest The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and protests in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu. ... 1989 marked the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. ... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 - 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... The Huns were a confederation of Eurasian tribes who appeared in Europe in the 4th century, the most famous person being Attila. ... The German term Völkerwanderung (lit. ...

History

The north of the Balkan Peninsula became a conduit for invading tribes who, targeting richer lands further west and south, plundered the land in their passing, and prevented the appearance of any organized polities of the natives. Urban centers were abandoned, highwaymen menaced travelers along the crumbling Roman roads, and rural life decayed. From this time, the area experienced a state of cultural regression with the population becoming strongly rural, concentrating on agriculture and animal husbandry. The circumstances created by the continuous invasions, caused an "ebb and tide" movement phenomenon of the natives^[1], as they found shelter in the high grounds and the thick forests covering (circa 80% of) the territory when attacked, and swell back after the danger past. Although this course was difficult, it had thus provided the opportunity to preserve the unity of the language, the ethnic identity and habits. The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ... A Roman road in Pompeii Road Construction on Trajans Column The Roman roads were essential for the growth of their empire, by enabling them to move armies. ... Rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. ... In a draw in a mountainous region, a shepherd guides a flock of about 20 sheep amidst scrub and olive trees. ... An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry (Smith 1986). ...

Europe in 450. Border lines are general approximations.

Part of the territory of what is today Romania was part of Attila's Empire of 450. After the disintegration of Attila's Empire, different parts of modern Romania were under successive control of the Gepids, Avars, Bulgars and Pechenegs. Most of these invaders did not permanently occupy the territory, as their organization was of typical nomadic ephemeral confederacies. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2275x1649, 111 KB) Summary Map of Europe in 450AD, based on free map of europe Image:BlankMap-Europe. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2275x1649, 111 KB) Summary Map of Europe in 450AD, based on free map of europe Image:BlankMap-Europe. ... For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ... The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ...

The Byzantine Empire held the territory of today's Dobrogea from time to time (such as during Justinian's reign in the 6th century, when it also held parts of the Banat) or again under the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty 9th-10th centuries), being part of the Byzantine Paristrion thema (province) between 971 and 1204, although it was a border that was hard to maintain due to the constant invasions from the north. Dobrogea is the Romanian name for Dobruja (Добруджа, Dobrudzha in Bulgarian), a territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, divided between Romania and Bulgaria. ... Justinian I depicted on one of the famous mosaics of the Basilica of San Vitale. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of TimiÅŸ, CaraÅŸ-Severin, Arad, and MehedinÅ£i), the western... Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α) (811 - 886, ruled 867 - 886) - married Michael IIIs widow; died in hunting accident Leo VI the Wise (Λέων ΣΤ ο Σοφός) (866 - 912, ruled 886 - 912) – likely either son of Basil I or Michael III; Alexander III (Αλέξανδρος Γ του Βυζαντίου) (870 - 913, ruled 912 - 913) – son of Basil I, regent for nephew... Events Births Deaths Culen of Scotland Categories: 971 ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ...

In the 6th century, the Romanized population (Vlachs) witnessed the invasion of the Avars. Under the dominion of the Avars, a steady inflow of Slavs had made its appearance. Small Slavic groups began settling in the fifth century, and by the seventh century the Slavs had overcome Byzantine resistance and settled most of the Balkans. Although some Byzantine control remained in cities along the southern coasts, all of the northern and central Balkans were virtually overrun. Nonetheless, in the isolated and ignored lands north of the Danube, the Slavs were gradually absorbed and Romanized, and the Latin character of the language was preserved. The influence of the Slavs was greater on the right bank of the Danube, where attracted by the rich urban areas to the south, overwhelmed the native population by weight of numbers in Dalmatia, Macedonia, Thrace, Moesia and Greece, and as the Slavs possessed a more stable culture than that of the nomadic equestrians, they retained their own language, and substantially slavicized the existing Byzantine social system, turning those provinces into so called “Sklavinias”. Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples in Europe. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... Map of Croatia with Dalmatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija Serbian: Далмација) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska) in the southeast. ... Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Moesia is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... A Horse people is a nomadic or semi-nomadic ethnicity, typically inhabiting the Eurasian steppes, with an emphasis on horse breeding and horse riding. ...

Steppe Warrior (Bulgar, Khazar or Avar) with prisoner. Detailed reconstruction by Norman Finkelshteyn based on an 8th century ewer found in Romania.

Main article: First Bulgarian Empire

In the seventh century, the northern littoral of the Black Sea was hit with a fresh wave of nomadic attacks: the immigration of the first Bulgars overlapped that of the Slavs. Of probably Turkic stock, the Bulgars had a strong political organization. In 630 a confederation of Bulgar tribes already was formed in today’s southeastern Romania and northeastern Bulgaria (corresponding to modern Dobrogea region); in the next years the Bulgars opposed Byzantine control, and in 681 Khan Asparukh had managed to make acknowledged the first Bulgar state. By the late 9th and the beginning of the 10th century, most of the former Dacia was absorbed into the First Bulgarian Empire, which now extended and engulfed (modern) northern Greece (Epirus and Thessaly) in the south, Albania and Bosnia in the west, and Romania and eastern Hungary to the north. Download high resolution version (718x902, 32 KB)Image of a Khazar warrior with prisoner, based on 8th century ewer found in Romania. ... Download high resolution version (718x902, 32 KB)Image of a Khazar warrior with prisoner, based on 8th century ewer found in Romania. ... For the people of Central Asia see Bulgars Bulgar language is an extinct language commonly considered Turkic but more recently Indo-Iranian Bulgar, or bulgarish is Yiddish word for Romanian dance bugarească (means Bulgarian cf. ... The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... The word Avars can mean: The nomadic people that conquered the Hungarian Steppe in the early Middle Ages, the Eurasian Avars. ... The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 AD in the lands near the Danube delta and disintegrated in 1018 AD by annexion to the Byzantine Empire. ... Map of the Black Sea. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... Dobrogea is the Romanian name for Dobruja (Добруджа, Dobrudzha in Bulgarian), a territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, divided between Romania and Bulgaria. ... Khan Asparukh or Khan Asparoukh or Khan Asparuh (Bulgarian: Аспарух) (d. ... The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 AD in the lands near the Danube delta and disintegrated in 1018 AD by annexion to the Byzantine Empire. ... Epirus (Greek Ήπειρος, Ípeiros; see also List of traditional Greek place names), is a province or periphery in northwestern Greece, bounded by West Macedonia and Thessaly to the east, by the province of Sterea Ellada (Central Greece) to the south, the Ionian Sea and the Ionian Islands to the west and... Map showing Thessaly periphery in Greece Thessaly (Θεσσαλια; modern Greek Thessalía; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/Босна) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

The impact of this period of migrations and attacks, and especially the sequential establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire, was particularly great, having created the historical circumstances which caused the detachment of parts of the Vlach population, from the main body of the Danubian Latinity, which once formed a continuum, consensually set north of the Jireček Line. This process, probably started as early as the Avar-Slavic invasions, had split the population into two sections: one found shelter northwards, while the other moved southwards to the valleys of the Pindus and of the Balkan Mountains: specifically the Aromanians, believed to have been separated sometimes in between the 7th and 9th century, and the Megleno-Romanians, believed to have split sometimes in the 10th century, when the Pecheneg invasions occurred. Although scattered throughout the Peninsula and reduced to more modest, rural lifestyles, these populations preserved their ethnic identity and habits and continued to speak the same language. Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... The Jireček Line The Jireček Line is an imaginary line that divided in the ancient Balkans, until the 4th century, the influences of the Latin (in North) and Greek (in South) languages. ... The Pindus (Greek: Πίνδος, Albanian: Pino) mountains are a range located in northern Greece, roughly 160 km (100 miles) long, with a maximum elevation of 2636 m (8650 ft), along the border of Thessaly and Epirus. ... Stara Planina, Rhodope, Rila and Pirin Mountains The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian: Stara Planina, Old Mountain) is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River. ... Aromanians (also called: Arumanians or Macedo-Romanians; in Aromanian they call themselves Arumâni, Armâni, Ramani, Rumâni or Aromâni) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania (Dobrogea). ... Megleno-Romanians (In Megleno-Romanian: VlaÅŸi, in Greek: Βλαχομογλενίτες; Vlachomoglenítes) is a disputed exonym for a people inhabiting six villages in the Moglená region spanning the Pella and Kilkis prefectures of Macedonia, Greece, as well as a single village across the border in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppe people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry (Smith 1986). ...

Meanwhile, the Bulgars converted to Christianity in 864, and in the 10th century, in an effort to break away from Byzantine influence, Boris I of Bulgaria replaced the Greek language with Church Slavonic in administration, literature and liturgy, and the Greek Alphabet with the Cyrillic alphabet. Slavonic literature became the third major literature in the Christian world, while Slavonic liturgy spread throughout most of Eastern Europe. By the 10th century, the Wallachs (exonym of the Romanians) both north and south of the Danube, after having long remained faithful to the Greek ritual, had adopted the Slavonic liturgy^[2]. The Slavonic rite would be maintained until the seventeenth century, when Romanian became the liturgical language. Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... What Up. ... Boris I Michail or Boris I Michael (Bulgarian Борис I Михаил, known also as Bogoris)(died May 2, 907) was the khan from 852 to 889 and first Christian ruler of Bulgaria. ... Greek (, IPA — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language within the Indo-European family. ... Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian, Old Macedonian, and Old Slavic) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki (Solun) by the 9th century Byzantine missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... Because of technical limitations, some web browsers may not display some special characters in this article. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages—Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian—and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... From the Greek word λειτουργία, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning a public work, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as... Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe variably defined. ... Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ...

The control would last between 802 and 1018, when after reaching its peak under Tsar Simeon I, the empire started to decline in the middle of the tenth century. In 1014 the Byzantines under Basil II inflicted a major military loss. By 1018 all of Bulgaria vanished. Events 31 October - Irene deposed as Emperoress of Byzantium and replaced by Nicephorus I. She is banished to Lesbos. ... // Team# 1018 Pike High School Robotics Team Team #1018 FIRST Logo Check Out Our FIRST WIKI Page Events Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire. ... Simeon the Great (modern painting) Tsar Simeon the Great (Bulgarian: Цар Симеон Велики, Tsar Simeon Veliki) (lived c. ... Painting of Basil II, from an 11th century manuscript. ...

In 1054, ongoing dissension between the Orthodox Church of Byzantium, led by the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Roman Catholic Church, led by the Pope, came to a head in mutual excommunications by the two leaders. The Great Schism marks one of the most significant breaks between Eastern and Western Christianity. The use of the Old Church Slavonic as the Liturgical language and the schism were to have consequences that marked the history of the Romanian people in the centuries to come. Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... The Eastern Orthodox Church is a religious organization which is the continuation of the original Christian body, founded by Jesus and his Twelve Apostles. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see Terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and maintained through... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The term Great Schism refers to either of two splits in the history of Christianity: Most commonly, it refers to the great East-West Schism, the event that separated Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Roman Catholicism in the eleventh century (1054). ... A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. ...

Main article: Romania in the Middle Ages

The Dark Ages would end around the 11th century, when the last phase of the age of migration took place, with the invasions of the Magyars and Petchenegs. Pushed by the more powerful Petchenegs, the Magyar tribes led by Árpád, migrated into Europe (896) and occupied Pannonia, which they used as expedition base into Western Europe. Stopped in their progress towards the west by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, the Magyars settled down and turned to the south-east and east. // Context The Dark Ages in Romania ended around the 11th century, following the period in which the Romanian lands had been part of the First Bulgarian Empire (802-1018) and the settling of the Magyar tribes into Europe (896) who led by Arpad, settled in Pannonia. ... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppe people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... Árpád (c. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... A common understanding of Western Europe in modern times. ... Emperor Otto I Otto I the Great (November 23, 912 - May 7, 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor. ... Combatants East Francia Magyars Commanders Otto the Great harka Bulcsú; chieftains Lél and Súr Strength 10,000 heavy cavalry 50,000 light cavalry Casualties about 3,500 about 30,000 fell in the battle about 5,000 killed by local farmers maybe 5,000 fleeing Magyars killed by...

The Romanians are the descendants of a Christian Romanized Daco-Thracian population (see Thraco-Roman). However, two theories exist regarding their geographic origin. The traditional one is that the Romanians lived in their current territory during all the Dark Age period. An alternative theory, proposed by Robert Rössler in the 19th century and mainly supported today by Hungarian historians, asserts that the Romanians migrated to present-day Romania from south of the Danube sometimes during the Middle Ages. Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ... Romanization was a gradual process of cultural assimilation, in which the conquered barbarians (non-Greco-Romans) gradually adopted and largely replaced their own native culture (which in many cases were quite developed, like the culture of the Gauls or Carthage) with the culture of their conquerors - the Romans. ... Alternate meanings: see Dacia (disambiguation) Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci or Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa (Tisza river, in Hungary), on the east by... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, Romania, northeastern Greece, European Turkey and northwestern asiatic Turkey, eastern Serbia and parts of Republic of Macedonia). ... The term Thraco-Roman refers to the culture and language of the Thracian peoples who were incorporated into the Roman Empire, and fell under the Roman sphere of influence. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

Further reading

Online:

• (Romanian) Eugen S. Teodor: “Cronologia atacurilor transdanubiene. Analiza componentelor etnice şi geografice” (The timeline of the raids across Danube; Ethnical and geographical facts)
• (English) A Byzantine campaign in the Balkans (594) - ”The History of Theophylact Simocatta”, translated by Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. This episode provides a vivid description of the general relations between the Byzantine Empire, the Romanized natives and the barbarians from the sixth century Dobrogea.
• (English) Stelian Brezeanu: Toponymy and ethnic Realities at the Lower Danube in the 10th Century. “The deserted Cities" in Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De administrando imperio

Dobrogea is the Romanian name for Dobruja (Добруджа, Dobrudzha in Bulgarian), a territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, divided between Romania and Bulgaria. ...

External links

• Original Text Documents and Monument Information on Romanian Medieval Ages at the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website. (Mostly in Romanian.)

See also

• Early Middle Ages
• Dark Ages
• Late Antiquity
• Early Medieval literature
• 1st millennium

Justinians wife Theodora and her retinue, in a 6th century mosaic from the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. ... Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European Dark Age. From Cycle of Famous Men and Women, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargillac, c. ... Late Antiquity is a rough periodization (c. ... See also: Ancient literature, 10th century in literature, list of years in literature. ... In the Gregorian calendar, the 1st millennium is the period of one thousand years that commenced with the year 1 Anno Domini. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Matyla Ghyka: A documented chronology of Roumanian history
2. ^ The second Charter of Basil II to Samuil of Bulgaria states: "We decree that the holiest Archbishop of Bulgaria shall possess not only the bishoprics mentioned by names but if there are some others situated in Bulgarian lands and forgotten to be mentioned, we decree that he shall possess and govern them as well. Whatever other towns missed to be mentioned in the charters of our Majesty, shall be possessed by the same holiest Archbishop and he shall collect canonicon from them all as well as from the Wallachians throughout Bulgaria and from the Turks around the Vardar in so far as they are within the Bulgarian boundaries."

Painting of Basil II, from an 11th century manuscript. ... It has been suggested that Samuils Inscription be merged into this article or section. ...

References

• Pop, Ioan Aurel, Istoria Transilvaniei medievale: de la etnogeneza românilor până la Mihai Viteazul ("History of medieval Transylvania, from the ethno-genesis of the Romanians until Mihai Viteazul"), Cluj-Napoca.
• Christ Atanasoff: “The Bulgarians”, Hicksville, New York, 1977.
• Hermann Kinder and Werner Hilgemann: “The Anchor Atlas of World History”, 1, Garden City, New York, 1974.