PCR hammer and sickle symbol

The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a Communist political party in Romania. Illegal for much of its early existence, it emerged as a successful force in Romanian politics after World War II. The PCR was the ruling party of Communist Romania, and disappeared after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Image File history File links Pcr_sigla. ... Image File history File links Pcr_sigla. ... For other uses, see Hammer and sickle (disambiguation). ... In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... Combatants Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total... States in which a single party is constitutionally linked to power are coloured in brown. ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... Combatants Communist Romania Ad hoc local Romanian militias Commanders Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Various independent militia leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ...

History

Socialist-Communists: creation

Criticism among socialist groups, as illustrated in a December 1922 caricature by Nicolae Tonitza. The mine owner to the miner: "A socialist, you say? My son is a socialist too, but without going on strike..., that is why he already has his own capital..."

The party was founded in 1921 when the Bolshevik-inspired maximalist faction won control of Romania's Social-Democratic party - the Socialist Party of Romania, successor to the defunct Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and the short-lived Romanian Social Democratic Party (the latter was refounded in 1927, reuniting those opposed to communist policies).^[1] The establishment was linked with the socialist group's affiliation to the Comintern (just before the latter's Third Congress): after a delegation was sent to Bolshevist Russia, a group of moderates (including Ioan Flueraş, Iosif Jumanca, Leon Ghelerter, and Constantin Popovici) was expelled in May 1921.^[2] Image File history File links TonitzaSiFiulMeu. ... Image File history File links TonitzaSiFiulMeu. ... Nicolae Tonitza (13 April 1886 - 27 February 1940) was a Romanian painter, ethcher and graphician. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... In Marxist theory, a maximum programme consists of a series of demands which will achieve socialism. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... The Comintern (Russian: Коммунистический Интернационал, Kommunisticheskiy Internatsional – Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in March 1919, in the midst of the war communism period (1918-1921), by Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), which intended to fight by all available means, including... Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian government between the Bolsheviks October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922). ... Ioan FlueraÅŸ or FluieraÅŸ (November 2, 1882—1952) was a Romanian social democratic politician and a victim of the communist regime. ...

The party renamed itself the Socialist-Communist Party (Partidul Socialist-Comunist) and, soon after, the Communist Party of Romania (Partidul Comunist din România or PCdR). Competition with other socialist groups brought a drastic reduction in its membership — from the ca. 40,000 members the Socialist Party had, the new group was left with as much as 2,000^[3] or as little as 500;^[4] at the end of World War II, it had only around 1,000 members.^[5] Combatants Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total...

The early Communist Party had little influence in Romania due to the country's lack of industrial development, which resulted in a relatively small working class and a large peasant population, the minor impact of Marxism among Romanian intellectuals, the success of state repression in driving the party underground and limiting its activities, and the party's "anti-national" policy as it began to be stated in the 1920s - supervised by the Comintern, and calling for the breakup of Greater Romania, which was regarded as a colonial entity "illegally occupying" Transylvania, Dobruja, Bessarabia and Bukovina (regions that had been denied the right of self-determination).^[6] In 1924, the Comintern provoked Romanian authorities by encouraging the Tatarbunary Uprising in southern Bessarabia, in an attempt to create a Moldavian republic on Romanian territory;^[7] also in that year, a Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, roughly corresponding to Transnistria, was established inside the Soviet Union. Look up Industry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ... Anthem: Trăiască Regele Capital Bucharest Language(s) Romanian Government Constitutional monarchy Head of State  - 1918 - 1927 Ferdinand I of Romania  - 1927 - 1930 - 1930 - 1940 - 1940 - 1947 Michael I of Romania Carol II of Romania Michael I of Romania Legislature Adunarea DeputaÅ£ilor and Senatul Historical era Interbellum Years  - Kingdom... Pith helmet of the Second French Empire. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Map of Romania with Northern Dobruja highlighted in orange and Bulgaria with Southern Dobruja highlighted in yellow. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish, Бесарабія in Ukrainian) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Self-determination is a principle in international law that a people ought to be able to determine their own governmental forms and structure free from outside influence. ... The Tatarbunary Uprising (Romanian: Răscoala de la Tatarbunar) was a Bolshevik-inspired peasants revolt that took place in September 15-18, 1924, in and around the town of Tatarbunary (Tatar-Bunar or Tatarbunar) in Budjak (Bessarabia), then part of Romania, and now part of Odessa Oblast, Ukraine. ... Moldovenism is the official political ideology in Republic of Moldova claiming a distinct identity for the Moldovans from the Romanians. ... Moldavian ASSR (Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Republic; Romanian: Republica Autonomă Socialistă Sovietică Moldovenească) was an autonomous region of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing Transnistria (now in Moldova) and parts which are now in Ukraine. ... For the region during the Second World War, see Transnistria (Soviet region). ...

At the same time, the left-wing political spectrum was dominated by Poporanism, an original ideology which partly reflected Narodnik influence, placed its focus on the peasantry (as it notably did with the early advocacy of cooperative farming by Ion Mihalache's Peasants' Party), and usually strongly supported the post-1919 territorial status quo - although they tended to oppose the centralized system it had come to imply. (In turn, the early conflict between the PCdR and other minor socialist groups has been attributed to the legacy of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea's quasi-Poporanist ideas inside the latter, as an intellectual basis for the rejection of Leninism.)^[8] In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Narodism. ... Cooperative farming is a system, in which farmers pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas, such as purchase of supplies (seeds, fertilizers, etc. ... Ion Mihalache (3 March 1882, Topoloveni - probably 1953) was a Romanian politician and the founder and leader of the Peasants Party. ... The Peasants Party (Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PŢ) was a political party in post-World War I Romania that espoused a left-wing ideology partly connected with Agrarianism and Populism, and aimed to represent the interests of the Romanian peasantry. ... A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject. ... Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea (born Solomon Katz; 1855, near Dnipropetrovsk, then in Imperial Russia—1920, Bucharest) was a Jewish Romanian Marxist theorist, politician, sociologist, literary critic, and journalist, the father of Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin, and by other theorists who claim to be carrying on Lenins work. ...

The PCdR's "foreign" image was due to the fact that ethnic Romanians were a minority in its ranks until after the end of World War II:^[9] between 1924 and 1944, none of its general secretaries was of Romanian ethnicity. Interwar Romania had a minority population of 30%, and it was largely from this section that the party drew its membership - a large percentage of it was comprised of Jews, Hungarians and Bulgarians.^[10] Actual or perceived ethnic discrimination against these minorities added to the appeal of revolutionary ideas in their midst.^[11] The Romanians (români in present-day Romanian and rumâni in historical contexts) are an ethnic group; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania. ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ... Europe between 1929 and 1938 The Interwar period (also interbellum) is understood within Western culture to be the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, specifically 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939. ... It has been suggested that Proletarian revolution be merged into this article or section. ...

PCdR: Comintern and internal wing

Shortly after its creation, the PCdR's leadership was alleged by authorities to have been involved in Max Goldstein's bomb attack on the Parliament of Romania; all major party figures, including the general secretary Gheorghe Cristescu, were prosecuted in the Dealul Spirii Trial.^[12] Constantin Argetoianu, the Minister of the Interior in the Alexandru Averescu, Take Ionescu, and Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinets, equated Comintern membership with conspiracy, ordered the first in a series of repressions, and, in the context of trial, allowed for several communist activists (including Leonte Filipescu) to be shot while in custody — alleging that they had attempted to flee.^[13] Consequently, he stated his belief that "communism is over in Romania",^[14] which allowed for a momentary relaxing of pressures — begun by King Ferdinand's granting of an amnesty to the tried PCdR.^[15] Max Goldstein Max Goldstein (died 1924) was a Romanian communist. ... The parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers: The Chamber of Deputies of Romania The Senate of Romania Categories: | ... Gheorghe Cristescu, nicknamed Plăpumarul - The Blanket Maker, (October 10, 1882, Copaci, Giurgiu county-November 29, 1973) was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. ... Categories: Romania-related stubs | Romanian Prime Ministers ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Alexandru Averescu on horseback Alexander Avescu Alexandru Averescu (14 November 1859, born in Babele, near Ismail, now in Ukraine - 1938) was a Romanian army general and commander of the Romanian Army during World War I, often being credited with Romanias victory in this war. ... Take Ionescu Take Ionescu (13 October 1858 – 2 June 1922) was a Romanian diplomat and politician. ... Ion I.C. Brătianu Ion I. C. Brătianu (20 August 1864–24 November 1927) was the Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, including during World War I, when Romania achieved unification with Transylvania and Bessarabia. ... In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The PCdR was thus unable to send representatives to the Comintern, and was virtually replaced abroad by a delegation of various activists who had fled to the Soviet Union at various intervals (Romanian groups in Moscow and Kharkiv, the sources of a "Muscovite wing" in the following decades).^[16] The interior party only survived as an underground group after it was outlawed by the Brătianu government through the Mârzescu Law (named after its proponent, Minister of Justice Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu), passed in April 1924; Comintern sources indicate that, around 1928, it was losing contact with Soviet overseers.^[17] In 1925, the question of Romania's borders as posed by the Comintern led to protests by Cristescu and, eventually, to his exclusion from the party.^[18] Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2007)    - Density 10,469,000   8537. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted. ...

Around the time of the party's Fifth Congress in 1931, the Muscovite wing became the PCdR's main political factor: Joseph Stalin replaced the entire party leadership, including the general secretary Vitali Holostenco — appointing instead Alexander Stefanski, who was at the time a member of the Communist Party of Poland.^[19] The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Vitali (Vitaliy) Holostenco or Holostenko (Виталий Холостенко; aprox. ... This article is about the 1918-1938 Communist Party of Poland. ...

Through regained Comintern control, the interior wing began organizing itself as a more efficient conspirative network.^[20] The onset of the Great Depression in Romania, and the series of strikes infiltrated (and sometimes provoked) by the interior wing signified relative successes, but gains were not capitalized — as lack of appeal and suspicion of Stalinist directives remained notable factors.^[21] In parallel, its leadership suffered changes that were meant to place it under an ethnic Romanian and working class leadership — the emergence of a Stalin-backed group around Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej before and after the large-scale Griviţa Strike.^[22] TheGreat Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... Joseph Stalin. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... The GriviÅ£a Strike of 1933 was a railway strike which started at the GriviÅ£a Workshops, Bucharest, Romania, on February 16, 1933 by workers of Căile Ferate Române (Romanian Railways). ...

In 1934, Stalin's Popular Front doctrine was not fully passed into the local party's politics, mainly due to the Soviet territorial policies (culminating in the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) and the widespread suspicion other left-wing forces maintained toward the Comintern.^[23] The Communists did, nevertheless, attempt to reach consensus with other groupings on several occasions (in 1934-1943, they established alliances with the Ploughmen's Front, the Hungarian People's Union, and the Socialist Peasants' Party), and small Communist groups became active in the leftist sections of mainstream parties.^[24] In 1934, Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi and other PCdR supporters created Amicii URSS, a pro-Soviet group reaching out to intellectuals, itself banned later in the same year.^[25] Popular Fronts comprise broad coalitions of political and other groups, often made up of oppositioners or left wingers, and often united against particularly stringent circumstances. ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ... Amicii URSS (Romanian for [The] Friends of the Soviet Union) was a cultural association in interwar Romania, reuniting left-wing and anti-fascist intellectuals who advocated a détente between their country and Joseph Stalins Soviet Union (at a time when Greater Romania, which included Bessarabia and all of... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ...

During the 1937 elections, Communists backed Iuliu Maniu and the National Peasants' Party against King Carol II and the Gheorghe Tătărescu government (who had intensified repression of Communist groups),^[26] finding themselves placed in an unusual position after the Iron Guard, a fascist movement, signed an electoral pact with Maniu;^[27] participation in the move was explained by Communist historiography as provoked by the Social-Democrats' refusal to collaborate with the PCdR.^[28] The Romanian general election of 1937 was a general election held on December 20, and 22, 1937, in Romania. ... Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician. ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ... Carol II of Romania, (15 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940. ... Gheorghe Tătărescu (1886, Targu-Jiu - 28 March 1957, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician that was two times Prime Minister of Romania. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology and mass movement that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and historical terms, above all other loyalties, and to create a mobilized national community. ... Historiography is the study of the practice of history. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ...

PCdR: late 1930s decline

In the years following the elections, the PCdR entered a phase of rapid decline, coinciding with the increasingly authoritarian tone of King Carol's regime (but in fact inaugurated by the 1936 trial of Ana Pauker and other high-ranking Communists in Craiova).^[29] Journals viewed as associates of the party were closed down, and all suspected PCdR activists faced detention (see Doftana Prison).^[30] Siguranţa Statului, the Romanian secret police, infiltrated the small interior wing and probably obtained valuable information about its activities.^[31] The financial resources of the party, ensured by Soviet support and by various satellite organizations (collecting funds in the name of causes such as pacifism or support for the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War), were severely drained — by political difficulties at home, as well as, after 1939, by the severing of connections with Moscow in France and Czechoslovakia.^[32] Bold text:This article applies to political ideologies. ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the countrys foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... County Dolj County Status County capital Mayor Antonie Solomon, Democratic Party, since 2004 Area 81,41 km² Population (2002) 302,601 Density  inh/km² Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Doftana is a Romanian prison that was used in the 1930s to detain political prisoners. ... // Secret police (sometimes political police) are a police organization which operates in secrecy for the national purpose of maintaining national security against internal threats to the state. ... Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes. ... Anthem: El Himno de Riego The situation near the beginning of the Spanish Civil War Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic President of the Government  - April 14, 1931-October 14, 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - May 17 1937-January 30 1939 Juan Negrín Legislature Congress of... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union International Brigades Spanish Nationalists With the support of: Fascist Italy Nazi Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola Casualties 500,000 – 1,000,000 The Spanish Civil War, which...

Consequently, the Executive Committee of the Comintern called on Romanian Communists to infiltrate the National Renaissance Front (FRN), the newly-created sole legal party of Carol's dictatorship, and attempt to attract members of its structures to the revolutionary cause.^[33]

Until 1944, the group active inside Romania became split between the "prison faction" (detainees who looked to Gheorghiu-Dej as their leader) and the one around Ştefan Foriş and Remus Koffler.^[34] The exterior faction of the party was decimated during the Great Purge: an entire generation of party activists was killed on Stalin's orders, including, among others, Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea, David Fabian, Ecaterina Arbore, Imre Aladar, Elena Filipescu, Dumitru Grofu, Ion Dic Dicescu, Eugen Rozvan, Marcel Pauker, Alexander Stefanski, Timotei Marin, and Elek Köblös.^[35] It was to be Ana Pauker's mission to take over and reshape the surviving structure.^[36] Åžtefan ForiÅŸ (born István Fóris, also known as Marius; Hungarian: Fóris István; May 9, 1892-summer of 1946) was a Romanian communist activist and journalist who served as general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR) between 1940 and 1944. ... The Great Purge (Russian: , transliterated Bolshaya chistka) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. ... Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea or Alexandru Gherea (rendered in Russian as Александр Доброджану-Геря or Доброжану-Гере - Aleksandr Dobrodzhanu-Gerya /Dobrozhanu-Gere; July 7, 1879, PloieÅŸti-1938, in the Soviet Union) was a Romanian communist militant and son of socialist, sociologist and literary critic Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. ... Ecaterina Arbore, Arbore-Ralli or Ralli-Arbore (rendered into Russian as Екатерина Арборе or Арборэ - Yekaterina Arborye or Arbore, with Ralli as Ралли; 1873 or 1875-1937), daughter Zamfir Arbore (a socialist militant in Imperial Russia), was a Romanian/Moldovan-Soviet communist activist and official. ... Eugen Rozvan (Hungarian: JenÅ‘ Rozvány;[1] Russian: Евгений Георгиевич Розван, Evgeny Georgiyevich Rozvan; December 28, 1878-May 1938) was a Hungarian-born Romanian communist activist, lawyer, and Marxist historian, who settled in the Soviet Union late in his life. ... Marcel Pauker (rendered in Russian as Марцел Паукер - Martsel Pauker; December 6, 1896, Bucharest—August 16, 1938, Butovo - near Moscow) was a Romanian communist militant and husband of Ana Pauker. ... Elek Köblös, (also known under his pseudonyms: Balthazar, Bădulescu, Dănilă; 1877, Dumbrăvioara, MureÅŸ-1937, probably in Moscow) was a Hungarian-Romanian communist militant and leader. ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the countrys foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ...

PCdR: World War II

Main article: Romania during World War II

In 1940, Romania had to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria (see Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Treaty of Craiova); in contrast with the general mood, the PCdR welcomed both gestures along the lines of its earlier activism.^[37] Official history, after ca. 1950, stated that the PCdR protested Northern Transylvania's cession to Hungary later in the same year (the Second Vienna Arbitration), but evidence is inconclusive^[38] (party documents attesting the policy are dated after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union).^[39] As the border changes sparked a political crisis leading to an Iron Guard takeover — the National Legionary State — the interior wing's confusion intensified: the upper echelon faced investigation from Georgi Dimitrov (as well as other Comintern officials) on charges of "Trotskyism",^[40] and, since the FRN had crumbled, several low-ranking party officials actually began collaborating with the new regime.^[41] At around the same period, a small section of the exterior wing remained active in France, where it eventually joined the Resistance to German occupation — it included Haia Lifschitz, Gheorghe Gaston Marin, and the Francs-tireurs' Olga Bancic.^[42] In June of 1941, after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. ... Bukovina (Ukrainian: , Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... Southern Dobruja (Южна Добруджа (Yuzhna Dobrudzha) in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising the administrative districts named for its two principal cities of Dobrich and Silistra. ... On June 28, 1940 Bessarabia and northern Bukovina were occupied by the Soviet Union. ... The Treaty of Craiova was signed on September 7, 1940 between Romania and Bulgaria. ... Read carefully- a chauvinist bias included! Romania with Northern Transylvania highlighted in yellow Northern Transylvania is a part of Transylvania which, after separation from Hungary in 1920 by the Trianon (Versailles) Treaty, was awarded by Germany and Italy to Hungary in line with the Vienna Awards of 1940. ... The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Nazi Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Ion Antonescu C.G.E. Mannerheim Benito Mussolini Miklós Horthy Jozef Tiso Joseph Stalin Strength ~3. ... The National Legionary State (Romanian: Statul NaÅ£ional Legionar) was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940—January 23, 1941. ... Georgi Dimitrov Georgi Mikhailov Dimitrov (Георги Михайлов Димитров, also known as Георгий Михайлович Димитров- Georgiy Mikhailovich Dimitrov) (June 18, 1882, Kovachevtsi, Pernik Province - July 2, 1949, Moscow) was a Bulgarian Communist leader. ... Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. ... The French Resistance is the name used for resistance movements during World War II which fought the German occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy regime, and was a vital and some say decisive factor in the defeat of Hitler and the Nazi revolution. ... The German occupation of France in World War II occurred during the period between May of 1940 to December of 1944. ... Gheorghe Gaston Marin (born Grossmann on April 14, 1918, Padureni, Romania) was a Romanian politician who had many roles under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... The phrase Francs-tireurs was used to describe irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and from that usage is is sometimes used to refer more generally to guerrilla fighters who fight outside the laws of war[1]. The term... Olga Bancic (born Golda Bancic; also known under her French pseudonym Pierrette; May 10, 1912-May 10, 1944) was a Romanian communist activist, known for her role in the French Resistance. ...

As Romania came under the rule of Ion Antonescu and, as an Axis country, joined in the German offensive against the Soviets, the Communist Party began approaching traditional parties that were engaged in semi-clandestine opposition to Antonescu: alongside the Social Democrats, it began talks with the National Peasants' and the National Liberal parties. At the time, virtually all the interior leadership was imprisoned at various locations (most of them interned near Târgu Jiu).^[43] In June 1943, after troops were suffering major defeats on the Eastern Front, the PCdR proposed that all parties form a Blocul Naţional Democrat ("National Democratic Bloc"), in order to arrange for Romania to withdraw from its alliance with Nazi Germany.^[44] The ensuing talks were prolonged by various factors, most notably by the opposition of the National Peasants' Party leader Iuliu Maniu, who, alarmed by Soviet successes, was trying to reach a satisfactory compromise with the Western Allies (and, together with the National Liberals' leader Dinu Brătianu, continued to back negotiations initiated by Antonescu and Barbu Ştirbey with the United States and the United Kingdom).^[45] Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... Internment camp for Japanese in Canada during World War II Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. ... Târgu Jiu (also spelt Tîrgu Jiu) is a town in the Gorj county, Oltenia, Romania. ... Combatants Soviet Union1 Poland Germany1 Italy (to 1943) Romania Finland (to 1944) Hungary Commanders Aleksei Antonov Ivan Konev Rodion Malinovsky Kirill Meretskov Ivan Petrov Alexander Rodimtsev Konstantin Rokossovsky Pavel Rotmistrov Semyon Timoshenko Fyodor Tolbukhin Aleksandr Vasilevsky Nikolai Vatutin Kliment Voroshilov Andrei Yeremenko Matvei Zakharov Georgy Zhukov Fedor von Bock Ernst... Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician. ... The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples, within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The term is generally understood to refer to the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations (from 1939), exiled forces from Occupied Europe (from 1940), the United States, (from 1941), Italy... Dinu Bratianu Dinu Brătianu (January 13, 1866 Florica, Romania—1952?) , born Constantin Brătianu, was a Romanian politician, who lead the National Liberal Party starting with 1933. ... Prince Barbu Stirbey (1873-1946) was briefly Prime Minister of Romania in 1927. ...

In early 1944, as the Red Army reached and crossed the Prut River (see Battle of Târgul Frumos), the self-confidence and status gained by the PCdR made possible the creation of the Bloc, which was designed as the basis of a future anti-Axis government.^[46] Parallel contacts were established, through Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu and Emil Bodnăraş, between the PCdR, the Soviets, and King Michael.^[47] A seminal event also occurred during those months: Ştefan Foriş, who was still general secretary, was deposed by with Soviet approval by a the rival "prison faction" (at the time, it was headed by former inmates of the prison in Caransebeş); replaced with the troika formed by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Constantin Pîrvulescu, and Iosif Rangheţ, Foriş was discreetly assassinated in 1946.^[48] Several assessments view Foriş' dismissal as the complete rupture in historical continuity between the PCdR established in 1921 and what became the ruling party of Communist Romania.^[49] The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... Length 953  km Elevation of the source -  m Average discharge -  m³/s Area watershed 27,500  km² Origin  Ukraine Mouth  Danube Basin countries Ukraine, Romania, Moldova The Prut, or Pruth river (Ukrainian: Прут) is 953 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube... The Battle of Târgul Frumos (May 2-4, 1944) was fought at IaÅŸi, Romania between Nazi Germany and its Romanian allies on one side and the Soviet Red Army. ... LucreÅ£iu Pătrăşcanu, (November 4, 1900, Bacău–April 17, 1954) was a leading member of the Communist Party of Romania, a lawyer, sociologist and economist. ... The King of Romania was the title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947 when Romania was proclaimed a republic. ... King Michael and Queen Anne King Michael (Romanian Mihai) of Romania (born October 25, 1921) was the son of King Carol II and reigned from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940 until December 30, 1947. ... Åžtefan ForiÅŸ (born István Fóris, also known as Marius; Hungarian: Fóris István; May 9, 1892-summer of 1946) was a Romanian communist activist and journalist who served as general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR) between 1940 and 1944. ... CaransebeÅŸ (-Romanian, German: Karansebesch; Hungarian: Karánsebes) is a town in CaraÅŸ-Severin county in southwestern Romania. ... Troika (Russian: тройка, meaning threesome) is a committee consisting of three members. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Constantin Pîrvulescu (November 1895, Vâlcea County – 1992) was a Romanian communist politician, one of the founders of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and, eventually, an active opponent of Communist Romanias leader Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ...

People in Bucharest greet Romania's new ally, the Red Army, on August 31, 1944

On August 23, 1944, King Michael, a number of Romanian Army officers, and armed Communist-led civilians supported by the National Democratic Bloc arrested dictator Ion Antonescu into a safe and seized control of the government.^[50] King Michael then proclaimed the old 1923 Constitution in force, ordered the Romanian Army to enter a ceasefire with the Red Army on the Moldavian front, and withdrew Romania from the Axis.^[51] Later party discourse tended to dismiss the importance of both the Soviet offensive and the dialogue with other forces (and eventually described the coup as a revolt with large popular support).^[52] Image File history File links Liberationofbucharest. ... Image File history File links Liberationofbucharest. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... The Workers and Peasants Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that in 1922 became the army of the Soviet Union. ... August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Romanian Army has completely overhauled its equipment and today it is one of the most modernized armies in its region. ... Office Prime Minister, Conducător of Romania Term of office from September 4, 1940 until August 23, 1944 Profession Soldier, politician Political party none, formally allied with the Iron Guard Spouse Rasela Mendel Date of birth June 15, 1882 Place of birth PiteÅŸti, Romania Date of death June 1... A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...

The King named General Constantin Sănătescu as Prime Minister of a coalition government which was dominated by the National Peasants' Party and National Liberal Party, but included Pătrăşcanu as Minister of Justice - the first Communist to hold high office in Romania. The Red Army entered Bucharest on August 31, and thereafter played a crucial role in supporting the Communist Party's rise to power as the Soviet military command virtually ruled the city and the country (see Soviet occupation of Romania).^[53] Constantin Sănătescu (1885 - November 8, 1947) was a Romanian statesman that was the first Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ... A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a cabinet in parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... In 1944 Romania was occupied by Soviet troops, who would not withdraw until 1958. ...

PCdR: in opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu

After having been underground for two decades, the Communists enjoyed little popular support at first, compared to the other opposition parties (however, the decrease in popularity of the National Liberals was reflected in the forming of a splinter-group around Gheorghe Tătărescu, the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu, who later entered an alliance with the Communist Party). Soon after August 23, the Communists also engaged in an increasingly violent campaign against Romania's main political group of the times, the National Peasants' Party, and its leaders Iuliu Maniu and Ion Mihalache. The conflict's first stage was centered on Communist allegations that Maniu had encouraged violence against the Hungarian community in newly-recovered Northern Transylvania^[54] — at a time when the region's status was being assessed by the Paris Peace Conference. Gheorghe Tătărescu (1886, Targu-Jiu - 28 March 1957, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician that was two times Prime Minister of Romania. ... Iuliu Maniu (January 8, 1873—February 5, 1953) was a Romanian politician. ... Ion Mihalache (3 March 1882, Topoloveni - probably 1953) was a Romanian politician and the founder and leader of the Peasants Party. ... The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,431,807 people and making up 6. ... Read carefully- a chauvinist bias included! Romania with Northern Transylvania highlighted in yellow Northern Transylvania is a part of Transylvania which, after separation from Hungary in 1920 by the Trianon (Versailles) Treaty, was awarded by Germany and Italy to Hungary in line with the Vienna Awards of 1940. ... The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris peace treaties signed on February 10, 1947. ...

The Communist Party, engaged in a massive recruitment campaign,^[55] was able to attract ethnic Romanians in large numbers — workers and intellectuals alike, as well as former members of the fascist Iron Guard.^[56] By 1947, it grew to around 710,000 members.^[57] Although the PCR was still highly disorganized and factionalized,^[58] it benefited from Soviet backing (including that of Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov and other Soviet appointees to the Allied Commission).^[59] After 1944, it was leading a paramilitary wing, the Patriotic Defense (Apărarea Patriotică, disbanded in 1948),^[60] and a cultural society, the Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union.^[61] Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology and mass movement that seeks to place the nation, defined in exclusive biological, cultural, and historical terms, above all other loyalties, and to create a mobilized national community. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ...

On PCdR initiative, the National Democratic Bloc was dissolved on October 8, 1944; instead, the Communists, Social Democrats, the Ploughmen's Front, Mihai Ralea's Socialist Peasants' Party (which was absorbed by the former in November),^[62] the Hungarian People's Union (MADOSZ), and Mitiţă Constantinescu's Union of Patriots formed Frontul Naţional Democrat (the "National Democratic Front", FND) which, campaigned against the government, demanding the appointment of more Communist officials and sympathizers, while claiming democratic legitimacy and alleging that Sănătescu had dictatorial ambitions.^[63] The FND was soon joined by the Liberal group around Tătărescu, Nicolae L. Lupu's Democratic Peasants' Party (the latter claimed the legacy from the defunct Peasants' Party), and Anton Alexandrescu's faction (separated from the National Peasants' Party).^[64] The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ... Mitiţă Constantinescu (October 20, 1890—1946) was a Romanian economist and liberal politician. ... Democracy (literally rule by the people, from the Greek demos, people, and kratos, rule[1]) is a form of government. ... The Peasants Party (Romanian: Partidul Ţărănesc, PÅ¢) was a political party in post-World War I Romania that espoused a left-wing ideology partly connected with Agrarianism and Populism, and aimed to represent the interests of the Romanian peasantry. ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ...

Sănătescu resigned in November, but was persuaded by King Michael to form a second government which collapsed within weeks. General Nicolae Rădescu was asked to form a government and appointed Teohari Georgescu to the Ministry of the Interior, which allowed for the introduction of Communists into the security forces.^[65] The Communist Party subsequently launched a campaign against the Rădescu government, culminating in a February 13, 1945 demonstration outside the Royal Palace, and followed a week later by street fighting between Georgescu's Communist forces and supporters of the National Peasants' Party in Bucharest.^[66] In a period of escalating chaos, Rădescu called for elections. The Soviet deputy foreign minister Andrey Vyshinsky went to Bucharest to demand to the monarch that he appoint Communist sympathizer Petru Groza as Prime Minister, offering that Romania would be given sovereignty over Transylvania if he agreed, and intimating a Soviet takeover of the country if he did not.^[67] King Michael, under pressure from Soviet troops who were disarming the Romanian military and occupying key installations,^[68] agreed and dismissed Rădescu, who fled the country.^[69] King Michael I of the Romanians (born October 25, 1921), Prince of Hohenzollern[1][2][3], reigned as King of the Romanians (in Romanian Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor or Majestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor) from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from... Nicolae Rădescu (1874 - 1953) was a Romanian army officer and political figure. ... Teohari Georgescu[1] (January 31, 1908 — December 31, 1976) was a high-ranking member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... The National Museum of Art of Romania, located in the former royal palace in the center of Bucharest, Romania, features notable collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, as well as the international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family. ... Andrey Vyshinsky Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinskiy (Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский) (December 10, 1883 [O.S. November 28]–November 22, 1954), also spelt Vishinsky, Vyshinski, was a Russian and Soviet jurist and later diplomat. ... Petru Groza, (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958), nicknamed The Red Bourgeois by his political adversaries, was a leading political figure in interwar Romania who eventually became Premier of the states coalition government from 1945 to 1952. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...

PCR: First Groza cabinet

On March 6, Groza became leader of a Communist-dominated government and named Communists to lead the Romanian Army as well as the ministries of the Interior (Georgescu), Justice (Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu), Communications (Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej), Propaganda (Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi) and Finance (Vasile Luca).^[70] The non-Communist ministers came from the Social Democrats (who were falling under the control of the pro-Communists Lothar Rădăceanu and Ştefan Voitec) and the traditional Ploughmen's Front ally, as well as, nominally, from the National Peasants' and National Liberal parties (followers of the Tătărescu and Alexandrescu's dissident wings).^[71] The Romanian Army has completely overhauled its equipment and today it is one of the most modernized armies in its region. ... LucreÅ£iu Pătrăşcanu, (November 4, 1900, Bacău–April 17, 1954) was a leading member of the Communist Party of Romania, a lawyer, sociologist and economist. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One U.S. propaganda poster, which warns against civilians sharing information on troop movements (National Archives) The much-imitated 1914 Lord Kitchener Wants You! poster Brochure of the Peoples Temple, portraying cult leader Jim Jones as the loving father of the... Vasile Luca (born Luka László) was a Szekler leading member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... Lothar or Lotar Rădăceanu (born Lothar Würzer or Würzel; 1895—1955) was a Romanian journalist and linguist, best known as a socialist and communist politician. ... Åžtefan Voitec (1900—December 5, 1984) was a Romanian socialist and communist journalist, politician, and statesman of Communist Romania. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ...

As a result of the Potsdam Conference, where Western Allied governments refused to recognize Groza's administration, King Michael called on Groza to resign. When he refused, the monarch went to his summer home in Sinaia and refused to sign any government decrees or bills (a period colloquially known as greva regală - "the royal strike").^[72] Following Anglo-American mediation, Groza agreed to include politicians from outside his electoral alliance, appointing two secondary figures in their parties (the National Liberal Mihail Romaniceanu and the National Peasants' Emil Haţieganu) as Ministers without Portfolio (January 1946).^[73] At the time, Groza's party and the PCR came to publicly disagree on several agrarian issues, before the Ploughmen's Front was eventually pressured into supporting Communist tenets.^[74] Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples, within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The term is generally understood to refer to the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations (from 1939), exiled forces from Occupied Europe (from 1940), the United States, (from 1941), Italy... County Prahova County Status Town Mayor Vlad Gheorghe Oprea, National Liberal Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 14,636 Geographical coordinates Web site http://www. ... Emil HaÅ£ieganu (December 9, 1878—May 13, 1959) was a Romanian politician and jurist, a prominent member of the Romanian National Party (PNR) and of its successor, the National Peasants Party (PNÅ¢); he was physician Iuliu HaÅ£ieganus brother. ... A Minister without Portfolio is a government minister with no specific responsibilities. ...

In the meantime, the first measure taken by the cabinet was a new land reform that advertised, among others, an interest into peasant issues and a respect for property (in front of common fears that a Leninist program was about to be adopted).^[75] Although contrasted by the Communist press with its previous equivalent, the measure was in fact much less relevant — land awarded to individual farmers in 1923 was more than three times the 1945 figures, and all effects were canceled by the 1948-1962 collectivization.^[76] Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) is an often-controversial type of government-initiated or government-backed real estate property redistribution, generally of agricultural land. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin, and by other theorists who claim to be carrying on Lenins work. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ...

It was also then that, through Pătrăşcanu and Alexandru Drăghici, the Communists consecrated their control of the legal system — the process included the creation of the Romanian People's Tribunals, charged with investigating war crimes, and constantly supported by agitprop in the Communist press.^[77] During the period, government-backed Communists used various means to exercising influence over the vast majority of the press, and began infiltrating or competing with independent cultural forums.^[78] Economic dominance, partly responding to Soviet requirements, was first effected through the SovRoms (created in the summer of 1945), directing the bulk of Romanian trade towards the Soviet Union.^[79] The two Romanian Peoples Tribunals, the Bucharest Peoples Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania Peoples Tribunal (which sat in Cluj) were set up by postwar Romanian Government, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to try suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with... In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. ... Agitprop poster by Vladimir Mayakovsky. ... The SovRoms (plural of SovRom) were economical enterprises established in Romania following the Communist takeover at the end of World War II, in place until 1954-1956 (when they were dissolved by the Romanian authorities). ...

PCR: 1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet

Main article: Romanian general election, 1946

The Communist Party held its first open conference (October 1945, at the Mihai Viteazul High School in Bucharest) and agreed to replace the Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej-Constantin Pîrvulescu-Iosif Rangheţ troika with a joint leadership reflecting an uneasy balance between the external and internal wings: while Gheorghiu-Dej retained his general secretary position, Ana Pauker, Teohari Georgescu and Vasile Luca became the other main leaders.^[80] The post-1945 constant growth in membership, by far the highest of all Eastern Bloc countries,^[81] was to provide a base of support for Gheorghiu-Dej. The conference also saw the first mention of the PCdR as the "Romanian Communist Party" (PCR), the new name being used as a propaganda tool suggesting a closer connection with the national interest.^[82] Results for the BPD and UPM per county, according to the Romanian Communist Party report cited by Petre Å¢urlea. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Constantin Pîrvulescu (November 1895, Vâlcea County – 1992) was a Romanian communist politician, one of the founders of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), and, eventually, an active opponent of Communist Romanias leader Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Troika (Russian: тройка, meaning threesome) is a committee consisting of three members. ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the countrys foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... Teohari Georgescu[1] (January 31, 1908 — December 31, 1976) was a high-ranking member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... Vasile Luca (born Luka László) was a Szekler leading member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One U.S. propaganda poster, which warns against civilians sharing information on troop movements (National Archives) The much-imitated 1914 Lord Kitchener Wants You! poster Brochure of the Peoples Temple, portraying cult leader Jim Jones as the loving father of the... The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison détat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. ...

Party control over the security forces was successfully used on November 8, 1945, when the Bucharest populace gathered in front of the Royal Palace to express solidarity with King Michael, who was still refusing to sign his name to new legislation, on the occasion of his name day.^[83] Demonstrators were faced with gunshots; around 10 people were killed, and many wounded.^[84] The official account, according to which the Groza government responded to a coup attempt,^[85] was dismissed in many recent researches.^[86] November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... The National Museum of Art of Romania, located in the former royal palace in the center of Bucharest, Romania, features notable collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, as well as the international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family. ...

The PCR and its allies won the Romanian elections of November 19, although there is evidence of widespread electoral fraud.^[87] The following months were dedicated to confronting the National Peasants' Party, which was annihilated after the Tămădău Affair and show trial of its entire leadership.^[88] On December 30, 1947, the Communist Party's power was consolidated when King Michael was forced to abdicate and a "People's Republic", firmly aligned with the Soviet Union, was proclaimed.^[89] Results for the BPD and UPM per county, according to the Romanian Communist Party report cited by Petre Å¢urlea. ... Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. ... The National Peasants Party (PNT, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc) was a political party in Romania, formed in 1926 by the fusion of the National Romanian Party from Transylvania and the Peasants Party. ... The Tămădău Affair (Romanian: Afacerea Tămădău, ÃŽnscenarea de la Tămădău - the Tămădău frameup - or Fuga de la Tămădău - the Tămădău flight) was an incident that took place in Romania in the summer... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up peoples republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

PMR: creation

In February 1948, the Communists ended a long process of infiltrating the Romanian Social Democratic Party (ensuring control through electoral alliances and the two-party Frontul Unic Muncitoresc — Singular Workers' Front, the PCR had profited from the departure of Constantin Titel Petrescu's group from the Social Democrats in March 1946). The Social Democrats fused with he PCR to form the Romanian Workers' Party (Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR) which remained the ruling party's official name until 1965 (when it returned to the designation as Romanian Communist Party).^[90] Nevertheless, Social Democrats were excluded from most party posts and were forced to support Communist policies on the basis of democratic centralism.^[91] Capitalizing on these gains, the Communist government banned almost all other political parties after winning purely formal elections in 1948 (the Ploughmen's Front and the Hungarian People's Union dissolved themselves in 1953).^[92] The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ... Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties, and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist policy inside a political party. ... The Ploughmens Front (Romanian: Frontul Plugarilor) was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. ...

A new series of economic changes followed: the National Bank of Romania was passed into full public ownership (December 1946),^[93] and, in order to combat the Romanian leu's devaluation, a surprise monetary reform was imposed as a stabilization measure in August 1947 (with disastrous consequences on the livelihoods of middle class citizens);^[94] the Marshall Plan was being overtly condemned,^[95] while nationalization and a planned economy were enforced beginning June 11, 1948.^[96] The first five-year plan, conceived by Miron Constantinescu's Soviet-Romanian committee, was adopted in 1950.^[97] Of newly-enforced measures, the arguably most far-reaching was collectivization — by 1962, when the process was considered complete, 96% of the total arable land had been enclosed in collective farming, while around 80,000 peasants faced trial for resisting and 17,000 others were uprooted or deported for being chiaburi (the Romanian equivalent of kulaks).^[98] Categories: Romania-related stubs | Romanian economy | Central banks ... This article is about state ownership. ... For the Moldovan currency, see Moldovan leu. ... Devaluation is a reduction in the value of a currency with respect to other monetary units. ... Monetary Reform is accounting reform that reaches more deeply into banking central bank, money supply and monetary policy. ... A stabilisation policy is a package or set of measures introduced to stabilise a financial system or economy that is in difficult circumstances. ... The middle class (or middle classes) comprises a social group once defined by exception as an intermediate social class between the nobility and the peasantry. ... Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... This box:      A planned economy is an economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. ... Miron Constantinescu (December 13, 1917-1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist. ... Collective farming is an organizational unit in agriculture in which peasants are not paid wages, but rather receive a share of the farms net output. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Collective farming regards a system of agricultural organization whereas farm laborers are not compensated via wages. ... This picture depicts women in England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay. ... The collectivisation campaign in the USSR, 1930s. ...

PMR: internal purges

During the period, the central scene of the PMR was occupied by the conflict between the "Muscovite wing", the "prison wing" led by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and the newly-emerged and weaker "Secretariat wing" led by Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu. After October 1945, the two former groups had associated in neutralizing Pătrăşcanu's — exposed as "bourgeois" and progressively marginalized, it was ultimately decapitated in 1948.^[99] Beginning that year, the PMR leadership officially questioned its own political support, and began a massive campaign to remove "foreign and hostile elements"^[100] from its rapidly expanded structures.^[101] Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... LucreÅ£iu Pătrăşcanu, (November 4, 1900, Bacău–April 17, 1954) was a leading member of the Communist Party of Romania, a lawyer, sociologist and economist. ... Bourgeois at the end of the thirteenth century. ...

In 1952, with Stalin's renewed approval,^[102] Gheorghiu-Dej emerged victorious from the confrontation with Ana Pauker, his chief "Muscovite" rival, as well as purging Vasile Luca, Teohari Georgescu, and their supporters from the party — alleging that their various political attitudes were proof of "right-wing deviationism".^[103] 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the countrys foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... Vasile Luca (born Luka László) was a Szekler leading member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... Teohari Georgescu[1] (January 31, 1908 — December 31, 1976) was a high-ranking member of the Romanian Communist Party. ... The Right Opposition was the name given to the tendency made up of Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov and their supporters within the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. ...

Out of a membership of approximately one million, between 300,000^[104] and 465,000^[105] members, almost half of the party, was removed in the successive purges.

The move against Pauker's group echoed Stalinist purges of Jews in particular from other Communist Parties in the Eastern bloc — notably, the anti-"Cosmopolite" campaign in which Joseph Stalin targeted Jews in the Soviet Union, and the Prague Trials in Czechoslovakia which removed Jews from leading positions in that country's Communist government.^[106] At the same time, a new republican constitution, replacing its 1948 precedent, legislated Stalinist tenets,^[107] and proclaimed that "the people's democratic state is consistently carrying out the policy of enclosing and eliminating capitalist elements".^[108] Gheorghiu-Dej, who remained an orthodox Stalinist,^[109] took the position of Premier while moving Petru Groza to the Presidency of the People's Republic. Executive and PMR leaderships remained in Gheorghiu-Dej's charge until his death in 1965 (with the exception of 1954-1955, when his office of PMR leader was taken over by Gheorghe Apostol).^[110] Joseph Stalin. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian language: безродный космополит, bezrodny kosmopolit) was a Soviet euphemism during Joseph Stalins anti-Semitic campaign of 1948–1953, which culminated in the exposure of the alleged Doctors plot. The term and the persecutions by the authorities unmistakably targeted the Jews. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The Prague Trials were a series of Stalinist and largely anti-Semitic show trials in Czechoslovakia. ... The Romanian Constitution is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the countrys citizens, and its mode of passing laws. ... This box:      Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are mostly privately [1] owned and operated for profit and in which distribution, production and pricing of goods and services are determined in a largely free market. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ... Petru Groza, (December 7, 1884 - January 7, 1958), nicknamed The Red Bourgeois by his political adversaries, was a leading political figure in interwar Romania who eventually became Premier of the states coalition government from 1945 to 1952. ... This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Gheorghe Apostol (May 16, 1913, near GalaÅ£i) is a Romanian Communist Party politician, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ...

From the moment it came to power and until Stalin's death, as the Cold War erupted, the PMR endorsed Soviet requirements for the Eastern Bloc. Aligning the country with the Cominform, it officially condemned Josip Broz Tito's independent actions in Yugoslavia; Tito was routinely attacked by the official press, and the Romanian-Yugoslav Danube border became the scene of massive agitprop displays (see Tito-Stalin split and Informbiro).^[111] For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... The Cominform (from Communist Information Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers Parties. It was the first official forum of the international communist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern, and confirmed the new realities after World... Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, May 7, 1892 (May 25th according to official birth certificate) – May 4, 1980) was the leader of the Second Yugoslavia, which lasted from 1943 until 1991. ... Titoism is a term describing political ideology named after Yugoslav leader, Josip Broz Tito, primarily used to describe the schism between the Soviet Union and Socialist Yugoslavia after the Second World War (see Cominform) when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia refused to take further dictates from Moscow. ... Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian Government Socialist republic President  - 1945 - 1953 Ivan Ribar  - 1991 Stjepan Mesić Prime Minister  - 1945 - 1963 Josip Broz Tito  - 1989 - 1991 Ante Marković Historical era Cold War  - Proclamation November 29, 1943  - UN membership October 24, 1945  - Constitution February 21, 1974  - dissolution June 25... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... Agitprop poster by Vladimir Mayakovsky. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Informbiro. ... It has been suggested that Tito-Stalin Split be merged into this article or section. ...

PMR: Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization

Uncomfortable and possibly threatened by the reformist measures adopted by Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, Gheorghiu-Dej began to steer Romania towards a more "independent" path while remaining within the Soviet orbit during the late 1950s . Following the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in which Khurshchev initiated De-Stalinization, Gheorghiu-Dej issued propaganda accusing Pauker, Luca and Georgescu of having been an arch-Stalinists responsible for the party's excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s (notably, in regard to collectivization) — despite the fact that they had occasionally opposed a number of radical measures advocated by the General Secretary.^[112] After that purge, Gheorghiu-Dej had begun promoting PMR activists who were perceived as more loyal to his own political views; they notably included Nicolae Ceauşescu,^[113] Gheorghe Stoica, Ghizela Vass,^[114] Grigore Preoteasa,^[115] Alexandru Bârlădeanu,^[116] Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Gheorghe Gaston Marin, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, and Gheorghe Rădulescu;^[117] in parallel, citing Khrushchevite precedents, the PMR briefly reorganized its leadership on a plural basis (1954-1955),^[118] while Gheorghiu-Dej reshaped party doctrine to include ambiguous messages about Stalin's legacy (insisting on the defunct Soviet's leader contribution to Marxist thought, official documents also deplored his personality cult and encouraged Stalinists to self-criticism).^[119] Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: , in English, , or , occasionally ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17 [O.S. April 5] 1894–September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14—February 26, 1956. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when the Bolsheviks became the Russian... // See also: Nikita Khrushchev After Stalin had died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Georgi Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. ... An Australian anti-conscription propaganda poster from World War One U.S. propaganda poster, which warns against civilians sharing information on troop movements (National Archives) The much-imitated 1914 Lord Kitchener Wants You! poster Brochure of the Peoples Temple, portraying cult leader Jim Jones as the loving father of the... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA , in English, normally (and erroneously) ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... Grigore Preoteasa (August 25, 1915—November 4, 1957) was a Romanian communist activist, journalist, and politician, who served as Communist Romanias Minister of Foreign Affairs between October 4, 1955 and the time of his death. ... Ion Gheorghe Maurer (September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. ... Gheorghe Gaston Marin (born Grossmann on April 14, 1918, Padureni, Romania) was a Romanian politician who had many roles under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... Adolf Hitler built a strong cult of personality, based on the Führerprinzip. ... Self-criticism (or auto-critique) refer to criticizing ones own beliefs, thoughts, actions, behaviour or results; it could occur in private or in public. ...

In this context, the PMR soon dismissed all the relevant consequences of the Twentieth Soviet Congress, and Gheorghiu-Dej even argued that De-Stalinization had been imposed by his team right after 1952.^[120] At a party meeting in March 1956, two members of the Politburo who were supporters of Khruschevite reforms, Miron Constantinescu and Iosif Chişinevschi, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership and identified him with Romanian Stalinism.^[121] They were purged in 1957, themselves accused of being Stalinists and of having been plotting with Pauker.^[122] On the outside too, the PMR, leading a country that had joined the Warsaw Pact, remained an agent of political repression: it fully supported Khurshchev's invasion of Hungary in response to the Revolution of 1956, after which Imre Nagy and other dissident Hungarian leaders were imprisoned on Romanian soil.^[123] While refusing to allow dissemination of Soviet literature exposing Stalinism (writers such as Ilya Ehrenburg and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn), Romanian leaders took active part in the campaign against Boris Pasternak.^[124] Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ... Miron Constantinescu (December 13, 1917-1974) was a Romanian communist politician, a leading member of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR, known as PMR for a period of his lifetime), as well as a Marxist sociologist, historian, academic, and journalist. ... Unofficial Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the Peoples Republic of Poland. ... Combatants Soviet Union; ÁVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution... Imre Nagy. ... Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (Russian: IPA: ), January 27 [O.S. January 15] 1891 (Kiev, Ukraine) – August 31, 1967 (Moscow, Soviet Union) was a Soviet-Jewish Russian writer and journalist whose 1954 novel gave name to the Khrushchev Thaw. ... Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (Russian: , IPA:  ; born December 11, 1918) is a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. ... Boris Pasternak (1890-1960). ...

Despite Stalin's death, the massive police apparatus headed by the Securitate (created in 1949 and rapidly growing in numbers)^[125] maintained a steady pace in its suppression of "class enemies", until as late as 1962-1964 — in 1964, the party leadership approved a mass amnesty, extended to, among other prisoners, ca. 5,700 guilty of political crimes.^[126] This marked a toning down in the violence and scale of repression, after almost twenty years during which the Party had acted against political opposition and active anti-communist resistance, as well as against religious institutions (most notably, the Romanian Roman-Catholic and Greek-Catholic Churches).^[127] Estimates for the total number of victims in the 1947/1948-1964 period vary significantly: as low as 160,000^[128] or 282,000^[129] political prisoners, and as high 600,000^[130] (a great number were killed or died in custody - according to an estimate, about 190,000 people).^[131] Notorious penal facilities of the time included the Danube-Black Sea Canal, Sighet, Gherla, Aiud, Piteşti, and Râmnicu Sărat; another method of punishment was deportation to the inhospitable Bărăgan Plain.^[132] The Securitate (Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului, State Security Department), was the secret police force of Communist Romania. ... The term enemy of the people (Russian language: враг народа, vrag naroda) was a fluid designation under the Bolsheviks rule in regards to their real or suspected political or class opponents, sometimes including former allies. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In the standard sense of the phrase, a political crime is an action deemed illegal by a government in order to control real or imagined threats to its survival, at the expense of a range of human rights and freedoms. ... Map of Romania with main armed resistance areas marked as red points The armed resistance against the communist regime in Romania lasted between 1948 and the early 1960s. ... Romania is a secular state, thus having no national religion. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Roman Catholicism in Romania. ... The Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic (in Romanian: Biserica Română Unită cu Roma, Greco-Catolică) is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major Archiepiscopal Church, which uses the Byzantine liturgical rite in the Romanian language. ... The Danube-Black Sea Canal is a canal in Romania which runs from Cernavodă on the Danube to Agigea (southern arm) and Năvodari (northern arm) on the Black Sea. ... The Sighet prison, located in the town of Sighetu MarmaÅ£iei, MaramureÅŸ county, Romania, was used by the communist regime to hold political prisoners. ... Aiud (-Romanian; Hungarian: Nagyenyed; German: Straßburg am Mieresch) is a large town located in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania. ... The PiteÅŸti prison (Romanian: ÃŽnchisoarea PiteÅŸti) was a penal facility in PiteÅŸti, Romania, best remembered for the brainwashing experiment carried out by Communist authorities in 1949-1952 (also known as Experimentul PiteÅŸti - the PiteÅŸti Experiment or Fenomenul PiteÅŸti - the PiteÅŸti Phenomenon). The latter... Râmnicu Sărat is a town in the Buzău county, Romania The town rises from a marshy plain, east of the Carpathians, and west of the cornlands of southern Moldavia. ... The Bărăgan deportations were a large-scale action of penal transportation, undertaken during the 1950s by the Romanian Communist regime. ...

PMR: Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path"

Nationalism penetrated official discourse, largely owing to Gheorghiu-Dej's call for economic independence and distancing from the Comecon.^[133] Moves to withdraw the country from Soviet overseeing were taken in quick succession after 1953. Khrushchev allowed Constantinescu to dissolve the SovRoms in 1954,^[134] followed by the closing of Romanian-Soviet cultural ventures such as Editura Cartea Rusă at the end of the decade.^[135] Industrialization along the PMR's own directives highlighted Romanian independence — one of its consequences was the massive steel-producing industrial complex in Galaţi, which, being dependent on imports of iron from overseas, was for long a major strain on Romanian economy.^[136] Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 – 1991, was an economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent to—but more inclusive than—the European Economic Community. ... The SovRoms (plural of SovRom) were economical enterprises established in Romania following the Communist takeover at the end of World War II, in place until 1954-1956 (when they were dissolved by the Romanian authorities). ... The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is an alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. ... County GalaÅ£i County Status County capital Mayor Dumitru Nicolae, Social Democratic Party, since 2000 Area 241. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ...

In 1957, with the support of the Communist Party of China, Gheorghiu-Dej persuaded the Soviets to withdraw their remaining troops from Romanian soil.^[137] As early as 1956, Romania's political apparatus reconciled with Josip Broz Tito, which led to a series of common economic projects (culminating in the Đerdap venture).^[138] Following the Sino-Soviet split of the late 1950s and the Soviet-Albanian split in 1961, Romania maintained relations with both the People's Republic of China^[139] and Communist Albania.^[140] Romanian media was alone among Warsaw Pact countries to report Chinese criticism of the Soviet leadership from its source;^[141] in return, Maoist officials complimented Romanian nationalism by supporting the view that Bessarabia had been a traditional victim of Russian imperialism.^[142] The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngguó GòngchÇŽndÇŽng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... In 1944 Romania was occupied by Soviet troops, who would not withdraw until 1958. ... Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, May 7, 1892 (May 25th according to official birth certificate) – May 4, 1980) was the leader of the Second Yugoslavia, which lasted from 1943 until 1991. ... Castle Golubac Tabula Traiana in Djerdap National Park The Đerdap National Park (Национални парк Ђердап) stretches along the right bank of the Danube River from the castle of Golubac (Golubački Grad) to the dam near Sip, Serbia and Montenegro. ... The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... Russo-Albanian Relations refers to the foreign relations between Albania and Russia. ... From 1945 until 1992 Albania had a Communist government. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish, Бесарабія in Ukrainian) is a historical term for the geographic entity in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the East and the Prut River on the West. ... // Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...

The change in policies was to become obvious in 1964, when the Communist regime offered a stiff response to the Valev Plan, a Soviet project of creating trans-national economic units and of assigning Romanian areas the task of supplying agricultural products^[143] (the PMR stated: "There does not and cannot exist a «parent» party and a «son» party or «superior» party and «subordinate» parties").^[144] Several other measures of that year also presented themselves as radical changes in tone: after Gheorghiu-Dej endorsed Andrei Oţetea's publishing of Karl Marx's Russophobic texts (uncovered by the Polish historian Stanisław Schwann),^[145] the PMR itself took a stand against Khrushchevite principles by stating, in late April, its commitment to a "national path" towards Communism.^[146] Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818, Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883, London) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. ... Russophobia is a dislike or fear of Russia, Russians or Russian culture, also described by the term Anti-Russian sentiments. ...

These actions gave Romania greater freedom in pursuing the program which Gheorghiu-Dej had been committed to since 1954, one allowing Romania to defy reforms in the Eastern Bloc and to maintain a largely Stalinist course.^[147] It has also been argued that Romania's emancipation was, in effect, limited to economic measures and military cooperation, being as such dependent on a relatively tolerant mood inside the Soviet Union.^[148] Nevertheless, the PMR's nationalism made it increasingly popular with Romanian intellectuals, and the last stage of the Gheorghiu-Dej regime was popularly identified with liberalization.^[149] A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas. ... In general, liberalization refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. ...

PCR: Ceauşescu era

Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965 and was succeeded by a collective leadership made up of Nicolae Ceauşescu as general secretary, Chivu Stoica as President and Ion Gheorghe Maurer as Premier. Ceauşescu removed rivals such as Alexandru Drăghici from the government, and ultimately the party and began accumulating posts for himself. By 1969 he was in complete control of the Central Committee. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA , in English, normally (and erroneously) ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... Chivu Stoica (1908 - 1975) was a Romanian Communist political figure. ... Ion Gheorghe Maurer (September 23, 1902 - February 8, 2000) was a Romanian politician and lawyer. ... For the Stargate SG-1 episode, see 1969 (Stargate SG-1). ... Central Committee most commonly refers to the central executive unit of a communist party, whether ruling or non-ruling. ...

In 1965, Ceauşescu declared that Romania was no longer a People's Democracy but a Socialist Republic and changed the name of the party to the Romanian Communist Party - steps which were meant to indicate that Romania was following strict Marxist policies while remaining independent. He continued Romanianization and de-Russification efforts by altering national propaganda so that the Soviet Union was no longer referred to as having "liberated Romania from fascism". Socialist state is the term used in official documents of some countries to describe their political system. ...

He developed a cult of personality around himself after visiting North Korea and noting the parallel developed by Kim Il-sung, and also launched his own version of China's Cultural Revolution. Ceauşescu's government opposed the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and even sought an alliance with the maverick Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito. Beginning in 1971, he intensified political repression in the country, until both he and the party were overthrown in the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Ceauşescu was executed, and the PCR was disbanded. Billboard of Joseph Stalin. ... Kim Il-sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il. ... The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Proletarian Cultural Great Revolution; often abbreviated to 文化大革命 wénhuà dà gémìng, literally Great Cultural Revolution, or even simpler, to 文革 wéngé, Cultural Revolution) in the Peoples Republic of China was a struggle for power within the... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday. ... People in a café watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar, Russian: пражская весна) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968 when Alexander Dubček came to power, and running until August 20 of that year when the... Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian Government Socialist republic President  - 1945 - 1953 Ivan Ribar  - 1991 Stjepan Mesić Prime Minister  - 1945 - 1963 Josip Broz Tito  - 1989 - 1991 Ante Marković Historical era Cold War  - Proclamation November 29, 1943  - UN membership October 24, 1945  - Constitution February 21, 1974  - dissolution June 25... Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, May 7, 1892 (May 25th according to official birth certificate) – May 4, 1980) was the leader of the Second Yugoslavia, which lasted from 1943 until 1991. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... Combatants Communist Romania Ad hoc local Romanian militias Commanders Nicolae CeauÅŸescu Various independent militia leaders Casualties 1,104 deaths The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Membership

The party grew rapidly after World War II, and had more than one million members by 1948. This changed the ethnic composition of the party and, along with officially sanctioned anti-Semitism by Joseph Stalin and pre-existing chauvinism in the country, led to minorities and particularly Jews being sidelined - especially after 1952, when Ana Pauker was purged along with almost half of the party who were either seen as her supporters or former social democrats. Many of the party's ethnic minority members (particularly Hungarians and Jews who were predominant in the "Muscovite faction") were removed during the purge. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Chauvinism is extreme and unreasoning partisanship on behalf of a group to which one belongs, especially when the partisanship includes malice and hatred towards a rival group. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. ...

In 1950 the party claimed that 64% of its leadership positions were held by members of the working class. A 1962 relaxation of the conditions required for admission to the party led to a 22% rise in membership, to 1,100,000. 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

When the Romanian Workers' Party became the Romanian Communist Party in 1965, it was reported that the party had 1,450,000 members or 8% of the population, with 44% of the members being workers, 34% peasants, 10% intellectuals and 12% in other categories. By 1988 the percentage of workers had grown to 55%, while the percentage of peasants had fallen to 15%. By 1971, the party had 2.1 million members, and this grew to 3 million by the party's 12th Party Congress in 1979. In 1988 an estimate of 3.7 million members was given, meaning 23% of Romanian adults were party members. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday. ... For the song by The Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ...

In 1984 the party composition was announced as being 90% ethnic Romanian, 7% Hungarian, less than 1% German and the remaining 2% other nationalities (roughly proportional with the ethnic groups of Romania).

Organization

Officially, as with other Communist parties, the supreme body of the Romanian Communist Party and its predecessors was the party congress held once every five years with one delegate for every 1,000 party members. The Party Congress elected a Central Committee and the general secretary and adopted the party's program and other documents. In modern usage, the term communist party is generally used to identify any political party which has adopted communist ideology. ... Central Committee most commonly refers to the central executive unit of a communist party, whether ruling or non-ruling. ... The term General Secretary (alternatively First Secretary) denotes a leader of various unions, parties or associations. ...

The Central Committee would be the main party body between Congresses. In 1984, the Central Committee consisted of 265 full members and 181 candidate members. The body was responsible for implementing the decisions of the party congress and the direction of party activities, and was supposed to meet at least four times a year. 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In 1974 the Presidium of the Central Committee (in effect the Politburo), which had been elected by the Central Committee, was replaced by a new body, the Political Executive Committee Permanent Bureau, which, although nominally elected by the Central Committee, was, in practice, appointed by the general secretary as was the other leading body of the party, the Secretariat (both of which generally had the same members). 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Politburo is short for Political Bureau. ...

In practice as well there was little differentiation between the party and the government. The Permanent Bureau was the highest body in the party and had five members when it was created in 1974 and expanded to fifteen in 1979. In 1984 it was reduced to eight members with both Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu sitting on the body. This shrank to seven members in 1988, essentially the Ceauşescus and their close allies. The Political Executive Committee which it reported to was essentially a rubber stamp acting when the Central Committee was not in session. The Secretariat was the administrative body of the party and, in effect, also took directions from the Permanent Bureau. 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... For the song by The Smashing Pumpkins, see 1979 (song). ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Elena CeauÅŸescu. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The basic unit of the party was local party clubs in factories, cooperatives, military and police units and other workplaces. There were 64,200 of these units existing in 1980, ranging in size from a handful of people to several hundred. These bodies reported to town or municipal party committees which had their own first secretaries, vice-chairmen and other officials and reported and, in theory, elected delegates to higher regional bodies and then the national bodies of the party. The party had direct control over the nation's economic life through national and local party commissions. Cooperative farming is a system, in which farmers pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas, such as purchase of supplies (seeds, fertilizers, etc. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... A municipality (municipiu in Romanian) is a level of administrative subdivision in Romania. ...

In the 1980s, the party's ideology changed somewhat, with the party no longer seen as the vanguard of the working class, but as the "centre" of the nation and the embodiment of the national interest. The 1980s refers to the years of 1980 to 1989. ... The dictatorship of the proletariat is a term employed by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program that refers to a transition period between capitalist and communist society in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. The term refers to a... The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison détat, is a countrys goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. ...

Party Congresses

Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... County Prahova County Status County capital Mayor Emil Calotă, Social Democratic Party, since 2000 Population (2002) 232,452 Geographical coordinates , Web site http://www. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Location Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ...

General Secretaries

Gheorghe Cristescu, nicknamed Plăpumarul - The Blanket Maker, (October 10, 1882, Copaci, Giurgiu county-November 29, 1973) was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. ... Year 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for full calendar). ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Elek Köblös, (also known under his pseudonyms: Balthazar, Bădulescu, Dănilă; 1877, Dumbrăvioara, Mureş-1937, probably in Moscow) was a Hungarian-Romanian communist militant and leader. ... Year 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Vitali (Vitaliy) Holostenco or Holostenko (Виталий Холостенко; aprox. ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Boris Stefanov (also known as Boris Stefanov Mateev and Boris Ştefanov; Bulgarian: Борис Стефанов Матеев; 1893-?) was a Romanian communist politician, who served as general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR) from 1936 to 1940. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Ştefan Foriş (born István Fóris, also known as Marius; Hungarian: Fóris István; May 9, 1892-summer of 1946) was a Romanian communist activist and journalist who served as general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR or PCdR) between 1940 and 1944. ... Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and Ceauşescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gheorghe Apostol (May 16, 1913, near Galaţi) is a Romanian Communist Party politician, noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceauşescu. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and Ceauşescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... Nicolae Ceauşescu (IPA , in English, normally (and erroneously) ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Balkan Communist Federation
• Communist Romania
• List of Romanian communists
• Scînteia - the party newspaper
• Ştefan Gheorghiu Academy - the school for party cadres
• Union of Communist Youth

The Balkan Communist Federation (1919-1939) was a communist umbrella organisation in which all the Balkan communist parties were represented. ... The Soviets pressed for inclusion of Romanias heretofore negligible Communist Party in the post-war government, while non-communist political leaders were steadily eliminated from political life. ... The following list of former members of the Romanian Communist Party must be correctly understood in historical perspective. ... Scînteia (The Spark; a new spelling of the name in Romanian would be Scânteia) was the name of two newspapers edited by Communist groups at different intervals in Romanian history. ... The Ştefan Gheorghiu Academy (Romanian: Academia Ştefan Gheorghiu, in full: Academia de învăţămînt social-politic Ştefan Gheorghiu de pe lîngă CC al PCR - aprox. ... Look up cadre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Union of Communist Youth (Romanian: Uniunea Tineretului Comunist; UTC) was the Romanian Communist Partys youth organisation, modelled after the Soviet Komsomol. ...

Notes

August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ... Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; Yiddish: ×—× ×” רבינסון; February 13, 1893 – June 14, 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the countrys foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. ... Look up cadre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Gheorghiu-Dej (center) and CeauÅŸescu (left) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (November 8, 1901, Bârlad - March 19, 1965, Bucharest) was the Communist leader of Romania from 1948 until his death in 1965. ... Scînteia (The Spark; a new spelling of the name in Romanian would be Scânteia) was the name of two newspapers edited by Communist groups at different intervals in Romanian history. ...

References

• "The Communist Party" from the US Library of Congress' Country Study of Romania, 1990
• Lucian Boia, ed., Miturile comunismului românesc ("The Myths of Romanian Communism"), Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1998:
  • Daniel Barbu, "Destinul colectiv, servitutea involuntară, nefericirea totalitară: trei mituri ale comunismului românesc" interbelică la comunism" ("Collective Destiny, Involuntary Servitude, Totalitarian Misery: Three Myths of Romanian Communism"), p.175-197
  • Eugen Negrici, "Mitul patriei primejduite" ("The Myth of the Fatherland in Peril"), p.220-226
• Adrian Cioroianu,
  • (Romanian) "Comunismul şi cel care a trăit Iluzia" ("Communism and the Man Who Lived the Illusion"), in Revista 22, June 2002
  • Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest, 2005
• (Romanian) Radu Colt, "80 în Bucureşti şi mai puţin de 1000 în toată ţara" ("80 in Bucharest and Less throughout the Country"), in Magazin Istoric
• Dennis Deletant, Romania, 1948-1989: A Historical Overview
• Dennis Deletant, Mihail Ionescu, "Romania and the Warsaw Pact: 1955-1989", in Cold War International History Project, Working Paper #43, April 2004 (PDF)
• Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
• Constantin Iordachi, The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980s
• T. A. Pokivailova, "1939-1940. Cominternul şi Partidul Comunist din România" (1939-1940. The Comintern and the Communist Party of Romania"), in Magazin Istoric, March 1997
• Vladimir Tismăneanu, Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism (Working Paper No.37), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002 (PDF)
• Cristian Troncotă, "Siguranţa şi spectrul revoluţiei comuniste" ("Siguranţa and the Spectre of Communist Revolution"), in Dosarele Istoriei, 4(44)/2000
• Francisco Veiga, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaţionalismului ("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919-1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993