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Romanian Română
Pronunciation:	[ro'mɨ.nə]
Spoken in:	Romania, Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Canada, USA, Russia, Spain, Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary; various communities around the wider Balkan peninsula and beyond.
Region:	Southeastern Europe, some communities in the Middle East
Total speakers:	First language: 24 million Second language: 4 million [1]
Ranking:	34 (native)
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    East Romance     Romanian
Official status
Official language of:	Moldova [2]  Romania  Vojvodina (Serbia)  European Union
Regulated by:	Academia Română
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	ro
ISO 639-2:	rum (B)	ron (T)
ISO 639-3:	ron
Map of the Roumanophone world
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Romanian (limba română, IPA: ['lim.ba ro'mɨ.nə]) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people^[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. It has official status in Romania, Moldova and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia). The official form of the Moldovan language ^[2] in the Republic of Moldova is identical to the official form of Romanian except for a minor rule in spelling. Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union). Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire — different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... The Eastern Romance languages contain around 300 words considered by many linguists to be of substratum origin [1]. Including place-names and river-names, and most of the forms labelled as being of unknown etymology, the number of the substratum elements in Eastern Romance may surpass 500 basic roots. ... Daco-Romanian (Romanian: limba dacoromânÇŽ, Latin: lingua Daco-Romana) is the term used to identify the Romanian language in contexts where distinction needs to be made between the various Eastern Romance languages or dialects (Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian). ... Romanian (limba română, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ... Romanian (technically called Daco-Romanian) shares practically the same grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving Eastern Romance languages: Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit for a short while. ... The Romanian numbers are the system of number names used in Romanian to express counts, quantities, ranks in ordered sets, fractions, multiplication, and other information related to numbers. ... The Romanian language has seven vowels and twenty-two consonants, including two semivowels, and . ... The lexis of the Romanian language (or Daco-Romanian), a Romance language, has changed over the centuries as the language evolved from Vulgar Latin, to Proto-Romanian, to medieval, modern and contemporary Romanian. ... The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. ... Academy of Sciences of Moldova (romanian Academia de ÅžtiinÅ£e a Moldovei) is the main scientific centre of the Republic of Moldova, which coordinates research in all areas of science and technology. ... Aromanian (also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most other countries; in Aromanian: limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe. ... Megleno-Romanian (known as VlăheÅŸte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists) is a Romance language, similar to Aromanian, and Romanian spoken in the Moglená region of Greece, in a few villages in the Republic of Macedonia and also in a few villages in Romania. ... Istro-Romanian is a Romance language used in a few villages in the peninsula of Istria, on the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family, comprising all the languages that descend from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups  2. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ... The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use a Romance language. ...

Romanian speakers are also found abroad in many other countries, notably in Italy, Spain, Israel, Portugal, United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, France and Germany (cf. Romanians). Owing to a general lack of consistently-derived data, precise estimates for the total numbers of Romanian-speaking emigrants are not available. Some secondary sources claim for example that more than 3 million Romanian speakers live abroad as immigrants in Europe and North America^[3]; however, such census data as is available indicates that these numbers may be widely inaccurate. World map showing the location of Europe. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

History

The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, an Indo-European people. They were defeated by the Roman Empire in 106 and part of Dacia (Oltenia, Banat and Transylvania) became a Roman province. For the next 165 years, there is evidence of considerable Roman colonization in the area, the region being in close communication with the rest of the Roman empire. Vulgar Latin became the language of the administration and commerce. Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... For other uses, see number 106. ... Map of Romania with Oltenia highlighted Oltenia or Lesser Wallachia is a historical province of Romania. ... Location of Banat in Europe Map of the Banat region with largest cities shown The Banat (Romanian: Banat, Serbian: Банат or Banat, Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság, German: Banat, Slovak: Banát, Bulgarian: Банат) is a geographical and historical region of Central Europe currently divided between three countries: the... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Bulgarian: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffito at Pompeii, was the speech of ordinary people of the Roman Empire — different from the classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ...

Under the pressure of the Free Dacians and of the Goths, the Roman administration and legions were withdrawn from Dacia between 271-275. Whether the Romanians are the descendants of these people that abandoned the area and settled south of the Danube or of the people that remained in Dacia is a matter of debate. For further discussion, see Origin of Romanians. The Free Dacians were the Dacians whose territory was not conquered by the Roman Empire, in the regions of Eastern Wallachia, Moldavia, Crisana and Northern Transylvania. ... Invasion of the Goths: a late 19th century painting by O. Fritsche, is a highly romanticized portrait of the Goths as cavalrymen. ... Events Goths forced to withdraw across the Danube Roman Emperor Aurelian withdraws troops to the Danube frontier, abandoning Dacia. ... Events Eutychian elected pope (probable date) September 25 - Marcus Claudius Tacitus appointed emperor by the senate Births Eusebius of Caesarea (approximate date) Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire and later Christian martyr (or 280, approximate date). ... The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ...

The place of Romanian within the Romance language family

Due to its geographical isolation, Romanian was probably the first language that split from Latin and until the modern age was not influenced by other Romance languages, which can explain why it is one of the most uniform languages in Europe. It is more conservative than other Romance languages in nominal morphology. Romanian has preserved declension, but whereas Latin had seven cases, Romanian has three, the nominative/accusative, the genitive/dative, and the vocative, and holds the neuter gender as well. However, the verbal morphology of Romanian has shown the same move towards a compound perfect and future tense as the other Romance languages. Download high resolution version (951x504, 46 KB) Made by Bogdan Giuşcă in Xara X References Ethnologue, February 2005 Encyclopedia Britannica, February 2005 [1] You know what would be a FANTASTIC edition to this flow-chart? Dates of the split. ... Download high resolution version (951x504, 46 KB) Made by Bogdan Giuşcă in Xara X References Ethnologue, February 2005 Encyclopedia Britannica, February 2005 [1] You know what would be a FANTASTIC edition to this flow-chart? Dates of the split. ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit. ... In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. ... The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun. ... The term accusative may be used in the following contexts: A form of morphosyntactic alignment, as found in nominative-accusative languages. ... The genitive case is a grammatical case that indicates a relationship, primarily one of possession, between the noun in the genitive case and another noun. ... Dative has several meanings. ... The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed, found in Latin among other languages. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... The perfect tenses are verb tenses showing actions completed at or before a specific time. ... It has been suggested that Future perfect tense be merged into this article or section. ...

Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Romanians/Vlachs highlighted

All the dialects of Romanian are believed to have been unified in a Common Romanian language until sometime between the 7th and the 10th century when the area was influenced by the Byzantine Empire and Romanian became influenced by the Slavonic languages and to some degree the Greek language as well. Aromanian language has very few Slavonic words. Also, the variations in the Daco-Romanian dialect (spoken throughout Romania and Moldova) are very small. The use of this uniform Daco-Romanian dialect extends well beyond the borders of the Romanian state: a Romanian-speaker from Moldova speaks the same language as a Romanian-speaker from the Serbian Banat. Romanian developed in isolation with regard to the other Romance languages. Therefore, it was influenced by Slavonic (due to migration/assimilation, and feudal/ecclesiastical relations), Greek (Byzantine, then Phanariote), Turkish, and Hungarian, while the other Romance languages adopted words and features of Germanic. Image File history File links Map-balkans-vlachs. ... Common Romanian is a hypothetical language considered to have been spoken by the Romanians after the breakdown of the Roman Empire and before it was broken into modern Balkan Romance languages and dialects: Romanian Aromanian Megleno-Romanian Istro-Romanian The place where this language was formed is still under debate... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) comprise the languages of the Slavic peoples. ... Greek ( IPA: or simply IPA: — Hellenic) has a documented history of 3,500 years, the longest of any single language in the Indo-European language family. ... Aromanian (also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most other countries; in Aromanian: limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe. ... Daco-Romanian (Romanian: limba dacoromânǎ, Latin: lingua Daco-Romana) is the term used to identify the Romanian language in contexts where distinction needs to be made between the various Eastern Romance languages or dialects (Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Romanian). ... Location of Banat in Europe Map of the Banat region with largest cities shown The Banat (Romanian: Banat, Serbian: Банат or Banat, Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság, German: Banat, Slovak: Banát, Bulgarian: Банат) is a geographical and historical region of Central Europe currently divided between three countries: the... An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: Φαναριώτες, Romanian: Fanarioţi) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (Φανάρι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of...

Classification

Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. The Romance languages, also called Romanic languages, are a subfamily of the Italic languages, specifically the descendants of the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken by the common people evolving in different areas after the break-up of the Roman Empire. ... The Italic subfamily is a member of the Centum branch of the Indo-European language family. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...

However, the languages closest to Romanian are the other Eastern Romance languages, spoken south of Danube: Aromanian/Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, which are sometimes classified as dialects of Romanian. An alternative name for Romanian used by linguists to disambiguate with the other Eastern Romance languages is "Daco-Romanian", referring to the area where it is spoken (which corresponds roughly to the onetime Roman province of Dacia). Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Romanians/Vlachs highlighted The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin. ... Aromanian (also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most other countries; in Aromanian: limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe. ... Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlăheşte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists) is a Romance language, similar to Aromanian, and Romanian spoken in the Moglená region of Greece, in a few villages in the Republic of Macedonia and also in a few villages in Romania. ... Istro-Romanian is a Romance language used in a few villages in the peninsula of Istria, on the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now...

The Romanian variety spoken in Moldova has been named the Moldovan language by the Soviet and later Moldovan authorities, but linguists do not recognize it as a different language. Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ...

Out of the main Romance languages, Romanian is closest to Italian, the two show limited degree of asymmetrical mutual intelligibility, especially in their cultivated forms: speakers of Romanian seem to understand Italian more easily than the other way around. Even though Romanian has obvious lexical and grammatical similarities with French, Catalan, Spanish or Portuguese, it is not mutually intelligible with them to a practical extent; Romanian speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary before being able to understand even the simplest sentences in those languages (and vice-versa). This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Catalan IPA: (català IPA: or []) is a Romance language, the national language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia (in the latter with the name of Valencian), and in the city of LAlguer in the Italian island of...

In the following sample sentence (meaning "She always closes the window before having dinner.") cognates are written in bold: Look up cognate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Ea semper fenestram claudit antequam cenet. (Latin)

Ea închide întotdeauna fereastra înainte de a cina. (Romanian)

Ella chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare. (Italian)

Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de dîner. (French)

Ella siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar. (Spanish)

Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar. (Portuguese)

Ella tanca sempre la finestra abans de sopar. (Catalan)

On the other hand, Romanian vocabulary has been strongly influenced by French and Italian in the Modern Age (see French, Italian and other international words). At present, the lexical similarity with Italian is estimated at 77%, whereas French follows at 75%, Sardinian 74%, Catalan 73%, Spanish at 71%, Portuguese and Rhaeto-Romance at 72%. In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar. ... Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is any of the various Rhaetian languages spoken in Switzerland. ...

Geographic distribution

Romanian language countries and territories

national  |  official  |  national minority  |  minority
Country	Speakers (%)	Speakers (native)	Population (2005)
Europe
Romania	91%	19,736,517	21,698,181
Moldova ²	76.4%	2,588,355	3,388,071
Transnistria ³	31.9%	177,050	555,500
Vojvodina (Serbia)	1.5%	29,512	2,031,992
not official:
Timočka Krajina (Serbia) 4	8.2%	58,221	712,050
Ukraine 5	0.8%	327,703	48,457,000
Spain	0.83%	312,000[4]	44,708,964
Italy	0.51%	297,570	58,462,375
Hungary	0.08%	8,482	10,198,315
Asia
not official:
Israel	3.7%	250,000	6,800,000
Kazakhstan 1	0.1%	20,054	14,953,126
Russia 1	0.12%	169,698 [5]	145,537,200
The Americas
not official:
Canada	0.2%	60,520	32,207,113
United States 6	0.11%	340,000	281,421,906
1 Many are Moldovans who were deported ² Data only for the districts on the right bank of Dniester (without Transnistria and the city of Tighina) In Moldova, it is called "Moldovan language" ³ Transnistria's independence is not internationally recognized Here it is called "Moldovan language" and it is written in Cyrillic 4 Officially divided into Vlachs and Romanians 5 Most in Northern Bukovina and Southern Bessarabia; according to a Moldova Noastră study (based on the latest Ukrainian census); the study also says that there are 409,000 ethnic Romanians in Ukraine. [7] 6 See Romanian-American Image File history File links Map_Roumanophone_NorthAtlantic. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... For the region during the Second World War, see Transnistria (World War II). ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups  2. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... Map of the Timočka Krajina within Central Serbia Timočka Krajina (Serbian: Timočka Krajina or Тимочка Крајина, Vlach/Romanian: Valea Timocului or Timoc, Bulgarian: Тимошко) is a geographical region located in Serbia. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... World map showing the location of Asia. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ... Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ... The Moldovan alphabet is a Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Russian alphabet and developed for the Romanian / Moldovan language in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. ... A Romanian-American is a citizen of the United States who has significant Romanian heritage. ...

Romanian is spoken mostly in Southeastern Europe, allthough speakers of the language can be found all over the world, mostly due to emigration of Romanian nationals and the return of immigrants from Romania to their original countries. Romanian speakers acount for 0,5% of the world's population,^[6] and 4% of the Romance-speaking population of the world.^[7] The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe southeastern Europe (see the Definitions and boundaries section below). ...

In Europe, Romanian language is the single official and national language in Romania and Moldova, allthough it shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the Moldovan autonomies of Gagauzia and Transnistria. Romanian is also an official language of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia together with five other languages. Romanian minorities are encountered in Serbia (Timok Valley), Ukraine (Chernivtsi and Odessa oblasts), Hungary (Gyula) and Bulgaria (Vidin). Large immigrant communities in Europe are found in Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal. World map showing the location of Europe. ... Anthem Gagauziya Milli Marşı Location of Gagauzia (purple) Capital (and largest city) Comrat Official languages Gagauz, Moldovan (Romanian), Russian Government  -  Governor Mihail Formuzal  -  Chairman of the Peoples Assembly Stepan Esir Autonomous region of Moldova  -  Created April 23, 1994  Area  -  Total 1,832 km²  707 sq mi  Population  -  19961 estimate... For the region during the Second World War, see Transnistria (World War II). ... Subdivisions of Serbia Vojvodina Central Serbia Kosovo (UN administered) Official languages Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, Rusyn1 Capital Novi Sad Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  21,500 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2002)  â€“ Density  2,031,992  94. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... Timočka Krajina (Serbian: Timočka Krajina or Тимочка Крајина, Vlach/Romanian: Valea Timocului or Timoc) is a geographical region located in Serbia and Montenegro. ... Administrative center Chernivtsi Governor Volodymyr Kalish (?) Oblast council  - Chairperson  - Council seats ? (?) ? Subdivisions  - Raions  - Cities of oblast subordinance  - Cities   -Towns  - Villages 11 2 11 8 398 Area Total  - Land  - Water (% of total)  Ranked 24th 8,097 km² ? km² ? km² (?%) Population  - Total (2006)  - Density  - Annual Growth Ranked ? 904,423 113/km² ?% Average... Administrative center Odessa Governor Ivan Vasylyovych Plachkov (Peoples Union Our Ukraine) Oblast council  - Chairperson  - Council seats Mykola Leonidovych Skoryk (Party of Regions) 120 Subdivisions  - Raions  - Cities of oblast subordinance  - Cities   -Towns  - Villages 26 7 19 33 1,138 Area Total  - Land  - Water (% of total)  Ranked 1st 33,310 km... Disambiguation: for the town in Hungary see Gyula (town) Gyula was originally a Turkic word which entered the Hungarian language at some point before 950 CE. Under the system of dual kingship which the Magyars used in the 9th century, the two kings of the tribal confederation were the kende... Vidin (Bulgarian: Видин; Romanian: Vidin, Diiu) is a town on the southern bank of the Danube in northwestern Bulgaria. ...

The largest Romanian-speaking community in Asia is found in Israel, where as of 1995 Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.^[8][9] Romanian is also spoken as a secondary language by people from Arab-speaking countries that made their studies in Romania. It is estimated that almost half a million Middle Eastern Arabs studied in Romania during the 1980s.^[10] Some smaller Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. World map showing the location of Asia. ... 1995 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

In the Americas and Australia, Romanian is often encountered within the communities of Romanian and Moldovan immigrants in the United States, Canada and Australia, although they don't build up a large homogeneous community state-wide. World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

In Antarctica, Romanian is the working language of the Law-Racoviţă Station, the first Antarctic exploration station of Romania, named after the Romanian explorer Emil Racoviţă. The station is situated in Princess Elizabeth Land, more specifically in the Larsemann Hills. The Law-Racovita Station (Romanian: Law-Racoviţă) is the first antarctic exploration station of Romania, named after the Romanian explorer Emil Racoviţă. Categories: | ... Emil Racovita (1868-1947) was a famous Romanian biologist and speleologist. ... Princess Elizabeth Land is the sector of Antarctica between longitude 73 degrees east and Cape Penck 87 degrees 43 east. ...

Legal status in Romania

According to the Constitution of Romania of 1991, as revised in 2003, Romanian is the official language of the Republic.^[11] The Romanian Constitution is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the countrys citizens, and its mode of passing laws. ...

Romania mandates the use of Romanian in official government publications, public education and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreement between parties that the law will enforce. ... Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ...

Institutul Limbii Române, established by the Ministry of Education of Romania, promotes the knowledge of the Romanian language and supports people willing to learn this language, working together with the MFA's Department for Romanians Abroad.^[12] A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ...

There exist in addition to Romanian a variety of officially-recognised minority languages spoken in Romania; see Languages of Romania. There are a number of languages spoken in Romania, although Romanian remains the only official language nationwide. ...

Legal status in Moldova

Main article: Moldovan language

About 10% of the world's Roumanophones are Moldovan, and Romanian is the single official language of Moldova. In the Constitution, the language is officially named Moldovan, although most linguists consider it the same as the Romanian language (challenging the existence of a distinct Moldovan language). Also, the language used in schools, media, scientific environment and in the colloquial speech and writing is called Romanian. Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ... Students in Rome, Italy. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ...

Romanian has been the only official language of Moldova since the endorsement of the law on language of the Moldavian SSR. This law, still in force today, mandates the use of Moldovan in all the political, economical, cultural and social spheres, as it also does assert the real existence of "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity". ^[13] State motto: Пролетарь дин тоате цэриле, униць-вэ! Official language None. ... Moldovan is the official name for the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova and in the territory of Transnistria. ...

Title I, Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, names it the "national language" (limba de stat) of the country. In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian. Several geo-political entitites in the world have no general international recognition, but they are de facto sovereign states. ... For the region during the Second World War, see Transnistria (World War II). ...

In the 2004 census, out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 16.5% (558,508) chose Romanian as their mother tongue, whereas 60% chose Moldovan. While 40% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers chose Romanian as their mother tongue, in the countryside hardly each 7th Romanian/Moldovan speaker indicated Romanian as his mother tongue.^[14] However, the group of experts from the international census observation Mission to the Republic of Moldova concluded that the items in the questionnaire dealing with nationality and language proved to be the most sensitive ones, particularly with reference to the recording of responses to these questions as being "Moldovan" or "Romanian", and therefore it concluded that special care would need to be taken in using them.^[15] The 2004 Republic of Moldova Census was carried October 5–October 12, 2004. ... Crowded Shibuya, Tokyo shopping district An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. ...

Legal status in Vojvodina

Main article: Official status of Romanian language in Vojvodina

Romanian language in Vojvodina
     official in the entire municipality      official in parts of the municipality

Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (published in the "Official Gazette of RS", No. 1/90) stipulates that in the Republic of Serbia the Serbo-Croat language and the Cyrillic script shall be officially used, while the Latin script shall be officially used in the manner established by the law. In addition to that, the provision in Article 8/2 precisely determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia inhabited by national minorities, their own languages and scripts shall be officially used as well, in the manner established by law. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Romanians of Serbia. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The current Constitution of Serbia was approved by a referendum held in 2006 during October 28 and October 29. ... Serbia and Montenegro  -Serbia    -Kosovo and Metohia    -Vojvodina  -Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  - Total  - % water 88,361 km² n/a Population  - Total (1998)  - Density 11,206,847 126. ... Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

Distribution of first-language native Romanian speakers by country

Article 6 of the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (published in the "Official Gazette of APV") determines that, together with the Serbo-Croat language and the Cyrillic script, and the Latin script as stipulated by the law, the Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Rusyn languages and their scripts, as well as languages and scripts of other nationalities, shall simultaneously be officially used in the work of the bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in the manner established by the law. The bodies of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina are: the Assembly, the Executive Council and the Provincial administrative bodies.^[16] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups  2. ... Rusyn is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian to which it shares a common linguistic ancestry) that is spoken by the Rusyns. ...

The Romanian language and script are officially used in 8 municipalities: Alibunar, Biserica Albă, Zitişte, Zrenianin, Kovăciţa, Cuvin, Plandişte and Secanj. In the municipality of Vârşeţ, Romanian is official only in the villages of Voivodinţ, Marcovăţ, Straja, Jamu Mic, Srediştea Mică, Mesici, Jablanka, Sălciţa, Râtişor, Oreşaţ and Coştei.^[17] Alibunar is a town and municipality in South Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. ... Also see: Bela Crkva (disambiguation) Bela Crkva (Serbian: Bela Crkva or Бела Црква, Romanian: Biserica Albă, German: Weißkirchen, Hungarian: Fehértemplom) is a town and municipality in South Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro. ... ŽitiÅ¡te (Serbian: ŽitiÅ¡te or Житиште, Romanian: JitiÅŸte or ZitiÅŸte, German: Sankt Georgen an der Bega, Hungarian: Bégaszentgyörgy) is a town and municipality in Central Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. ... Location in Serbia-Montenegro General Information Mayor Goran Knežević (DS) Land area 230 km² Population (2002 census) 79,545 (131,509 municipality) Population density (2002) 216/km² Coordinates 45° 22 North, 20° 23 East Area code +381 23 Subdivisions 22 settlements in the municipality License plate code ZR Time... Kovačica official town emblem Kovačica (Serbian: Ковачица or Kovačica, Slovak: Kovačica, Hungarian: Antalfalva, Romanian: KovăciÅ£a or CovăciÅ£a, German: Kowatschitza) is a town and municipality located in the South Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ... Location in Serbia-Montenegro [[Image:|150px|center|Map of Serbia-Montenegro highlighting the City of {{{common_name}}}]] General Information Mayor Blagoje Bogdanović Land area  ? Population (2002 census) 14,250 (36,802 municipality) Population density (2002)  ? Coordinates 44°75 N 20°98 E Area code +381 13 Subdivisions Town and 9 villages... PlandiÅ¡te (Serbian: PlandiÅ¡te or Пландиште, Romanian: PlandiÅŸte, Hungarian: Zichyfalva, German: Zichydorf) is a village and municipality in South Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. ... Sečanj (Serbian: Сечањ or Sečanj, Hungarian: Szécsány, German: Setschan or Petersheim, Croatian: Sečanj) is a village and municipality in Central Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. ... ... The Romanian Orthodox church Vojvodinci (Војводинци) is a village in Serbia. ... The Romanian Orthodox church The Greek-catholic church Markovac (Serbian: , Romanian: ) is a village in Serbia. ... The main stret and the Romanian Orthodox church Straža (Serbian: Straža or Стража, Romanian: Strajă, Hungarian: Strázsa (later TemesÅ‘r), German: Lagerdorf) is a village in Serbia. ... The Romanian Orthodox church. ... The word mesic, Mesic or Mesić can refer to: in ecology, a type of habitat (a mesic habitat) with a moderate or well-balanced supply of moisture, i. ... The Romanian Orthodox church Jablanka (Јабланка) is a village in Serbia. ... The Romanian Orthodox church Mediterranean palace in a little Pannonian village. ...

In the 2002 Census, the last carried out in Serbia, 1,5% Vojvodinians chose Romanian as their mother tongue (barely 0,1% of the world's Roumanophones).

Legal status in other countries and organisations

Romanian language in Vojvodina and Timok Valley (both in Serbia), census 2002

1-5%      5-10%      10-15%

15-25%      25-35%      over 35%

In other parts of Serbia the Romanian communities (see Vlach language) have very few rights regarding the use and preservation of their language in schools, press, administration and institutions.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Size of this preview: 394 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1337 × 2034 pixel, file size: 172 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 394 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1337 × 2034 pixel, file size: 172 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Vojvodina (red) is one of Serbias two autonomous provinces Capital (and largest city) Novi Sad Official languages Ethnic groups  2. ... Timočka Krajina (Serbian: Timočka Krajina or Тимочка Крајина, Vlach/Romanian: Valea Timocului or Timoc) is a geographical region located in Serbia and Montenegro. ... Romanian (limba română, IPA: ) is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people[1], primarily in Romania and Moldova. ...

In parts of Ukraine where Romanians constitute a significant share of the local population (districts in Chernivtsi, Odessa and Zakarpattia oblasts) the Romanian language is being taught in schools as a primary language and there are newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting in Romanian.^[18][19] The University of Chernivtsi trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics.^[20] Administrative center Chernivtsi Governor Volodymyr Kalish (?) Oblast council  - Chairperson  - Council seats ? (?) ? Subdivisions  - Raions  - Cities of oblast subordinance  - Cities   -Towns  - Villages 11 2 11 8 398 Area Total  - Land  - Water (% of total)  Ranked 24th 8,097 km² ? km² ? km² (?%) Population  - Total (2006)  - Density  - Annual Growth Ranked ? 904,423 113/km² ?% Average... Administrative center Odessa Governor Ivan Vasylyovych Plachkov (Peoples Union Our Ukraine) Oblast council  - Chairperson  - Council seats Mykola Leonidovych Skoryk (Party of Regions) 120 Subdivisions  - Raions  - Cities of oblast subordinance  - Cities   -Towns  - Villages 26 7 19 33 1,138 Area Total  - Land  - Water (% of total)  Ranked 1st 33,310 km... Transcarpathia may refer to: Carpathian Ruthenia, a historic region Zakarpattia Oblast, an administrative unit of Ukraine This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... Oblast (Czech: oblast, Slovak: oblasÅ¥, Russian and Ukrainian: , Belarusian: , Bulgarian: о́бласт) refers to a subnational entity in some countries. ... The Chernivtsi University (current full name Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University) is the leading Ukrainian institution for higher education in Northern Bukovina, located in Chernivtsi, the city in the south-west of Ukraine. ...

Romanian is also an official or administrative language in various communities and organisations (such as the Latin Union and the European Union). The Latin Union is an international organization of nations that use a Romance language. ...

Romanian is one of the five languages in which religious services are performed in the autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, spoken in the sketae of Prodromos and Lacu (a sketa being a community of monks; sketae is plural). Capital Karyes Official languages Koine Greek and Church Slavonic (both liturgical); Modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Bulgarian, Romanian (civil use) Government  -  Head of State2 Dora Bakoyannis  -  Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I Area  -  Total 390 km²  150 sq mi  Population  -   estimate 2,250  Demonyms: Athonite, Hagiorite (English); Αθωνίτης, Αγιορίτης (Greek). ...

Romanian as a second and foreign language

Romanian as a second language in Eastern Europe

native	over 3%	1-3%