NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Romanization of Bengali

The Romanization of Bengali, or the representation of the Bengali language in the Latin script, is hardly as uniform as the Romanizations of many other languages such as Japanese, Sanskrit, or Chinese. Bengali or Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world, the standard script of the English language and most of the languages of western and central Europe, and of those areas settled by Europeans. ... The Sanskrit language (Skt. ...

In the context of Bengali Romanization, it is important to distinguish between transliteration from transcription. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonemically or phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). Several conventions exist for writing Indic languages including Bengali in the Latin script, including IAST (based on diacritics), ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards), and the National Library at Calcutta romanization. In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system. ... Transliteration is the practice of transcribing a word or text written in one writing system into another writing system. ... Look up Transcription in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... ITRANS (Indian languages TRANSliteration) is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly, but not exclusively, for Devanagari (used for the Sanskrit, Hindi, Nepali, Marathi and other languages). ... There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... The National Library at Calcutta romanization is the most widely used in dictionaries and grammars of Indic languages. ...

Bengali, like most Indo-Aryan languages, has an Abugida orthography, i.e. a vowel is inherent in every non-conjunct consonant - either অ ô (e.g. ম in মরা môra) or ও o (e.g. ম in মরি mori), although many instances exhibit schwa-deletion (e.g. ম in গামলা gamla). Because of this ambiguity in the spelling system, the transliteration and transcription of a Bengali word can differ. A word like গামলা is correctly transliterated as gāmalā (gāmlā would correspond to the orthography গাম্লা) and transcribed gamla [gamla]. Transcription models would confuse homophonous words such as সাপ (sāpa) and শাপ (śāpa), which are both pronounced shap [ʃap]. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... ITRANS (Indian languages TRANSliteration) is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly, but not exclusively, for Devanagari (used for the Sanskrit, Hindi, Nepali, Marathi and other languages). ... An abugida or alphasyllabary is a writing system composed of signs (graphemes) denoting consonants with an inherent following vowel, which are consistently modified to indicate other vowels (or, in some cases, the lack of a vowel). ... Vowels Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. ... Homonyms (in Greek homoios = identical and onoma = name) are words which have the same form (orthographic/phonetic) but unrelated meaning. ...

On the other hand, correct transliterations are hard to pronounce for those who do not already speak Bengali, as the graphemic transliteration of Bengali can be misleading with respect to pronunciation.

Two standards are commonly used for transliteration of Indic languages including Bengali. The older diacritic approach, or ITRANS, is a transliteration scheme that uses upper- and lower-case letters contrastively and is more suited for ASCII-derivative keyboards. IAST uses diacritics instead of contrastive upper-case letters. Diphthongs remain a problem for most transliteration schemes, as in the distinction between বই from বৈ; this is not resolved in standard IAST or ITRANS transliterations also. ITRANS (Indian languages TRANSliteration) is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly, but not exclusively, for Devanagari (used for the Sanskrit, Hindi, Nepali, Marathi and other languages). ... There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... IAST, or International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is the academic standard for writing the Sanskrit language with the Latin alphabet and very similar to National Library at Calcutta romanization standard being used with many Indic scripts. ... ITRANS (Indian languages TRANSliteration) is an ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly, but not exclusively, for Devanagari (used for the Sanskrit, Hindi, Nepali, Marathi and other languages). ...

Wikipedia Phonemic Romanization

Bengali words are currently Romanized on Wikipedia using a phonemic transcription, where the pronunciation is represented with no reference to the spelling. The Wikipedia Romanization is given in the table below, with IPA transcriptions following. A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language. ... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ...

These correspond to the IPA transcription of Bengali shown below. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ...

IPA Phonetic Transcription

Diphthongs

Magadhan languages such as Bengali are known for their wide variety of diphthongs, or combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable.^[1] Several vowel combinations can be considered true monosyllabic diphthongs, made up of the main vowel (the nucleus) and the trailing vowel (the off-glide). Almost all other vowel combinations are possible, but only across two adjacent syllables, such as the disyllabic vowel combination [u.a] in কুয়া kua "well". As many as 25 vowel combinations can be found, but some of the more recent combinations have not passed through the stage between two syllables and a diphthongal monosyllable.^[2] In phonetics, a diphthong (in Greek δίφθογγος) is a vowel combination usually involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... A syllable (Ancient Greek: ) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. ...

See also

Categories: Eastern Indo-Aryan languages | Languages of Bangladesh | Languages of India | Bengali language | Bengali literature Bengali or Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit. ... Bengali grammar is the study of grammar in the Bengali language. ... Bengali phonology is the study of the inventory and patterns of the consonants, vowels, and prosody of the Bengali language. ... Due to centuries of contact with various languages, the origins of words in the Bangla language are numerous and diverse. ... The dialects of the Bengali language are part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan language group of the Indo-European language family. ... Consonant clusters in Bengali are very common word-initially due to a long history of borrowing from English and Sanskrit, two languages with a large cluster inventory. ... The Bengali script (Bengali: à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾ à¦²à¦¿à¦ªà¦¿ Bangla lipi) is an Abugida system of writing belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts whose use is associated with the Bangla, Assamese, Manipuri and Sylheti languages. ... It has been suggested that History of Bengali literature be merged into this article or section. ... Shaheed Minar, or the Martyrs monument, located near Dhaka Medical College, commemorates the struggle for Bangla language The Language Movement was a cultural and political movement in the erstwhile East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1952. ... There is a disputed proposal that this article should be merged with Language Martyrs Day 21st February has been proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by the UNESCO in 2000. ... The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, which are the earliest sacred texts of India,. The Vedas were first passed down orally and therefore have no known date. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ... Prakrit (Sanskrit prÄká¹›ta à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤¾à¤•à¥ƒà¤¤ (from pra-ká¹›ti à¤ªà¥à¤°à¤•à¥ƒà¤¤à¤¿), original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual, i. ... For the town and district in Rajasthan, see Pali, Rajasthan For the Ganapati temple of pali and place in Maharastra, see Ballaleshwar Pali PÄli (Devanagari à¤ªà¤¾à¤²à¤¿) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... The Magadhi language (also known as à¤®à¤—à¤¹à¥€ Magahi) is a language spoken by 11,362,000 people in India. ... See also: HindustÄnÄ« classical music. ... Hindi (à¤¹à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥€ or à¤¹à¤¿à¤‚à¤¦à¥€ in Devanagari; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union government of India [1][2]. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, and... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Bengali or Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit. ... The dialects of the Bengali language are part of the Eastern Indo-Aryan language group of the Indo-European language family. ... Chittagonian is an Indo-European language spoken by the people of Chittagong in Bangladesh and the much of the southeast of the country. ... Sylheti (native name SilÃ´Å£i; Bengali name SileÅ£i) is the language of Sylhet, the North Eastern region of Bangladesh and southern districts of Assam around Silchar. ... Angika is a language of the Ang or Anga region of India, a 58,000 kmÂ² area of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal states. ... Assamese (à¦…à¦¸à¦®à§€à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾) or Ã”xÃ´miya (IPA [É”xÉ”mija]) is the language spoken by some of the natives of the state of Assam in northeast India. ... Bhojpuri is a popular regional language spoken in northeastern India in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal. ... The Bishnupriya Manipuri language (BPM) (à¦‡à¦®à¦¾à¦° à¦ à¦¾à¦°/à¦¬à¦¿à¦·à§à¦£à§à¦ªà§à¦°à¦¿à¦¯à¦¼à¦¾ à¦®à¦£à¦¿à¦ªà§à¦°à§€) is an Indo-Aryan language. ... Dhivehi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 300,000 people in the Republic of Maldives where it is the official language of the country and in the island of Minicoy (Maliku) in neighbouring India where it is known as Mahl. ... Dogri is an Indic language spoken by some two million people in South Asia, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir but also in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir and elsewhere. ... GujarÄtÄ« is an Indo-Aryan language, part of the greater Indo-European language family. ... Konkani (DevanÄgarÄ«/Marathi à¤•à¥‹à¤‚à¤•à¤£à¥€ ) is an Indo-Aryan language, although it includes a wealth of words derived from various Dravidian languages. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Maithili (autonym: à¤®à¥ˆà¤¥à¤¿à¤²à¥€ maithilÄ«) is of the family of Indo-Aryan languages, which are part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Mitanni or Mittani (in Assyrian sources Hanilgalbat, Khanigalbat) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Syria from ca. ... Nepali (Khaskura) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Burma. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjabi people and the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Romani (or Romany) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ... Sindhi (Ø³Ù†ÚŒÙŠØŒ Ø³Ù†Ø¯Ú¾ÛŒ ØŒ à¤¸à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤§à¥€ sindhÄ«) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ... Sinhala (also referred to as Sinhalese; earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the mother tongue of the Sinhalese, the largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ... Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the hymns of the Zoroastrian holy book, the Avesta. ... The relevance of particular information in (or previously in) this article or section is disputed. ... Sketch of the first column of the Behistun Inscription Old Persian is the oldest attested Persid language. ... Pahlavi is a term that refers: (1) to a script used in Iran derived from the Aramaic script, and (2) more broadly, to Middle Persian, the Middle Iranian language written in this script. ... Persian, (local name: FÄrsÄ« or PÄrsÄ«), is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Persian, (local name: FÄrsÄ« or PÄrsÄ«), is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... Dari (Ø¯Ø±ÛŒ) is the local written name for the Persian language in Afghanistan used mainly in official papers. ... Tajik or Tadjik (Ñ‚Ð¾Ò·Ð¸ÐºÓ£, ØªØ§Ø¬ÛŒÚ©ÛŒ, tojikÃ) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. ... Bukhori, also known as Bukharic or Bukharan, is an Indo-Iranian language. ... Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Bactrian language is an extinct language which was spoken in the Central Asian region of Bactria, also called Tocharistan, in northern Afghanistan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The main Zoroastrian fire temple in Yazd, Iran. ... Gileki or Giliki (Gilaki in Persian) is a northwestern Iranian language and is spoken in Irans Gilan province. ... The Kurdish language is an Iranian language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ... Mazandarani or Tabari is an ancient Iranian language of the northwestern branch. ... This article is in need of improvement. ... The Pamir languages of the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia are Shughni, Sarikoli, Yazgulyam, Munji, Sanglechi-Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Yidgha. ... Pashto (//; Ù¾ÚšØªÙˆ; also known as Afghan, Pathan, Pakhto, Pushto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pushtoo, Pashto Ù¾Ø´ØªÙˆ and Pukhto Ù¾Ø®ØªÙˆ ) is the language spoken by the Pashtun people who inhabit western Pakistan, and Afghanistan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Sarikoli language (also Sarikul, Sariqul, SarikÃ¶li) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajik people in China. ... Scythian and Sarmatian are the names of the East Iranian dialects spoken by the Scythian/Sarmatian tribes of the nomadic cattlebreeders in Southern Russia between 8th century BC and 5th century AD. Sometimes, the Scythian and Sarmatian languages are combined into one name: Scytho-Sarmatian languages. ... Shughni is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group. ... The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana). ... Talysh (also Talishi, Taleshi or Talyshi) are an Iranian people who speak one of the Northwestern Iranian languages. ... The Tat language is an Indo-Iranian language spoken by the Tat ethnic group. ... The Wakhi Tajiki language is an Iranian language in the subbranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages). ... The Yaghnobi language [1] is a living Northeastern Iranian language (the only other living member being the Ossetic), and is spoken in high valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by Yaghnobi people. ... Zazaki (Zazakî, Zazaish) or Dimli is a language closely related to the Persian and , spoken by the Zaza in eastern Anatolia Zazaland Zazaistan, (Turkey), an ethnic minority related to the Iranians. ... The Dardic languages form a subfamily of the Indo-Iranian languages. ... Dameli is a language spoken by less than 5,000 people in the remote valley of Damil-Nisar, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Domaaki - also known as Dumaki or Doma - is a language spoken in parts of northern Pakistan. ... Gawar-Bati is known in Chitral as Aranduyiwar, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan. ... Kalasha-mun or simply Kalasha is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group. ... For other uses, see Kashmiri (disambiguation) Kashmiri (, also , Kashmiri: ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in valley of Kashmir, a South Asian region now split between India and Pakistan. ... Khowar is classified as a Dardic Language. ... Pashayi - also known as Pashai - is a language (or a group of languages) spoken in parts of southwestern Afghanistan. ... Palula, also known as Phalura and as Ashretiwar, is spoken by 7,000 to 15,000 people in Ashret and Biori Valleys, in the Chitral District of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. ... Shina is a Dardic Language spoken by 321,000 people in Gilgit in Northern Pakistan in Ishkoman and Yasin Valley and in parts of Hunza. ... Shumashti - also known as Shumasht - is a language spoken in parts of western Afghanistan. ... Nuristani languages form a language sub-family of the Indo-Iranian languages localized between the Iranian languages and the Indo-Aryan languages Ashkun language Kamviri language Kati language (Bashgali) Prasuni language (Wasi-Weri) Tregami language Waigali language (Kalasha-Ala) Categories: Language stubs | Indo-Iranian languages ... Askunu is a language of Afghanistan spoken by the Askunu people in the region of Pech Valley around Wama, northwest of Asadabad in Kunar province. ... Kalasha-ala or simply Kalasha is a language spoken by the Kalasha of Nuristan in a few villages in the central part of the Kunar Province of Afghanistan. ... Kamkata-viri contains the two main dialects Kata-vari and Kamviri. ... Tregami or Trigami is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the villages of Gambir and Katar in the Nurestan Province of Afghanistan. ... Vasi-vari is a language spoken by the Vasi in a few villages in the Prasun Valley in Afghanistan. ...

Contents

Wikipedia Phonemic Romanization GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

IPA Phonetic Transcription

Diphthongs

See also

Wikipedia Phonemic Romanization