 The roofs of San Cristobal de las Casas, Mexico. A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous. Open sunroof in a Peugeot 206. ...
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Image File history File links Vietnam_roof. ...
Image File history File links Vietnam_roof. ...
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Old Executive Office Building, Washington D.C. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, China In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following: Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or An...
For the geological process, see Weathering or Erosion. ...
This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Cathedral (disambiguation). ...
The new Wembley Stadium in London is the most expensive stadium ever built; it has a seating capacity of 90,000 This article is about the building type. ...
A dwelling is a structure in which humans or other animals live. ...
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind. Other types of structure, for example, a garden conservatory, might use roofing that protects against cold, wind and rain but admits light. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. This article is about precipitation. ...
A traditional conservatory at the Horniman Museum in London A modern Conservatory. ...
A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porch. ...
The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. Architectural Design, also known as AD, is a UK-based architectural journal first launched in 1930. ...
Legislation (or statutory law) is law which has been promulgated (or enacted) by a legislature or other governing body. ...
The elements in the design of a roof are :-
The material of a roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to lamininated glass, aluminium sheeting and precast concrete. In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation). ...
Durability is the quality of something to resist the negative effects of opposing forces. ...
Look up material in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Bales of straw bundles of rice straw Pile of straw bales, sheltered under a tarpaulin Straw is an agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ...
Seagrass from the coast of Florida Sea grass (or sea-grass in British English) are flowering plants from four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae) that grow in the marine saline environment. ...
Architectural glass has been used in buildings since the 11th century. ...
Aluminum redirects here. ...
A precast concrete walled house in construction Precast concrete is an ancient type of construction material made with concrete cast in a reusable mold or form and cured in a controlled environment, then transported to the construction site and lifted into place. ...
Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a small, manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as clay or stone used for covering roofs, floors, and walls, or other objects such as tabletops. ...
The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof is pitched. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point. Most domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs which are sloped, or pitched. The pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, but has more to do with practicalities. Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof and durable.[1] Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation). ...
House at Cúcuta, Colombia A house is a building typically lived in by one or more people. ...
Thatching is the art or craft of covering a roof with vegetative materials such as straw, reed or sedge. ...
The name pantiles originally referred to a form of tile used in paving. ...
The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects. Durability is the quality of something to resist the negative effects of opposing forces. ...
Parts of a roof
There are two parts to a roof, its supporting structure and its outer skin, or uppermost weatherproof layer. In a minority of buildings, the outer layer is also a self-supporting structure.
The roof structure is generally supported upon walls, although some building styles, for example, geodesic and A-frame, blur the distinction between wall and roof. Spaceship Earth in Epcot Center at Walt Disney World is perhaps one of the most famous examples of a large scale geodesic sphere. ...
An A-frame is a basic structure designed to bear a load in a lightweight, economical manner. ...
Support
 The roof of a library, Sweden. The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly rigid material such as timber, and since the mid 19th century, cast iron or steel. In countries that use bamboo extensively, the flexibility of the material causes a distinctive curving line to the roof, characteristic of Oriental architecture. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 799 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2373 × 1780 pixel, file size: 2. ...
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Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use—from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood...
Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ...
For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Bamboo (disambiguation). ...
Japanese architecture ) has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. ...
Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. Moreover, because timber can be worked in a variety of ways, the timber structure can fulfil an aesthetic as well as practical function, when left exposed to view.
Stone lintels have been used to support roofs since prehistoric times, but cannot bridge large distances. The stone arch came into extensive use in the Ancient Roman period and in variant forms could be used to span spaces up to 140 feet across. The stone arch or vault, with or without ribs, dominated the roof structures of major architectural works for about 2,000 years, only giving way to iron beams with the Industrial Revolution and the designing of such buildings as Paxton's Crystal Palace, completed 1851. Categories: Move to Wiktionary | Buildings and structures stubs ...
Stonehenge, England, erected by Neolithic peoples ca. ...
Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ...
In architecture, a vault is an arched structure of masonry, forming a ceiling or canopy. ...
A Watt steam engine, the steam engine that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. ...
Paxton is ambiguous: // Places Paxton in Florida Paxton in Illinois Paxton Township in Kansas Paxton in Massachusetts Paxton Township in Minnesota Paxton in Nebraska Paxton Township in Ohio Upper Paxton Township in Pennsylvania Lower Paxton Township in Pennsylvania Paxton is a socialite and international cricket player with amazing muscles Business...
For other uses, see Crystal Palace. ...
With continual improvements in steel girders, these became the major structural support for large roofs, and eventually for ordinary houses as well. Another form of girder is the reinforced concrete beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength under compression. Look up Girder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This page is a candidate to be copied to Wiktionary. ...
Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...
Bold text Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: compressor, compression inthe wkjhrlfidhb;g/df == Compressor may refer to: Gas compressor, a mechanical device that compresses a gas e. ...
Construction of a ridged roof
 A simple ridged roof consists of inclined rafters that rest on horizontal wall-plates on top of each wall. The top ends of the rafters meet at the horizontal ridge plate or ridge beam. Horizontal purlins are fixed to the rafters to support the roof covering. Heavier under purlin are used to support longer rafter spans. Tie beams or ceiling joists, are connected between the lower ends of opposite rafters to prevent them from spreading and forcing the walls apart. Collar beams or collar ties may be fixed higher up between opposite rafters for extra strength.[2]
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A rafter is a structural member, a type of beam, which supports the roof of a building. ...
This article is about the use of the term in geography and physical geology. ...
Look up purlin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
A simple hurricane or seismic tie for use in stick construction A tie is any strong component designed to keep two objects closely linked together. ...
A king post (or king-post) is a central vertical supporting post extending vertically from a crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss. ...
 Roof under construction in high wind area. The rafters, tie beams and joists serve to transmit the weight of the roof to the walls of the building. There are a number of structural systems employed to facilitate this, including the use of wall-plates set at the top of the wall, hammer-beams, which spread the weight down the wall and create an equilibrium between outward and upward thrust, king posts which transfer the weight of the roof ridge, and various types of trusses. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 520 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (538 × 620 pixel, file size: 316 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 520 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (538 × 620 pixel, file size: 316 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
This photograph from 1896 shows the hammerbeam roof of Westminster Hall. ...
A king post (or king-post) is a central vertical supporting post extending vertically from a crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss. ...
Look up truss in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
In cyclone and hurricane prone areas the main engineering consideration is to hold the roof down during severe storms. Every component of the roof (as of course the rest of the structure) has to withstand the uplift forces of high wind speeds. Modern roofing technologies in hurricane areas includes the purpose-made steel hook bracket which is bolted to the truss with M16 bolt. The bracket is bolted to an M16 bolt cast in situ, embedded 300 mm into the reinforced concrete block wall. This system is typically in place every 900 mm around perimeter. This article is about the meteorological phenomenon. ...
This article is about weather phenomena. ...
Engineering is the discipline of acquiring and applying knowledge of design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...
Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...
This article is about the distance around an object. ...
Outer layer
 Cameroon, a wattle and daub house, roofed with banana leaves. This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In simple vernacular architecture, roofing material is often vegetation, such as thatches of different materials, the most durable being sea grass with a life of perhaps 40 years. In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden shingles are used, while in some countries the bark of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x716, 950 KB) Typical Njem house in Ngoila, East Province, Cameroon. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x716, 950 KB) Typical Njem house in Ngoila, East Province, Cameroon. ...
Download high resolution version (875x594, 195 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Download high resolution version (875x594, 195 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
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For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2288 × 1712 pixel, file size: 733 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Old peasant home in Ómassa, a village annexed to Miskolc (Hungary) in 1950. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (2288 × 1712 pixel, file size: 733 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Old peasant home in Ómassa, a village annexed to Miskolc (Hungary) in 1950. ...
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Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize a method of construction which uses locally available resources to address local needs. ...
Johnsons seagrass in Florida coast Seagrass (or sea-grass in British English) is a term that refers to flowering plants from two plant families (Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitacea) that grow in the marine environment. ...
The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition shingles which can last from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When a layer of shingles wears out, they are usually stripped, along with the underlay and roofing nails, allowing a new layer to be installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly over the worn layer. While this method is faster, it does not allow the roof sheathing to be inspected and water damage, often associated with worn shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingles under a new layer causes roofing nails to be located further from the sheathing, weakening their hold. The greatest concern with this method is that the weight of the extra material could exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and cause collapse.
Slate is an ideal, and durable material, while in the Swiss Alps roofs are made from huge slabs of stone, several inches thick. The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install - in the USA, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail sickness". Because of this problem, fixing nails made of stainless steel or copper are recommended, and even these must be protected from the weather. For other uses, see Slate (disambiguation). ...
The Swiss Alps are the central portion of the Alps mountain range that lies within Switzerland. ...
The 630 foot (192 m) high, stainless-clad (type 304) Gateway Arch defines St. ...
For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...
Roofs made of cut turf (known as Green roofs) have good insulating properties and are increasingly encouraged as a way of "greening" the Earth. Adobe roofs are roofs of clay, mixed with binding material such as straw or animal hair, and plastered on lathes to form a flat or gently sloped roof, usually in areas of low rainfall. Re-creation of Viking houses in Newfoundland Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ...
In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked tiles have been the major form of roof. The casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with brickworks. While the shape and colour of tiles was once regionally distinctive, now tiles of many shapes and colours are produced commercially, to suit the taste of the purchaser. Brickwork is produced when a bricklayer uses bricks and mortar to build up structures such as walls, bridges and chimneys. ...
Sheet metal in the form of copper and lead has also been used for many hundreds of years. Both are expensive but durable, the vast copper roof of Chartres Cathedral, oxidised to a pale green colour, having been in place for hundreds of years. Lead, which is sometimes used for church roofs, was most commonly used as flashing in valleys and around chimneys on domestic roofs, particularly those of slate. Copper was used for the same purpose. For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...
The Cathedral of Chartres (Cathedral of Our Lady in Chartres, French: Cathédrale Notre_Dame de Chartres), located in Chartres, about 50 miles from Paris, is considered the finest example in all France of the high Gothic style of architecture. ...
In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with zinc to improve its resistance to rust, became a light-weight, easily-transported, waterproofing material. While its insulating properties were poor, its low cost and easy application made it the most accessible commercial roofing, world wide. Since then, many types of metal roofing have been developed. Steel shingle or standing-seam roofs last about 50 years or more depending on both the method of installation and the moisture barrier (underlayment) used and are between the cost of shingle roofs and slate roofs. In the 20th century a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on bitumen (already used in previous centuries), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as thermoplastic and on fibreglass. General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ...
For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ...
There is a disputed proposal to merge this article with glass-reinforced plastic. ...
Insulation Some roofing materials, particularly those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra insulation is often installed under the outer layer. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural member of the roof. The purpose is to insulate against heat and cold, noise, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 547 KB) Summary Foto: by me - Entereczek Where: Poznań, Poland Date:2006/01/21 Time:11:39. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 547 KB) Summary Foto: by me - Entereczek Where: Poznań, Poland Date:2006/01/21 Time:11:39. ...
For other uses, see Snow (disambiguation). ...
Other forms of insulation are felt or plastic sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities.
So called Cool roofs are becoming increasingly popular, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high emissivity. The albedo of several types of roofs Cool roofs are an effective alternative to bulk attic insulation under roofs in humid tropical and subtropical climates. ...
In optics, reflectivity is the reflectance (the ratio of reflected power to incident power, generally expressed in decibels or percentage) at the surface of a material so thick that the reflectance does not change with increasing thickness; , the intrinsic reflectance of the surface, irrespective of other parameters such as the...
The emissivity of a material (usually written ) is the ratio of energy radiated by the material to energy radiated by a black body at the same temperature. ...
Drainage
 The flat roofs of the Middle East, Israel.
 The overhanging eaves of China. The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1465 KB) Ashdod, Israel. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1465 KB) Ashdod, Israel. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 638 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jakriborg Copyright: Väsk Date: June 2005 Licences: GFDL and CC-BY-SA File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old...
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For other uses, see Scandinavia (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 799 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1284 × 964 pixel, file size: 345 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 799 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1284 × 964 pixel, file size: 345 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
Flat roof of adobe dwellings generally have a very slight slope. In a Middle Eastern country, where the roof may be used for recreation, it is often walled, and drainage holes must be provided to stop water from pooling and seeping through the porous roofing material.
Similar problems, although on a very much larger scale, confront the builders of modern commercial properties which often have flat roofs. Because of the very large nature of such roofs, it is essential that the outer skin is of a highly impermiable material. Most industrial and commercial structures have conventional roofs of low pitch.
In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of precipitation. Houses in areas of low rainfall frequently have roofs of low pitch while those in areas of high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs. The longhouses of Papua New Guinea, for example, being roof-dominated architecture, the high roofs sweeping almost to the ground. The high steeply-pitched roofs of Germany and Holland are typical in regions of snowfall. In parts of the North America such as Buffalo USA or Montreal Canada, there is a required minimum slope of 6 inches in 12 inches, a pitch of 30 degrees. In archaeology and anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long, narrow single room building built by peoples in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe and North America. ...
Nickname: Location of Buffalo in New York State Coordinates: , Country State County Erie Government - Mayor Byron Brown (D) Area - City 52. ...
Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Region Montréal Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3] - City 365. ...
There are regional building styles which contradict this trend, the stone roofs of the Alpine chalets being usually of gentler incline. These buildings tend to accumulate a large amount of snow on them, which is seen as a factor in their insulation. The pitch of the roof is in part determined by the roofing material available, a pitch of 3/12 or greater slope generally being covered with asphalt shingles, wood shake, corrugated steel, slate or tile.
The water repelled by the roof during a rainstorm is potentially damaging to the building that the roof protects. If it runs down the walls, it may seep into the mortar or through panels. If it lies around the foundations it may cause seepage to the interior, rising damp or dry rot. For this reason most buildings have a system in place to protect the walls of a building from most of the roof water. Overhanging eaves are commonly employed for this purpose. Most modern roofs and many old ones have systems of valleys, gutters, waterspouts, waterheads and drainpipes to remove the water from the vicinity of the building. In many parts of the world, roofwater is collected and stored for domestic use. Rising damp refers to the vertical flow of moisture through the masonry wall structure of a building. ...
Dry rot is a disease of trees, often caused by the fungal species Merulis lacrymans, Poria incrassata, and/or Serpula lacrymans. ...
An eave is the edge of a roof. ...
Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from a steel roof because their smooth surfaces shed the weight of snow more easily and resist the force of wind better than a wood shingle or a concrete tile roof.
- See also: Trade hall roof collapse in Katowice, Poland and Bad Reichenhall ice rink roof collapse
On 28 January 2006, the roof of Katowicka Hala Targowa (Katowice Trade Hall) collapsed in the southern Polish city of Chorzów (on the border with the city of Katowice that is merged with Chorzów in a single conurbation). ...
At approximately 15:00 UTC on Monday January 2, 2006, the roof of a 1970s-built ice rink collapsed under the weight of heavy snowfall in the town of Bad Reichenhall, Bavaria, Germany, near the Austrian border, trapping 50 underneath the rubble. ...
Solar roofs Newer systems include solar shingles which generate electricity as well as cover the roof. There are also solar systems available that generate hot water or hot air and which can also act as a roof covering. More complex systems may carry out all of these functions: generate electricity, recover thermal energy, and also act as a roof covering. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 × 1944 pixel, file size: 1. ...
Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ...
Findhorn is a village in Moray, Scotland. ...
Photovoltaic solar panels on a house roof. ...
Electricity (from New Latin Ä“lectricus, amberlike) is a general term for a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. ...
There are different ways that solar systems can be integrated with roofs:
- integrated in the covering of pitched roofs, e.g. solar shingles.
- mounted on an existing roof, e.g. solar panel on a tile roof.
- integrated in a flat roof membrane using heat welding, e.g. PVC.
- mounted on a flat roof with a construction and additional weight to prevent uplift from wind.
Photovoltaic solar panels on a house roof. ...
A photovoltaic module is composed of individual PV cells. ...
Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass. ...
Roof shapes These include: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x730, 236 KB) Photo taken (11th Dec 2005) and supplied by Nachoman-au. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1024x730, 236 KB) Photo taken (11th Dec 2005) and supplied by Nachoman-au. ...
Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 15 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06) - Product ($m) $107,910 (4th) - Product per capita $53,134/person...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1941, 1201 KB) Summary Morrow County jail in Mount Gilead, Ohio, a Second Empire. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2500x1941, 1201 KB) Summary Morrow County jail in Mount Gilead, Ohio, a Second Empire. ...
Mount Gilead State Park. ...
- flat
- lean-to
- Skillion roof single-sloped, lean to, or shed roof
- ridged
- pitched or gabled
- shaped gable
- Dutch gable - a hybrid of hipped and gable
- crow-stepped gable (also called corbie step) gable
- salt-box
- saddleback (a gabled roof atop a tower)[3]
- hip roof includes a sketch of a Dutch gable (Australian terminology)
- half-hipped
- mansard
- gambrel
- pavilion
- conical
- domical
- pyramidal
- saw-tooth
 Temple roof Chang Mai, Thailand with a decorated gable end and ceramic tile covering.
 Reed thatch on the island of Sylt. Flat roofs in Israel A flat roof is a type of covering of a building. ...
A lean-to is term used for two similar, yet different objects. ...
modern skillion roofs in northern Australia skillion addition to a house skillion roof A skillion roof is normally a single sloping roof surface, not attached to another roof surface. ...
The House of the Seven Gables, Salem, Massachusetts, showing four gables in this view. ...
Crow-steps on a Scottish baronial building. ...
In general, a saddleback is the shape of a saddle. ...
A hip roof A bungalow in Chicago with a hipped roof A hip roof on a rectangular plan A hip roof on a varied plan, h denotes a hip, v denotes a valley A Dutch Gable roof, (Australian terminology) hip roof construction in Northern Australia showing multinail truss construction. ...
Mansard in architecture refers to a style of hip roof characterized by two slopes on each of its four sides with the lower slope being steeper than the upper slope. ...
A gambrel is a symmetrical two sided roof with two slopes, the upper slope being less steep. ...
A free-standing garden pavilion, Hofgarten in Munich, Bavaria In architecture a pavilion (from French, pavillon) has two main significations. ...
The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 799 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1204 × 904 pixel, file size: 419 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 799 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1204 × 904 pixel, file size: 419 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
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Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 588 pixelsFull resolution (1595 × 1172 pixel, file size: 1. ...
The German island of Sylt is located in the North Sea off the west coast of Germany and Denmark. ...
A roof tiled in imitation of thatch. ...
A roof tiled in imitation of thatch. ...
Thatching is the art or craft of covering a roof with vegetative materials such as straw, reed or sedge. ...
Croyde is a village in the north-west of Devon south of Woolacombe and near the towns of Braunton and Ilfracombe. ...
See also North Devon (UK Parliament constituency) North Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
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ImageMetadata File history File links DSCN3182_prospectnewtown_e_600. ...
ImageMetadata File history File links DSCN3182_prospectnewtown_e_600. ...
Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic - President George W. Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized...
Commercially available roofing materials The weather proofing material is the topmost or outermost layer, exposed to the weather. Many different kinds of materials have been used as weather proofing material: - Thatch is roofing made of plant material, in overlapping layers.[4]
- Wheat Straw, widely used in England, France and other parts of Europe.
- Seagrass, used in coastal areas where there are esturies such as Scotland. Has a longer life than straw. Claimed to have a life in exccess of 60 years.[5]
- Shingles, called shakes in North America. Shingles is the generic term for a roofing material that is in many overlapping sections, regardless of the nature of the material. The word is also used specifically to denote shingles made of wood.
- Redcedar. Life expectancy, up to 30 years.[6] However, young growth redcedar has a short life expectancy. High cost. Should be allowed to breathe. [7]
- Hardwood. Very durable roofing found in Colonial Australian architecture, its use now limited to restorations.
- Slate. High cost with a life expectancy of up to 200 years.[8] Being a heavy material, the supporting structure must be very robust.
- Ceramic tile. High cost, life of up to 100 years.[9]
- Metal shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of 3/12 pitch or greater. Because of the flexibility of metal, they can be manufactured to lock together, giving durability and reducing assembly time.[10]
- Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0.5/12 to 3/12 pitch.
- Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort.
- Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen embedded in an organic or fiberglass mat, usually covered with colored, man-made ceramic grit. Cheaper than slate or tiles. Various life span expectancies.
- Asbestos shingles. Very long lifespan, fireproof and low cost but now rarely used because of health concerns.[11][12]
- Membrane. membrane roofing is in large sheets, generally fused in some way at the joints to form a continuous surface.
- Thermosetting plastic (e.g. EPDM rubber). Synthetic rubber sheets adhered together with contact adhesive or tape. Primary application is big box store with large open areas and little vertical protrusions.
- Thermoplastic (e.g. PVC, TPO, CSPE). Plastic sheets welded together with hot air creating one continuous sheet membrane. Can be rewelded with the exception of CSPE. Lends itself well to both big box and small roof application because of its hot air weldability.
- Modified bitumen - heat welded, asphalt adhered or installed with adhesive. Asphalt is mixed with polymers such as APP or SBS, then applied to fiberglass and/or polyester mat, seams sealed by locally melting the asphalt with heat, hot mopping of asphalt, or adhesive. Lends itself well to all applications.
- Built-Up Roof - Multiple plies of asphalt saturated organic felt or coated fiberglass felts. Plies of felt are adhered with hot asphalt, coal tar pitch or adhesive.
- Sprayed-in-Place Polyurethane Foam (SPUF) - Foam sprayed in-place on the roof, then coated with a wide variety of coatings, or in some instances, covered with gravel.
- Fabric
 Corrugated iron sheeting a house under construction in Northern Australia. Shows two gables and external cyclonic fastenings. - Metal roofing. Generally a relatively inexpensive building material.
- Galvanised steel frequently manufactured with wavy corrugations to resist lateral flexing and fitted with exposed fasteners. Widely used for low cost and durability. Sheds are normally roofed with this material. Known as Gal iron or Corro, it was the most extensively used roofing material of 20th century Australia, now replaced in popularity by steel roofing coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminium, claimed to have up to four times the life of galvanized steel. [13]
- Standing-seam metal with concealed fasteners.
- Mechanically seamed metal with concealed fasteners contains sealant in seams for use on very low sloped roofs.
- Flat-seam metal with soldered seams.
Thatching is the art or craft of covering a roof with vegetative materials such as straw, reed or sedge. ...
Bales of straw bundles of rice straw Pile of straw bales, sheltered under a tarpaulin Straw is an agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ...
Seagrass from the coast of Florida Sea grass (or sea-grass in British English) are flowering plants from four plant families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae) that grow in the marine saline environment. ...
Rio de la Plata estuary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Estuaries An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. ...
The largest (6000 m²) wooden shingle roof in Europe: Zakopane, Poland Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. ...
Redcedar is an alternative name for two North American species in the cypress family Cupressaceae: Eastern Redcedar or Eastern Juniper (Juniperus virginiana) Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) It is also the name of an Australian species in the mahogany family Meliaceae: Australian Redcedar (Toona australis) Neither is a true Cedar (Cedrus...
Beech is a typical temperate zone hardwood For the record label, see Hardwood Records. ...
Australian architecture can refer to any of the following multiple categories: List of Australian architects Australian architectural styles Architecture of Australia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
in art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation and restoration In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice. ...
For other uses, see Slate (disambiguation). ...
Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass. ...
Each tegula (a) overlaps the one below it, with its raised borders tapering in to nestle between the next tiles borders. ...
This article is about the construction material. ...
A Asphalt Shingle is a type of roof shingle. ...
For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ...
Thermosetting plastics (thermosets) are polymer materials that cure, through the addition of energy, to a stronger form. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ...
Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Polychloroethene) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. ...
ThermoPlastic Olefin (TPO) is a trade name that refers to polymer/filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), BCPP (block copolymer polypropylene), rubber, and a reinforcing filler. ...
Hypalon is a trademark for a kind of synthetic rubber noted for its resistance to chemicals, temperature extremes, and ultraviolet light. ...
Ewer from Iran, dated 1180-1210CE. Composed of brass worked in repoussé and inlaid with silver and bitumen. ...
For other uses, see Textile (disambiguation). ...
SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester (aka Terylene) is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ...
Teflon is the brand name of a polymer compound discovered by Roy J. Plunkett (1910-1994) of DuPont in 1938 and introduced as a commercial product in 1946. ...
There is a disputed proposal to merge this article with glass-reinforced plastic. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 362 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 452 pixel, file size: 336 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 362 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 452 pixel, file size: 336 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Photograph by Bill Bradley. ...
A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles. ...
Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of galvanization. ...
Gallery of significant roofs Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
View of the façade with Giottos Bell Tower. ...
| The marble dome of the Taj Mahal. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
For other uses, see Taj Mahal (disambiguation). ...
| The hip roofs and dormers of Chateau Chenonceau. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ...
teau de Chenonceau as seen from Diane de Poitiers gardens The Chateau de Chenonceau, near the small village of Chenonceaux, in the Indre-et-Loire d partement of the Loire Valley in France, was built on the site of an old mill on the River Cher, sometime before its first...
| The polychrome tiles of the Hospice of Beaune, France. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1408 × 1056 pixel, file size: 411 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
| The copper roof of Speyer Cathedral, Germany. photo Wolfi. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1376 × 1032 pixel, file size: 196 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Beschreibung: Speyerer Dom, Blick über Dach des Mittelschiffs Fotograf: User:Wofl Datum: 11. ...
The Speyer Cathedral (officially: Mariendom (Cathedral of St. ...
| The lead roof of King's College Chapel, England. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Kings College Chapel (partially obscured by the Gibbs Building), seen from The Backs Fan vaulting diagram Kings College Chapel is the chapel to Kings College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late English Gothic or Perpendicular -style. ...
For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ...
| The glass roof of the Grand Palais, Paris. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (1800 × 1200 pixel, file size: 1. ...
This article is about the capital of France. ...
| The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3072x2304, 4036 KB) Summary Sydney Opera House tiling, Sydney, Australia. ...
The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ...
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See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roofs Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
A roof garden is any garden on the roof of a building. ...
The rocket-like church at Ostrov near Moscow is considered typical for Boris Godunovs reign. ...
Construction on the North Bytown Bridge in Ottawa, Canada. ...
A building envelope is the exterior assembly that encloses the interior space of a building. ...
Re-creation of Viking houses in Labrador Several grass roofs can be seen in the village of Bøur in the Faroe Islands. ...
A metal roof is a roofing system made from metal pieces or tiles. ...
The Metal Roofing Alliance was formed in 1998 by a group of metal roofing manufacturers with the main goal of educating consumers about the many benefits of metal roofing. ...
A roofer specializes in roof construction, concentrating on rafters, beams, and trusses. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Tar paper. ...
Tensile architecture is a relatively new field of architecture devoted to lightweight membrane structures. ...
The worlds first double curvature lattice steel Shell by V.G.Shukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny Novgorod, 1897 Thin-shell structures can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in more than two directions to supports. ...
Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass. ...
References - ^ Thatching specifications.[1]
- ^ Illustrated Architecture Dictionary on Buffalo Architecture and History
- ^ A Dictionary of Architecture, Fleming, Honour, & Pevsner
- ^ Thatching Information.[2]
- ^ as claimed by McGhee & Co. Roof Thatchers.[3]
- ^ Wood shakes and shingles.[4]
- ^ Hometips - Wooden shingle roofing, with good diagrams. [5]
- ^ Slate Roof Central.[6]
- ^ Renaissance Roofing.[7]
- ^ HomeTips: Metal shingle roofing.[8]
- ^ Asbestos and Your Health, Victorian Government.[9]
- ^ Asbestos Diseases Advisory Service.[10]
- ^ Bluescope.[11]
Further reading - Francis Ching; Building Construction Illustrated, Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Architecture: Form, Space, and Order."
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