Rosalind Franklin Discovery of the DNA Double Helix The Discovery of the DNA Double Helix Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid by James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick. ...

Rosalind Franklin Image File history File links Rosalind_Elsie_Franklins. ...

Francis Crick

Rosalind Franklin

James Watson

Maurice Wilkins

Cavendish Laboratory

King's College London

Photo 51

Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 Kensington, London – 16 April 1958 Chelsea, London) was an English biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who made important contributions to the understanding of the fine structures of DNA, viruses, coal and graphite. Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which formed the framework of Watson and Crick's hypothesis of the double helical structure of DNA in their 1953 publication,^[1] and when published constituted critical evidence of the hypothesis.^[2] Later she led pioneering work on the tobacco mosaic and polio viruses. She died in 1958 of bronchopneumonia, secondary carcinomatosis, and cancer of the ovary. Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004), (Ph. ... For other people named James Watson, see James Watson (disambiguation). ... Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate who contributed research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, and X-ray diffraction. ... Plaque, at old site Entrance, old site, Free School Lane The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridges Department of Physics, and is part of the universitys School of Physical Sciences. ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA. B configuration Photo 51 is the name given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952[1] that was critical evidence[2] in identifying the structure of DNA.[3] The photo was... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Kensington (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... Statue of Thomas More on Cheyne Walk. ... This article is about the English as an ethnic group and nation. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... Stop editing pages god ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see Graphite (disambiguation). ... Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA. B configuration Photo 51 is the name given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952[1] that was critical evidence[2] in identifying the structure of DNA.[3] The photo was... For other people named James Watson, see James Watson (disambiguation). ... Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004), (Ph. ... Look up Hypothesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Poliomyelitis (polio) is a viral paralytic disease. ... Bronchopneumonia (Lobular pneumonia) - is one of two types of bacterial pneumonia as classified by gross anatomic distribution of consolidation (solidification). ... Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor (a kind of neoplasm) located on an ovary. ...

University education

In the summer of 1938 Franklin went to Newnham College, Cambridge. She passed her finals in 1941, but was only awarded a degree titular, as women were not entitled to degrees (BA Cantab.) from Cambridge at the time. In 1945 Rosalind Franklin received her PhD from Cambridge University. Full name Newnham College Motto - Named after Its location in the village of Newnham Previous names Newnham Hall Established 1871 Sister College(s) Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford Principal Dame Patricia Hodgson Location Sidgwick Avenue Undergraduates 396 Postgraduates 120 Homepage N/A A view of the Clough and Kennedy buildings of...

British Coal Utilisation Research Association

She worked for Ronald Norish between 1941 and 1942. Because of her desire to work during World War II, she worked at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association in Kingston-upon-Thames from August 1942, studying the porosity of coal. Her work helped spark the idea of high-strength carbon fibres and was the basis of her doctoral degree-"The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal and related materials" that she earned in 1945.^[3][4] Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (November 9, 1897 – June 7, 1978) was a British chemist. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... , Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in London. ... Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is measured as a fraction, between 0–1, or as a percentage between 0–100%. The term porosity is used in multiple fields including manufacturing, earth sciences and construction. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). ... A Colloid or colloidal dispersion is a type of homogeneous mixture. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...

Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État

After the war ended Franklin accepted an offer to work in Paris with Jacques Mering.^[5] She learned x-ray diffraction techniques during her three years at the Laboratoire central des services chimiques de l'État.^[6] She seemed to have been very happy there^[7] and earned an international reputation based on her published research on the structure of coal.^[8] In 1950 she sought work in England^[9] and in June 1950 she was appointed to a position at King's College London.^[10] This article is about the capital of France. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Kings College. ...

King's College London

DNA pioneers
William Astbury
Oswald Avery
Erwin Chargaff
Max Delbrück
Jerry Donohue
Raymond Gosling
Phoebus Levene
Linus Pauling
Sir John Randall
Erwin Schrödinger
Alec Stokes
Herbert Wilson

In January 1951, Franklin started working as a research associate at King's College London in the Medical Research Council's (MRC) Biophysics Unit, directed by John Randall.^[11] Although originally she was to have worked on x-ray diffraction of proteins in solution, her work was redirected to DNA fibers before she started working at King's.^[12][13] Maurice Wilkins and Raymond Gosling had been carrying out x-ray diffraction analysis of DNA in the Unit since 1950.^[14] Image File history File links Dna-split2. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... William Astbury (1898-1961) was an English biochemist who made X-ray diffraction studies of nucleic acid in 1937. ... Oswald Theodore Avery in 1937 Oswald Theodore Avery (October 21, 1877–2 February 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher. ... // Erwin Chargaff (Czernowitz, August 11, 1905 – New York City, USA, June 20, 2002) was an Austrian biochemist who emigrated to the United States during the Nazi era. ... Max Delbrück in the early 1940s at Vanderbilt University. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ... Molecular diagram of a hypothetical tetranucleotide, as proposed (incorrectly) by Phoebus Levene around 1910. ... Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator of German ancestry. ... Sir John Randall Sir John Randall (March 23, 1905 – June 16, 1984) was a British physicist, credited with radical improvement of the cavity magnetron, an essential component of the centimetre radar, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the Second World War. ... Schrödinger in 1933, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna, Austria. ... Alec Stokes (Alexander Rawson Stokes, June 27, 1919–February 5, 2003) was one of the key contributors in the original DNA research team at Kings College London. ... Professor Herbert Wilson (1929 —) is a physicist, who was one of the original team who worked on the structure of DNA at Kings College London. ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... Current MRC logo The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a UK organisation dedicated to promot[ing] the balanced development of medical and related biological research in the UK. // The MRC is one of seven Research Councils and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Office of Science and Innovation... Sir John Randall Sir John Randall (March 23, 1905 – June 16, 1984) was a British physicist, credited with radical improvement of the cavity magnetron, an essential component of the centimetre radar, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the Second World War. ... X-ray crystallography is a technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin showing coloured alpha helices. ... Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate who contributed research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, and X-ray diffraction. ... The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ...

Franklin, working with her student Raymond Gosling^[15] started to apply her expertise in x-ray diffraction techniques to the structure of DNA. They discovered that there were two forms of DNA: at high humidity (when wet) the DNA fiber became long and thin, when it was dried it became short and fat.^[16][17] These were termed DNA 'B' and 'A' respectively. The work on DNA was subsequently divided, Franklin taking the A form to study and Wilkins the 'B' form.^[18][19] The x-ray diffraction pictures taken by Franklin at this time have been called, by J. D. Bernal, "amongst the most beautiful x-ray photographs of any substance ever taken".^[20] The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ... Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA. B configuration Photo 51 is the name given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952[1] that was critical evidence[2] in identifying the structure of DNA.[3] The photo was... John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) was an Irish-born scientist (from Nenagh, County Tipperary), known for pioneering X-ray crystallography. ...

By the end of 1951 it was generally accepted in King's that the B form of DNA was a helix, but Franklin in particular was unconvinced that the A form of DNA was helical in structure.^[21] As a practical joke Franklin and Gosling produced a death notice regretting the loss of helical crystalline DNA (A-DNA).^[22] During 1952 Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling worked at applying the Patterson function to the x-ray pictures of DNA they had produced,^[23] this was a long and labour-intensive approach but would give an insight into the structure of the molecule.^[24][25] A helix (pl: helices), from the Greek word έλικας/έλιξ, is a twisted shape like a spring, screw or a spiral (correctly termed helical) staircase. ... The Patterson Function, P(u,v,w) is defined as which is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities rather than the structure factors. ...

Franklin and Gosling death notice for a helical structure for crystalline DNA (or A-DNA)

In February 1953 Francis Crick and James D. Watson of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge University had started to build a model of the B form of DNA using similar data to that available to the team at King's. Model building had been applied successfully in the elucidation of the structure of the alpha helix by Linus Pauling in 1951,^[26][27] but Rosalind Franklin was opposed to building theoretical models, taking the view that building a model was only to be undertaken after the structure was known.^[28][29] Watson and Crick then indirectly obtained a pre-publication version of Franklin's DNA X-ray diffraction data (possibly without her knowledge), and a pre-publication manuscript by Pauling and Corey, giving them critical insights into the DNA structure.^[30] Image File history File links Rosalindfranklinsjokecard. ... Image File history File links Rosalindfranklinsjokecard. ... Plaque, at old site Entrance, old site, Free School Lane The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridges Department of Physics, and is part of the universitys School of Physical Sciences. ... The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University), located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and has a reputation as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. ... Molecular modelling is a collection of techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. ... Side view of an α-helix of alanine residues in atomic detail. ... Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator of German ancestry. ... Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA. B configuration Photo 51 is the name given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952[1] that was critical evidence[2] in identifying the structure of DNA.[3] The photo was...

Francis Crick and James Watson then published their model in Nature on 25 April 1953 in an article describing the double-helical structure of DNA with a small footnote to Franklin's data.^[31] Articles by Wilkins and Franklin illuminating their x-ray diffraction data published in the same issue of Nature supported the Crick and Watson model for the B form of DNA.^[32][33] Franklin eventually left King's College London in March 1953 to move to Birkbeck College in a move that had been planned for some time. Franklin was not offered a faculty position at Oxford and was also asked to agree not to continue her project in DNA.^[34] Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Birkbeck, University of London, sometimes referred to by its former name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a College of the University of London. ...

Birkbeck College, London

Electronmicrograph of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Franklin's work in Birkbeck involved the use of x-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) under J. D. Bernal^[35] and was funded by the Agricultural Research Council(ARC).^[36] In 1954 Franklin began a longstanding and successful collaboration with Aaron Klug.^[37] In 1955 Franklin had a paper published in the journal Nature, indicating that TMV virus particles were all of the same length,^[38] this was in direct contradiction to the ideas of the eminent virologist Norman Pirie, though her observation ultimately proved correct.^[39] Download high resolution version (675x675, 97 KB)Electron micrograph of TMV particles T. Moravec, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (675x675, 97 KB)Electron micrograph of TMV particles T. Moravec, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons as a way to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. ... Birkbeck, University of London, sometimes referred to by its former name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a College of the University of London. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) was an Irish-born scientist (from Nenagh, County Tipperary), known for pioneering X-ray crystallography. ... Sir Aaron Klug, OM, FRS (born 11 August 1926 in Zelvas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes. ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ... Virology is the study of viruses and their properties. ... Norman Wingate Pirie FRS (1 July 1907 - 29 March 1997)-was a British biochemist and virologist who, along with Frederick Bawden, discovered that a virus can be crystallized by isolating tobacco mosaic virus in 1936. ...

Franklin worked on rod like viruses such as TMV with her Ph.D. student Kenneth Holmes, while Aaron Klug worked on spherical viruses with his student John Finch, Franklin coordinated the work and was in charge.^[40] Franklin also had a research assistant, James Watt, subsidised by the National Coal Board and was now the Leader of the "ARC Group" at Birkbeck.^[41] By the end of 1955 her team had completed a model of the TMV and were working on viruses affecting several plants, including potato, turnip, tomato and pea.^[42] Franklin and Don Casper produced a paper each in Nature that taken together demonstrated that the RNA in TMV is wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus.^[43][44] Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... A research assistant (RA) is a junior graduate scholar, employed on a temporary contract by a college or university for the purpose of academic research. ... The National Coal Board (NCB) was the nationalised British coal mining company. ... For other uses, see RNA (disambiguation). ...

Illness and death

In the summer of 1956, while on a work related trip to the United States of America (USA) Franklin first began to suspect a health problem.^[45] An operation in September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen.^[46] After this period of illness Franklin spent some time convalescing at the home of Crick and his wife Odile.^[47] She continued to work and her group continued to produce results, seven papers in 1956 and a further six in 1957.^[48] In 1957 the group was also working on the polio virus and had obtained funding from the Public Health Service of the National Institutes of Health in the USA.^[49] At the end of 1957 Franklin again fell ill and was admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital. She returned to work in January 1958 and was given a promotion to Research Associate in Biophysics.^[50] She fell ill again on the 30th of March and died at Chelsea, London on April 16, 1958 ^{[51] [52]}. Exposure to X-ray radiation is sometimes considered a possible factor in her illness, though she was no more careless than other laboratory staff of the time. Other members of her family have died of cancer, and the incidence of cancer is known to be disproportionately high amongst Ashkenazi Jews.^[53] Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... Poliomyelitis (polio) is a viral paralytic disease. ... The United States Public Health Service was founded first by President John Adams as a loose network of hospitals to support the health of American seamen. ... National Institutes of Health Building 50 at NIH Clinical Center - Building 10 The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Ministry of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. ... Royal Marsden Hospital is a specialist cancer treatment hospital in London, England. ... Statue of Thomas More on Cheyne Walk. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănāzî, ʾAÅ¡kănāzîm, pronounced sing. ...

She died in 1958 of bronchopneumonia, secondary carcinomatosis, and carcinoma of the ovary; her death certificate read (quote) "A Research Scientist, Spinster, Daughter of Ellis Arthur Franklin, a Banker."

Controversies after death

Three controversies have surrounded the late Rosalind Franklin and have all come to light after her death; they are more matters of opinion rather than of scientific fact but her reputation has been well restored in biographies by the late Anne Sayre and more recently Brenda Maddox. (Lynne Osman Elkin, Ph.D., Professor of biological sciences at California State University in Hayward is currently writing another biography of Rosalind Franklin.)

Sexism at King's College

Franklin's work was used without her knowledge. She was not congratulated for her important discovery, was not invited to work together over the DNA structure model.

There have been assertions that Rosalind Franklin was discriminated against because of her gender.

'Rosy' was dismissed in James Watson's account of the discovery, The Double Helix, as a buttoned-up bluestocking who, her scientific partner believed, 'had to go, or be put in her place'. Only recently has her reputation begun to be restored.^[54] James Watson The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of structure of DNA. It was written by James D. Watson and published in 1968. ...

One of the allegations is that King's, as an institution, was sexist. The allegation held that women were excluded from the staff dining room, and had to eat their meals in the student hall or away from the University.^[55][56] Whereas it is true that there was a dining room for the exclusive use of men (as was the case at other University of London colleges at the time), there was also a mixed gender dining room that overlooked the river Thames, and many male scientists refused to use the male only dining room owing to the preponderance of theologians.^[57] This notwithstanding, the fact remains that she was not given a choice in this regard, thus being effectively isolated from fellow scientists, a handicap that Watson and Crick certainly did not experience. Website http://www. ... This article is about the River Thames in southern England. ... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ...

The other accusation regarding gender is that women were under-represented in John Randall's group; there was only one other woman in the group and that women were unfairly excluded.^[58] In contrast, defenders of the college argue that women were (by the standards of the time) well-represented in the group, representing eight out of thirty-one members of staff,^[59] or possibly closer to one in three.^[60]

Contribution to the model of DNA

Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the Crick and Watson model include an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51),^[61] that was briefly shown to James Watson by Maurice Wilkins in January 1953,^[62][63] and a report written for an MRC biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952. The report contained data from the King's group, including some of Rosalind Franklin's work, and was given to Francis Crick by his thesis supervisor Max Perutz, a member of the visiting committee.^[64][65] Maurice Wilkins had been given photograph 51 by Rosalind Franklin's PhD student Raymond Gosling, because she was leaving King's to work at Birkbeck, there was nothing untoward in this,^[66][67] though it has been implied, incorrectly, that Maurice Wilkins had taken the photograph out of Rosalind Franklin's drawer.^[68] Likewise Max Perutz saw no harm in showing the MRC report to Crick as it had not been marked as confidential. Much of the important material contained in the report had been presented by Franklin in a talk she had given in November 1951, which Watson had attended.^[69][70] The upshot of all this was that when Crick and Watson started to build their model in February 1953 they were working with very similar data to those available at King's. Rosalind Franklin was probably never aware that her work had been used during construction of the model.^[71] Photo 51, an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA. B configuration Photo 51 is the name given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952[1] that was critical evidence[2] in identifying the structure of DNA.[3] The photo was... Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM (May 19, 1914 – February 6, 2002) was an Austrian-British molecular biologist. ...

Recognition of her contribution to the model of DNA

On the completion of their model, Francis Crick and James Watson had invited Maurice Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure.^[72][73] Wilkins turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in building the model.^[74] Maurice Wilkins later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this may have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery.^[75] There is no doubt that Franklin's experimental data were used by Crick and Watson to build their model of DNA in 1953 (see above). That she is not cited in their original paper outlining their model may be a question of circumstance, as it would have been very difficult to cite the unpublished work from the MRC report they had seen.^[76] It should be noted that the X-ray diffraction work of both Wilkins and William Astbury are cited in the paper, and that the unpublished work of both Franklin and Wilkins are acknowledged in the paper.^[1] Franklin and Raymond Gosling's own publication in the same issue of Nature was the first publication of this more clarified X-ray image of DNA.^[77] The terms collaborative writing and refer to projects where written works are created by multiple people together (collaboratively) rather than individually. ... William Astbury (1898-1961) was an English biochemist who made X-ray diffraction studies of nucleic acid in 1937. ... The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ...

Nobel Prize

The rules of the Nobel Prize forbid posthumous nominations^[78] and because Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958 she was not eligible for nomination to the Nobel Prize subsequently awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins in 1962.^[79] The award was for their body of work on nucleic acids and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.^[80] By the time of the award Wilkins had been working on the structure of DNA for over 10 years, and had done much to confirm the Crick-Watson model.^[81] Crick had been working on the genetic code at Cambridge and Watson had worked on RNA for some years.^[82] Highly simplified diagram of a double-stranded nucleic acid. ... For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to Genetics. ... For other uses, see RNA (disambiguation). ...

Posthumous recognition

• 1982, Iota Sigma Pi designated Franklin a National Honorary Member.^[83]
• 1992, English Heritage placed a blue plaque on the house Rosalind Franklin grew up in.^[84]
• 1995, Newnham College dedicated a residence in her name and put a bust of her in its garden.^[84]
• 1997, Birkbeck, University of London School of Crystallography opened the Rosalind Franklin laboratory.^[85]
• 1998, National Portrait Gallery added Rosalind Franklin's next to those of Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins.^[84][86]
• 2000, King's College London opened the Franklin-Wilkins Building in honour of Dr. Franklin's and Professor Wilkins' work at the college.^[87] King's had earlier, in 1994, also named one of the Halls in Hampstead Campus residences in memory of Rosalind Franklin.
• 2003, the Royal Society established the Rosalind Franklin Award, for an outstanding contribution to any area of natural science, engineering or technology.^[88]
• 2004, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, located in North Chicago, IL, changed its name to Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.^[89]
• The U.S. National Cancer Institute awards the Rosalind E. Franklin Award for Women in Science.^{[citation needed]}
• A sculpture of DNA in Clare College includes the words: "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins"^{[citation needed]}

Iota Sigma Pi is an elective US honor society for women in chemistry, first established in 1902. ... The standard of English Heritage English Heritage is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport) with a broad remit of managing the historic environment of England. ... A blue plaque showing information about The Spanish Barn at Torre Abbey in Torquay. ... Full name Newnham College Motto - Named after - Previous names Newnham Hall Established 1871 Sister College St Cross College Principal The Lady ONeill of Bengarve Location Sidgwick Avenue Undergraduates 396 Graduates 120 Homepage Boatclub A view of part of Newnham College. ... Birkbeck, University of London, sometimes referred to by its former name Birkbeck College or by the abbreviation BBK, is a College of the University of London. ... The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in St Martins Place, London, England, which opened to the public in 1856. ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... For other uses, see Royal Society (disambiguation). ... North Chicago is a city located in Lake County, Illinois. ... Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science is a private graduate school located in North Chicago, Illinois. ... The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the United States Federal governments National Institutes of Health. ... Full name Clare College Motto _ Named after Elizabeth de Clare Previous names University Hall (1326), Clare Hall (1338), Clare College (1856) Established 1326 Sister College Oriel College St Hughs College Master Prof. ...

Footnotes

The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ... The Royal Society of London is claimed to be the oldest learned society still in existence and was founded in 1660. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Bryson, B. A Short History of Nearly Everything. (2004). Black Swan ISBN 0-552-99704-8.
• Crick, F., H., C. and Watson, J., D. Molecular structure of nucleic acids (1953) Nature 171 pp. 737-738.
• Crick, F. H. C. What Mad Pursuit, (1988). Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09137-7.
• Elkin, L., O. Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix Physics Today March 2003, p. 61.
• Franklin, R., E. "Influence of the bonding electrons on the scattering of X-rays by carbon", Nature (1950) volume 165 page 71 Entrez PubMed 15403103.
• Franklin, R and Gosling, R., G. Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate Nature volume 171 pages 740-741. (1953)full text.
• Franklin, R.E. Structure of tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 175:379-381 (1955).
• Franklin, R.E. (1956) Location of the ribonucleic acid in the tobacco mosaic virusparticle. Nature 177:928.
• Maddox, B. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA (2002). Harper Collins ISBN 0-00-655211-0.
• Wilkins, M., The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography (2003) Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-280667-X.
• Nobel Prize (1962). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962, for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, Nobelprize.org
• Sayre, A. 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.
• Segev, T. One Palestine, Complete, (2000) (ISBN 0-349-11286-X) Abacus History.
• Watson, J. Letter to Science, 164, p. 1539, 27 (1969).
• Yockey, H. P. Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life (2005).

Physics Today magazine, created in 1948, is the flagship publication of The American Institute of Physics. ... Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ... The Entrez logo The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System allows access to databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. ... Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. ... The biographer Brenda Maddox is a Harvard graduate who has lived for many years in the UK. Her biographies of Elizabeth Taylor, D.H. Lawrence, Nora Joyce, W.B. Yeats and Rosalind Franklin have been widely acclaimed. ... Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate who contributed research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, and X-ray diffraction. ... Tom Segev is a public intellectual, journalist, and Israeli historian. ... Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the worlds most prestigious scientific journals. ...

Further reading

• Brown, Andrew; "J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science", Oxford University Press, 2005; ISBN 0-199-20565-5
• Chomet, S. (Ed.), D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery. Newman-Hemisphere Press (1994): NB a few copies are available from Newman-Hemisphere at 101 Swan Court, London SW3 5RY (phone/fax: 07092 060530).
• Crick, Francis (1988) What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) ISBN 0-465-09138-5
• Dickerson, Richard E.; "Present at the Flood: How Structural Molecular Biology Came About", Sinauer, 2005; ISBN 0-878-93168-6;
• Hager, Thomas; "Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling", Simon & Schuster 1995; ISBN 0-684-80909-5
• Freeland Judson, Horace [1977] (1996). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Expanded edition, Plainview, N.Y: CSHL Press. ISBN 0-87969-478-5. 
• Glynn, Jennifer Franklin. "Rosalind Franklin, 1920 - 1958" in "Cambridge Women: Twelve Portraits" (CUP 1996) pp 267 - 282 eds. Edward Shils and Carmen Blacker, ISBN 0521482879
• Klug, A. A lecture about Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the elucidation of the structure of DNA. in DNA Changing Science and Society: The Darwin Lectures for 2003 Krude, Torsten (Ed.) CUP (2003)
• Olby, Robert, The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA, (1974). MacMillan ISBN 0-486-68117-3
• "Quiet debut for the double helix" by Professor Robert Olby, Nature 421 (January 23, 2003): 402-405.
• Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004) ISBN 184401343X
• Watson, James D. (1980). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01245-X. 

Sir Aaron Klug, OM, FRS (born 11 August 1926 in Zelvas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist, and winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes. ... Robert Olby is a professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... There is more than one person with the name James Watson: James Watson, participant in the Battle of the Little Bighorn James Watson, author of the novel Talking in Whispers James Watson, U.S. Senator from New York (1797-1801) James Watson, painter of 77 portraits held by the U...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Rosalind Franklin

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...

Articles

• My aunt, the DNA pioneer
• "Rosalind Franklin and the double helix" in "Physics Today" magazine
• Light on a Dark Lady, republished article from

Documentaries

• Nova: "Secret of Photo 51"

Collections and publications

• The Rosalind Franklin Papers at the National Library of Medicine
• Anne Sayre Collection of Rosalind Franklin Materials
• The Rosalind Franklin Papers at Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge.
• "Rosalind Franklin’s work on coal, carbon, and graphite", by Peter J F Harris in PDF format
• Energia Vol.6 No.6 (1995) (University of Kentucky centre forApplied Energy Research). Contains Rosalind Franklin Article in PDF format

	DNA structure research at King's College London 1947-1959
	Rosalind Franklin | Raymond Gosling | John Randall | Alec Stokes | Maurice Wilkins | Herbert Wilson

The Churchill Archives Centre (CAC) is one of the largest repositories in the United Kingdom for the preservation and study of modern personal papers. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (907x1000, 478 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): DNA Wikipedia:Long term abuse/The DNA Vandal ... For other uses, see Kings College. ... The joke funeral card in the names of Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling Raymond Gosling is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College London in deducing the structure of DNA. He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. ... Sir John Randall,FRSE, (March 23, 1905 – June 16, 1984) was a British physicist, credited with radical improvement of the cavity magnetron, an essential component of centimetric wavelength radar, which was one of the keys to the Allied victory in the Second World War. ... Alec Stokes (Alexander Rawson Stokes, June 27, 1919–February 5, 2003) was one of the key contributors in the original DNA research team at Kings College London. ... Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate who contributed research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, and X-ray diffraction. ... Professor Herbert Wilson (1929 —) is a physicist, who was one of the original team who worked on the structure of DNA at Kings College London. ... Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. ... Crystallography (from the Greek words crystallon = solid and graphein = write) is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jan. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...