Rota ("Oath") is a 20th-century Polish poem and anthem, at one time a candidate to be the Polish national anthem. The 20th century began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. ... Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... An anthem is a choral composition to an English religious text sung in church services. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ...

History

Rota's words were written in 1908 by Maria Konopnicka. Music for it was composed two years later by Feliks Nowowiejski. Maria Konopnicka (May 23, 1842, Suwałki — October 8, 1910, Lwów) was a Polish poet, novelist, translator and essayist. ...

Konopnicka's poem came into being as a protest against German oppression of Poles in the German-occupied part of Poland (Polish lands that, from the late 18th century (see Polish Partitions) to 1918, were under Prussian — later, German — occupation). Poetry (ancient Greek: poieo = create) is an art form in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. ... The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... The Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commonly known as the Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ...

Rota, first sung publicly during a patriotic demonstration at Austrian-occupied Kraków on July 15th, 1910 ( the 500th anniversary of the victorious battle over the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald), instantly became popular throughout partitioned Poland. Wawel Hill. ... Combatants Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Teutonic Order and Mercenaries and Various Knights from the rest of Europe Commanders WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o, Vytautas the Great, Jan Sokol of Lamberk Ulrich von Jungingen† Strength 39,000 27,000 Casualties Unknown 8,000 dead 14,000 captured... The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ...

Until 1918 Rota served as an anthem of the Polish Scouting movement. After Poland regained independence in 1918, Rota in 1927 became an unsuccessful candidate to be the Polish national anthem. Fleur-de-lys, the symbol of the ZHP ZwiÄ…zek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting and Guiding Association, ZHP) is the coeducational Polish Scouting organization recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement. ... ...

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See also

• Oaths of the Polish Army
• Germanisation
• Kulturkampf
• Drzymała's wagon
• Anti-Polonism

The following is a list of the Polish military oaths, both historical and contemporary. ... The German term Kulturkampf (literally, culture struggle, invented by Rudolf Virchow[1]) refers to German policies in relation to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarck. ... Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, Leszno, Poland, October 1939. ...

External links

• "Rota" in Real Audio format