NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Rotor machine

In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for a brief but prominent period of history; they were in widespread use in the 1930s–1950s. The most famous example is the Enigma machine. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (861x680, 53 KB)Illustration of rotors in an Enigma machine. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (861x680, 53 KB)Illustration of rotors in an Enigma machine. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek ÎºÏÏ…Ï€Ï„ÏŒÏ‚ kryptÃ³s hidden, and the verb Î³ÏÎ¬Ï†Ï‰ grÃ¡fo write or Î»ÎµÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î½ legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... â€œCipherâ€ redirects here. ... Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ...

The primary component is a set of rotors, also termed wheels or drums, which are rotating disks with an array of electrical contacts on either side. The wiring between the contacts implements a fixed substitution of letters, scrambling them in some complex fashion. On its own, this would offer little security; however, after encrypting each letter, the rotors advance positions, changing the substitution. By this means, a rotor machine produces a complex polyalphabetic substitution cipher. A contact is part of the active component of an electric switch. ... In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are substituted with ciphertext according to a regular system; the units may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. ... A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. ...

Background

In classical cryptography, one of the earliest encryption methods was the simple substitution cipher, where letters in a message were systematically replaced using some secret scheme. Monoalphabetic substitution ciphers used only a single replacement scheme — sometimes termed an "alphabet"; this could be easily broken, for example, by using frequency analysis. Somewhat more secure were schemes involving multiple alphabets, polyalphabetic ciphers. Because such schemes were implemented by hand, only a handful of different alphabets could be used; anything more complex would be impractical. However, using only a few alphabets left the ciphers vulnerable to attack. The invention of rotor machines mechanised polyalphabetic encryption, providing a practical way to use a much larger number of alphabets. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher used historically but which now have fallen, for the most part, into disuse. ... In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are substituted with ciphertext according to a regular system; the units may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. ... In mathematics, physics and signal processing, frequency analysis is a method to decompose a function, wave, or signal into its frequency components so that it is possible to have the frequency spectrum. ... A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. ...

The earliest cryptanalytic technique was frequency analysis, in which letter patterns unique to every language could be used to discover information about the substitution alphabet(s) in use in a monoalphabetic substitution cipher. For instance, in English, the plaintext letters E, T, A, O, I, N and S, are usually easy to identify in ciphertext on the basis that since they are very frequent (see ETAOIN SHRDLU), their corresponding ciphertext letters will also be as frequent. In addition, bigram combinations like NG, ST and others are also very frequent, while others are rare indeed (Q followed by anything other than U for instance). The simplest frequency analysis relies on one ciphertext letter always being substituted for a plaintext letter in the cipher: if this is not the case, deciphering the message is more difficult. For many years, cryptographers attempted to hide the telltale frequencies by using several different substitutions for common letters, but this technique was unable to fully hide patterns in the substitutions for plaintext letters. Such schemes were being widely broken by the 1500s. In mathematics, physics and signal processing, frequency analysis is a method to decompose a function, wave, or signal into its frequency components so that it is possible to have the frequency spectrum. ... In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are substituted with ciphertext according to a regular system; the units may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. ... // ETAOIN SHRDLU (often pronounced et-ee-oin shurd-loo) is the approximate order of frequency of the twelve most commonly used letters in the English language, best known as a nonsense phrase that sometimes appeared in print in the days of hot type publishing due to a custom of Linotype... Bigrams are groups of two written letters, two syllables, or two words, and are very commonly used as the basis for simple statistical analysis of text; one of the most successful language models for Speech Recognition (Collins, 1996). ... This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... In cryptography, plaintext is information used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. ...

In the mid-1400s, a new technique was invented by Alberti, now known generally as polyalphabetic ciphers, which recognised the virtue of using more than a single substitution alphabet; he also invented a simple technique for "creating" a multitude of substitution patterns for use in a message. Two parties exchanged a small amount of information (referred to as the key) and used it to create many substitution alphabets, and so many different substitutions for each plaintext letter over the course of a single plaintext. The idea is simple and effective, but proved more difficult to use than might have been expected. Many ciphers were only partial implementations of Alberti's, and so were easier to break than they might have been (e.g. the Vigenère cipher). Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti. ... A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. ... A key is a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm. ... The VigenÃ¨re cipher is named for Blaise de VigenÃ¨re (pictured), although Giovan Batista Belaso had invented the cipher earlier. ...

Not until the 1840s (Babbage) was any technique known which could reliably break any of the polyalphabetic ciphers. His technique also looked for repeating patterns in the ciphertext, which provide clues about the length of the key. Once this is known, the message essentially becomes a series of messages, each as long as the length of the key, to which normal frequency analysis can be applied. Charles Babbage, Friedrich Kasiski, and William F. Friedman are among those who did most to develop these techniques. This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. ... Charles Babbage FRS (26 December 1791 â€“ 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. ... Major Friedrich Wilhelm Kasiski (29 November 1805â€“22 May 1881) was a Prussian infantry officer, cryptographer and archeologist. ... William Friedman. ...

Cipher designers tried to get users to use a different substitution for every letter, but this usually meant a very long key, which was a problem in several ways. A long key takes longer to convey (securely) to the parties who need it, and so mistakes are more likely in key distribution. Also, many users do not have the patience to carry out lengthy, letter perfect evolutions, and certainly not under time pressure or battlefield stress. The 'ultimate' cipher of this type would be one in which such a 'long' key could be generated from a simple pattern (ideally automatically), producing a cipher in which there are so many substitution alphabets that frequency counting and statistical attacks would be effectively impossible. Enigma, and the rotor machines generally, were just what was needed since they were seriously polyalphabetic, using a different substitution alphabet for each letter of plaintext, and automatic, requiring no extraordinary abilities from their users. Their messages were, generally, much harder to break than any previous ciphers. For other uses, see Alphabet (disambiguation). ...

Mechanization

It is relatively straightforward to create a machine for performing simple substitution. We can consider an electrical system with 26 switches attached to 26 light bulbs; when you turn on any one of the switches, one of the light bulbs is illuminated. If each switch is operated by a key on a typewriter, and the bulbs are labelled with letters, then such a system can be used for encryption by choosing the wiring between the keys and the bulb: for example, typing the letter A would make the bulb labelled Q light up. However, the wiring is fixed, providing little security. Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this Underwood Five, were long time standards of government agencies, newsrooms, and sales offices. ...

Rotor machines build on this idea by, in effect, changing the wiring with each key stroke. The wiring is placed inside a rotor, and then rotated with a gear every time a letter was pressed. So while pressing A the first time might generate an Q, the next time it might generate a J. Every letter pressed on the keyboard would spin the rotor and get a new substitution, implementing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

Depending on the size of the rotor, this may or may not be more secure than hand ciphers. If the rotor has only 26 positions on it, one for each letter, then all messages will have a (repeating) key 26 letters long. Although the key itself (mostly hidden in the wiring of the rotor) might not be known the methods for attacking these types of codes don't need that information. So while such a single rotor machine is certainly easy to use, it's no more secure than any other partial polyalphabetic cipher system.

But this is easy to correct. Simply stack more rotors next to each other, and gear them together. After the first rotor spins "all the way", make the rotor beside it spin one position. Now you would have to type 26 × 26 = 676 letters (for the Latin alphabet) before the key repeats, and yet it still only requires you to communicate a key of two letters/numbers to set things up. If a key of 676 length is not long enough, another rotor can be added, resulting in a period 17,576 letters long. The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ...

In order to be as easy to decipher as encipher, some rotor machines, most notably the Enigma machine, were designed to be symmetrical, i.e., encrypting twice with the same settings recovers the original message (see involution). The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... In mathematics, an involution is a function that is its own inverse, so that f(f(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f. ...

History

Invention

The concept of a rotor machine occurred to a number of inventors independently at a similar time.

In 2003, it emerged that the first inventors were two Dutch naval officers, Theo A. van Hengel (1875 – 1939) and R. P. C. Spengler (1875 – 1955) in 1915 (De Leeuw, 2003). Previously, the invention had been ascribed to four inventors working independently and at much the same time: Edward Hebern, Arvid Damm, Hugo Koch and Arthur Scherbius. Royal Netherlands Navy Jack The Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy ) is the navy of the Netherlands. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar). ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869 – February 10, 1952) was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption. ... A prototype of one of Damms machines. ... Hugo Alexander Koch (1869 or 1870 â€“ 1928) was a Dutch inventor who conceived of and patented an idea for machine encryption â€” the rotor machine, although he was not the first to do so. ... Arthur Scherbius (20 October 1878â€“13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine. ...

In the United States Edward Hugh Hebern built a rotor machine using a single rotor in 1917. He became convinced he would get rich selling such a system to the military, the Hebern Rotor Machine, and produced a series of different machines with one to five rotors. His success was limited, however, and he went bankrupt in the 1920s. He sold a small number of machines to the US Navy in 1931. Edward Hugh Hebern (April 23, 1869 – February 10, 1952) was an early inventor of rotor machines, devices for encryption. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... A single-rotor Hebern machine. ... Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ... Year 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In Hebern's machines the rotors could be opened up and the wiring changed in a few minutes, so a single mass-produced system could be sold to a number of users who would then produce their own rotor keying. Decryption consisted of taking out the rotor(s) and turning them around to reverse the circuitry. Unknown to Hebern, William F. Friedman of the US Army's SIS promptly demonstrated a flaw in the system that allowed the ciphers from it, and from any machine with similar design features, to be cracked with enough work. William Friedman. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) was the United States Army codebreaking division, headquartered at Arlington Hall. ...

Another early rotor machine inventor was Dutchman Hugo Koch, who filed a patent on a rotor machine in 1919. At about the same time in Sweden, Arvid Gerhard Damm invented and patented another rotor design. However, the rotor machine was ultimately made famous by Arthur Scherbius, who filed a rotor machine patent in 1918. Scherbius later went on to design and market the Enigma machine. Hugo Alexander Koch (1869 or 1870 â€“ 1928) was a Dutch inventor who conceived of and patented an idea for machine encryption â€” the rotor machine, although he was not the first to do so. ... A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a patentee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Arvid Gerhad Damm was a Swedish inventor of a rotor machine. ... Arthur Scherbius (20 October 1878â€“13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ...

The Enigma machine

The most widely known example of a rotor machine is the German Enigma machine used during World War II, of which there were a number of variants. The standard Enigma model, Enigma I, used three rotors. At the end of the stack of rotors was an additional rotor-like disk, wired such that the inputs were connected electrically back out to some other contact on the same side – in some sense, half of a normal rotor. When current was sent into most of these machines it would travel through the rotors and out the other side to the lamps, but in the Enigma it was "reflected" back through the disks before going to the lamps. The advantage to this system was that there was nothing that had to be done to the setup in order to decrypt a message; the machine was symmetrical at all times. The reflector guaranteed that no letter could be enciphered as itself, so an A could never turn back into an A, which helped British efforts to break the cipher. See Cryptanalysis of the Enigma. The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1414x1886, 745 KB) Enigma Machine at the Imperial War Museum, London. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1414x1886, 745 KB) Enigma Machine at the Imperial War Museum, London. ... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...

Scherbius joined forces with a mechanical engineer named Ritter and formed Chiffriermaschinen AG in Berlin before demonstrating Enigma to the public in Bern in 1923, and then in 1924 at the World Postal Congress in Stockholm. In 1927 Scherbius bought Koch's patents, and in 1928 they added a plugboard, essentially a non-rotating manually-rewireable fourth rotor, on the front of the machine. After the death of Scherbius in 1929, Willi Korn was in charge of further technical development of Enigma. This article is about the capital of Germany. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Bern, English traditionally Berne (Bernese German BÃ¤rn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna ), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after ZÃ¼rich, Geneva and Basel). ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Nickname: Location of Stockholm in northern Europe Coordinates: , Country Sweden Municipality Stockholm Municipality County Stockholm Province SÃ¶dermanland and Uppland Charter 13th century Government - Mayor Kristina AxÃ©n Olin (m) Population (March 2007) - City 786,509 - Density 4,160/kmÂ² (10,774. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

As with other early rotor machine efforts, Scherbius had limited commercial success. However, the German armed forces, responding in part to revelations that their codes had been broken during World War I, adopted the Enigma to secure their communications. The German Navy adopted Enigma in 1926, and the German Army began to use a different variant around 1928. The Kriegsmarine (or War Navy) was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945, during the Nazi regime, superseding the Reichsmarine. ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Reichswehr (helpÂ· info) (literally National Defense or Imperial Defense) formed the military organization of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when the government rebranded it as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force). ...

The Enigma (in several flavors) was the rotor machine Scherbius' company, and its successor, Heimsoth & Reinke, supplied to the German military and to such assorted civilian agencies as the Nazi party security organization, the SD. The German Army version was the Enigma the Poles broke in the early 1930s not long after it was first used. They passed their progress on to the French and British in July 1939, and the British and French continued to break German Army Enigma — along with Luftwaffe Enigma traffic — until French cryptanalysis (at Station PC Bruno) was shut down. The British continued breaking Enigma and, assisted eventually by the United States, extended the work to German Naval Enigma traffic, most especially to and from U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic. Sicherheitsdienst (SD) sleeve insignia. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or (German: air force, literally Air Weapon IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... PC Bruno was the code name for the intelligence station operated at a farmhouse in the west of France to which French cryptanalysts retired after Paris was captured by the Germans in 1940. ... U-boat is also a nickname for some diesel locomotives built by GE; see List of GE locomotives October 1939. ... Combatants Royal Navy Royal Canadian Navy United States Navy Kriegsmarine Regia Marina Commanders Sir Percy Noble Sir Max K. Horton Ernest J. King Erich Raeder Karl DÃ¶nitz Casualties 30,248 merchant sailors 3,500 merchant vessels 175 warships 28,000 sailors 783 submarines The Second Battle of the Atlantic...

Various machines

During World War II (WWII), both the Germans and Allies developed additional rotor machines. The Allies developed the Typex (British) and the SIGABA (American). During the War the Swiss began development on an Enigma improvement which became the NEMA machine which was put into service after WWII. There was even a Japanese developed variant of the Enigma in which the rotors sat horizontally; it was apparently never put into service. The Japanese PURPLE machine was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches, but was conceptually similar. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (720x643, 78 KB)Tatjana van Varks [1] Enigma-inspired rotor machine, constructed in 2002. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (720x643, 78 KB)Tatjana van Varks [1] Enigma-inspired rotor machine, constructed in 2002. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security. ... SIGABA In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a rotor machine used by the United States from World War II (WWII) until the 1950s. ... The NEMA (NEue MAschine) (new machine), also designated the T-D (Tasten-Druecker-Maschine) (key-stroke machine), was a 10-wheel rotor machine designed by the Swiss Army during World War II. Categories: Rotor machines ... Not to be confused with Violet (color). ... In electrical controls, a stepping switch (also called a uniselector; see Strowger switch, below) is an electromechanical device used, most prominently, in early automatic telephone exchanges to route calls. ...

Rotor machines continued to be used even in the computer age. The KL-7 (ADONIS), an encryption machine with 8 rotors, was widely used by the U.S. and its allies from the 1950s until the 1980s. The last Canadian message encrypted with a KL-7 was sent on June 30, 1983. KL-7 on display at USAF Communications Agency museum. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ...

A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands-based Tatjana van Vark [1]. This unusual device is inspired by Enigma, but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation; each rotor contains 509 parts [2]. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 542 pixelsFull resolution (2720 Ã— 1844 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 542 pixelsFull resolution (2720 Ã— 1844 pixel, file size: 1. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ...

A software implementation of a rotor machine was used in the crypt command that was part of early UNIX operating systems. It was among the first software programs to run afoul of U.S. export regulations which classified cryptographic implementations as munitions. US SIGABA rotor machine. ... US SIGABA rotor machine. ... Filiation of Unix and Unix-like systems Unix (officially trademarked as UNIXÂ®) is a computer operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy. ... Since World War II, Western governments, including the U.S. and its NATO allies have regulated the export of cryptography for national security considerations. ... Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, hidden, and gráphein, to write) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption. ...

List of rotor machines

CSP 1600, the replacement stepping unit to adapt the ECM Mark II to CCM The Combined Cipher Machine (CCM) (or Combined Cypher Machine) was a common cipher machine system for securing Allied communications during World War II and for a few years after amongst NATO. The British Typex machine and... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... The advanced Russian cipher machine Fialka (M-125) has only recently been made known to the public. ... A single-rotor Hebern machine. ... A diagram of a loopback-rotor construction; in this simplified example, two rotors with nine contacts each are used. ... KL-7 on display at USAF Communications Agency museum. ... The Lacida (or LCD) was a rotor cipher machine designed before World War II by the Polish Cipher Bureau for wartime use by Polish higher commands. ... Friedman patented the design of the M-325 in US patent #2,877,565. ... Mercury was a British cipher machine used by the Air Ministry from 1950 until at least the early 1960s. ... The NEMA (NEue MAschine) (new machine), also designated the T-D (Tasten-Druecker-Maschine) (key-stroke machine), was a 10-wheel rotor machine designed by the Swiss Army during World War II. Categories: Rotor machines ... The OMI cryptograph was a seven-rotor machine produced by Italian firm Ottico Meccanica Italiana. ... Portex on display at Bletchley Park Museum, UK. Portex (or BID/50/1) was a British cipher machine. ... SIGABA In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a rotor machine used by the United States from World War II (WWII) until the 1950s. ... SIGCUM on display at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... In theoretical physics, a singlet usually refers to a one-dimensional representation (e. ... Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security. ...

References

Friedrich Ludwig Bauer (born June 10, 1924 in Regensburg) is a German computer scientist and professor emeritus at Munich University of Technology. ...

External links

Category: Rotor machines In cryptography, a rotor machine is a electro-mechanical device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. ... CSP 1600, the replacement stepping unit to adapt the ECM Mark II to CCM The Combined Cipher Machine (CCM) (or Combined Cypher Machine) was a common cipher machine system for securing Allied communications during World War II and for a few years after amongst NATO. The British Typex machine and... The plugboard, keyboard, lamps, and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels) The Enigma machine was a cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages. ... The advanced Russian cipher machine Fialka (M-125) has only recently been made known to the public. ... A single-rotor Hebern machine. ... A diagram of a loopback-rotor construction; in this simplified example, two rotors with nine contacts each are used. ... KL-7 on display at USAF Communications Agency museum. ... The Lacida (or LCD) was a rotor cipher machine designed before World War II by the Polish Cipher Bureau for wartime use by Polish higher commands. ... Friedman patented the design of the M-325 in US patent #2,877,565. ... Mercury was a British cipher machine used by the Air Ministry from 1950 until at least the early 1960s. ... The NEMA (NEue MAschine) (new machine), also designated the T-D (Tasten-Druecker-Maschine) (key-stroke machine), was a 10-wheel rotor machine designed by the Swiss Army during World War II. Categories: Rotor machines ... The OMI cryptograph was a seven-rotor machine produced by Italian firm Ottico Meccanica Italiana. ... Portex on display at Bletchley Park Museum, UK. Portex (or BID/50/1) was a British cipher machine. ... SIGABA In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a rotor machine used by the United States from World War II (WWII) until the 1950s. ... SIGCUM on display at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... A Singlet machine on display at Bletchley Park BID/60 (Singlet) was a British encryption machine used mainly by the British intelligence services from around 1949 or 1950 onwards. ... Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security. ... The Bazeries cylinder is a simple cipher machine originally invented by American President Thomas Jefferson in the 18th century, but did not come into wide use until it was reinvented by Commandant Etienne Bazeries, the conqueror of the Great Cipher, a century later. ... A C-36 on display at Bletchley Park museum. ... A combination of a C-52 cipher machine with a B-52 keyboard attachment, such as pictured here, was denoted the BC-52. ... The (Hagelin) CD-57 was a portable, mechanical cipher machine manufactured by Crypto AG, first produced in 1957 (1). ... A cipher disk is an enciphering and deciphering tool developed in the 15th Century by Leon Battista Alberti. ... An HC-9 on display at Bletchley Park. ... The standard Kryha machine weighed around five kilograms and was totally mechanical. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Bazeries cylinder. ... The M-94 and M-138 cipher devices The M-94 was a piece of cryptographic equipment used by the United States army, consisting of several lettered discs arranged as a cylinder. ... In cryptography, the M-209, designated CSP-1500 by the Navy (C-38 by the manufacturer) is a portable, mechanical cipher machine used by the US military primarily in World War II, though it remained in active use through the Korean War. ... The Reihenschieber was a hand cipher system used by Germany. ... This article is about the encryption device; for the Dune character, see Scytale (Dune). ... The 5-UCO was a one time tape (OTT) Vernam cipher encryption system developed by the U.K. during World War II for use on teletype circuits. ... The basic TOPIC equipment without the power supply on display at Bletchley Park. ... An array of KW-26s The TSEC/KW-26, code named ROMULUS, was an encryption system used by the U.S. Government and, later, by NATO countries. ... The KW-37, code named JASON, was an encryption system developed In the 1950s by the U.S. National Security Agency to protect fleet broadcasts of the U.S. Navy. ... The Lorenz machine was used to encrypt high-level German military communications during World War II. British cryptographers at Bletchley Park were able to break the cipher. ... STURGEON exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... Secure voice (alternatively secure speech or ciphony) is a term in cryptography for devices which are designed to provide voice encryption for voice communication over a range of communication types such as radio, telephone or IP. A digital secure voice usually includes two components, a digitizer to convert between speech... The KY-3 is a secure telephone system developed by the U.S. National Security Agency. ... The Speech Security Equipment (VINSON), TSEC/KY-57, is a portable, tactical cryptographic device in the VINSON family, designed to provide voice encryption for a range of military communication devices such as radio or telephone. ... Front panel of KY-58. ... TSEC/KY68 Basic Unit. ... The Omni adds Type 1 secure voice and secure data to any standard analog telephone or modem connected computer. ... SIGSALY exhibit at the National Cryptologic Museum In cryptography, SIGSALY (also Green Hornet) was a telephone scrambler used in World War II for the highest-level Allied communications. ... STE desk set. ... STU-II secure telephone The STU-II is a secure telephone developed by the U.S. National Security Agency. ... A STU-III secure telephone; this model AT&T STU-III is a family of secure telephones introduced in 1987 by the NSA for use by the United States government, its contractors, and its allies . ... Vinson is a surname, and may refer to: Carl Vinson, United States Congressman Clarence Vinson, boxer Eddie Vinson, musician Fred M. Vinson, United States Supreme Court justice Fred ONeal Vinson, basketball player Helen Vinson, actress Maribel Vinson-Owen, figure skater Sharni Vinson, actress Vinson Massif, tallest mountain in Antartica... SCIP is the U.S. Governments standard for secure voice and data communication. ... The SectÃ©ra Secure Module is a device that can provide encryption of both voice and data. ... Replica Cryptex Prize from Google Da Vinci Code Quest Contest The word cryptex is a neologism coined by the author Dan Brown for his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, denoting a portable vault used to hide secret messages. ... A selection of antique, hand-crafted Chinese jade (jadeite) buttons Unworked Jade Jade is used as an ornamental stone, the term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. ... KG-84A and KG-84C. US Navy photo. ... A KL-43 on display at the National Cryptologic Museum. ... Noreen on display at Bletchley Park museum Noreen, or BID 590, was an off-line one-time tape cipher machine of British origin, and also used by Canada. ... Not to be confused with Violet (color). ... The German Lorenz cipher machine contained 12 pinwheels, with a total of 501 pins . In cryptography, a pinwheel was a device for producing a short pseudorandom sequence of bits (determined by the machines initial settings), as a component in a cipher machine. ... Rockex, or Telekrypton, was an offline one-time tape cipher machine known to have been used by Britain and Canada from 1943. ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek ÎºÏÏ…Ï€Ï„ÏŒÏ‚ kryptÃ³s hidden, and the verb Î³ÏÎ¬Ï†Ï‰ grÃ¡fo write or Î»ÎµÎ³ÎµÎ¹Î½ legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptÃ³s, hidden, and analÃ½ein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ... This article is intended to be an analytic glossary, or alternatively, an organized collection of annotated pointers. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Encryption Decryption In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. ... The operation of A5/1, a LFSR-based stream cipher used to encrypt mobile phone conversations. ... A big random number is used to make a public-key pair. ... In cryptography, a cryptographic hash function is a hash function with certain additional security properties to make it suitable for use as a primitive in various information security applications, such as authentication and message integrity. ... A cryptographic message authentication code (MAC) is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message. ... A cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) is a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. ...

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