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In the wind industry one distinguishes between the roughness of the terrain, the influence from obstacles, and the influence from the terrain contours, which is also called the orography of the area.
The proper definition of roughness classes and roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual.
Roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual.
In fact, the higher the Reynolds number (Re), the more likely the effects of roughness are significant, since the size of the roughness elements becomes increasingly large compared to the near-surface viscous length appropriate for smooth-wall flows.
Unfortunately the impact of surfaceroughness is not entirely understood, and a number of important fundamental questions have not yet received a satisfactory answer.
This is consistent with the conclusions drawn from the statistical results, that roughness modifies the transport process in the wall-normal direction.
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