Rouran (Chinese: 柔然; Wade-Giles: Jou Jan, literally Soft-like), Juan Juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕; pinyin: Ruǎnruǎn, literally meaning the Wriggling Insects, a name given by the Toba ruling elites of northern China), or Ruru (Chinese: 茹茹; Wade-Giles: Ju Ju, literally meaning Fodder) was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of China Proper from the late 4th century until the late 6th century. Because one of their member tribes, the Hua (who they placed at the head of the Uyghurs in 460^{[citation needed]}) later appeared in Europe as the Eurasian Avars, the gross oversimplification that they were synonymous with the Avars has become widespread. The term Rouran is a Mandarin Chinese transcription of the pronunciation of the name the confederacy used to refer to itself. Ruanruan and Ruru remained in modern usage despite once being derogatory. They derived from orders given by the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, who waged war against the Rouran and intended to intimidate the confederacy. Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... It has been suggested that Pinyin method be merged into this article or section. ... Tuoba (æ‹“æ‹” pinyin Tuòbá) or To-pa in Wade-Giles was a clan of the Xianbei people. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... China proper refers to the historical heartlands of China in the context of that paradigm which contrasts these heartlands with frontier regions of Outer China (including sections of Inner Asia and other regions). ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... The Uyghur (also spelled Uighur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) are an ethnic group of Central Asia. ... Events March 27 night - Swabians invade the Gallic city of Lugo. ... Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Mandarin (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally speech of officials), or Beifanghua (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ; literally Northern Dialect(s)), is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. ... Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei ((北)魏太武帝) (408-452), personally name Tuoba Tao (拓拔燾), was an emperor of the Chinese/Xianbei dynasty Northern Wei. ... The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 386-534) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived. ...

Origin and expansion

The Rouran were a proto-Mongolic peoples who were first noted as having defeated the Gaoche and establishing an empire extending all the way to the Hulun, at the eastern Inner Mongolia. To the west of the Rouran was a horde known in the west as the Hephthalites who originally, until the 5th century, were a vassal horde of the Rouran^{[citation needed]}. The Rouran controlled the area of Mongolia from the Manchurian border to Turpan and, perhaps, the east coast of Lake Balkhash, and from the Orkhon River to the China Proper. Their ancestor Mugulu is said to have been originally a slave of the Toba tribes, situated at the north banks of Yellow River Blend. Mugulu's descendant Shelun is said to be the first chieftain who was able to unify the Rouran tribes and to found the power of the Rouran by defeating the Gaoche and Xianbei. Shelun was also the first of the steppe peoples to adopt the title of khagan (可汗) in 402, which had originally referred to some nobles of the Xianbei tribes. The Mongolic languages are a group of thirteen languages spoken in Central Asia. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/æ••å‹’/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... Hulun was the original Manchu and Tungus name of the territory from the Stanovoi mountains to the Amur river, why comprend at north manchu coast and Shantar Archipelago. ... Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ r Mongghul-un bertegen Jasaqu Orun; Chinese: 内蒙古自治区; Hanyu Pinyin: N... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 - 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: MÇŽnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Turfan (Modern Chinese 吐魯番; pinyin: Tulufan, ancient Chinese Gaochang, also: Kao-chang, Turpan) is an oasis city in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Lake Balkhash from space, April 1991 Lake Balkhash: NASA image, taken 18 April 2000 by SeaWiFS Lake Balkhash, or Lake Balqash, is a large lake in southeastern Kazakhstan, the second largest in Central Asia after the Aral Sea. ... see Orhon River ... China proper refers to the historical heartlands of China in the context of that paradigm which contrasts these heartlands with frontier regions of Outer China (including sections of Inner Asia and other regions). ... Tuoba (æ‹“æ‹” pinyin Tuòbá) or To-pa in Wade-Giles was a clan of the Xianbei people. ... The Yellow River or Golden River (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin:  ; Wade-Giles: Hwang-ho, sometimes simply called the River in ancient Chinese) is the second longest river in China (after Yangtze River) and the seventh longest in the world. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Xianbei (Simplified Chinese: 鲜卑; Traditional Chinese: 鮮卑; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hsien-pei) were a significant nomadic people residing in modern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan, a historic term for Greater Khingan, before migrating into areas of the modern Chinese provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia... Khagan or Great Khan, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan, Khakhan, Khaghan, Kagan, Khaqan etc. ... Events Stilicho recalls troops from the frontiers of the Roman Empire to defend Italy against the Visigoths. ...

The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Gaoche, then opereating under the name Tiele, defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele. Within the Rouran confederation was a Turkic tribe noted in Chinese annals as the Tujue. After a marriage proposal to the Rouran was rebuffed, the Tujue joined with the Western Wei, successor state to the Northern Wei, and revolted against the Rouran. In 555, they beheaded 3,000 Rourans. Common European history books claim that the Juan Juan then fled west across the steppes, though this is probably a mistake. The remainder of the Rourans fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last Rouran khagan fled to the court of Western Wei, but at the demand of Tujue, Western Wei executed him and the nobles that accompanied him. Births Deaths Gerren I Llyngesog ab Erbin, King of Dumnonia. ... Sigismund becomes king of Burgundy. ... The Dingling/Gaoche/Chile/Tiele (丁零/高車/敕勒/铁勒) peoples were an ancient Siberian people. ... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... The Western Wei Dynasty followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei, and ruled northern China from 535 to 556. ... For other uses, see number 555. ...

Little is known of the Rouran ruling elite, which the Book of Wei cited as an offshoot of the Xianbei. The Rouran subdued modern regions of Xinjiang, Mongolia, Central Asia and parts of Siberia and Manchuria from the late 4th century. Their frequent interventions and invasions profoundly affected neighboring countries. Though they admitted the Ashina of Göktürks into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürks, the Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties and tribes in Central Asia in 552. The Northern Wei, for instance, had established the Six Garrisons of Ordos bordering the Rouran, which later became the foci of native peoples uprising against sinicised peoples in the early 6th century. The Book of Wei (Chinese: ; pinyin: WèishÅ«) is a classic Chinese historical writing compiled by Wei Shou from 551 to 554, and serves as an important historical text describing the Northern Wei from 386 to 535. ... For the county in Shanxi province, see Xinjiang County. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Ashina (also Asen or Asena), the ruling dynasty of the ancient Turks, according to Xin Tangshu they were related to the northern tribes from Xiongnu, though four theories were already established prior to the present under Zhoushu, Suishu and Youyang Zazu from as early as the 7th-century [1]. The... The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia and China. ... The Northern Qi Dynasty was one of the Northern dynasties of Chinese history. ... The Northern Zhou Dynasty followed the Western Wei, and ruled northern China from 557 to 581. ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Sinicization, or less commonly Sinification, is to make things Chinese. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ...

Qaghans of the Rouran

Temple names (Traditional Chinese: 廟號 Simplified Chinese: 庙号 Pinyin: miào hào;), are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Vietnamese (such dynasties as Tran,Anterior Lê and Nguyen Dynasty) and most Korean rulers of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties. ... A Chinese surname, also called a clan name or family name (姓, pinyin: x ng; or 氏, shi), is one of the over seven hundred family names used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic groups. ... Personal names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. ... See also: ERA (disambiguation page). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events Stilicho recalls troops from the frontiers of the Roman Empire to defend Italy against the Visigoths. ... Events Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Roman Emperor. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events Alaric I deposes Priscus Attalus as Roman Emperor. ... Events Ataulf, king of the Visigoths, marries Galla Placidia, the sister of Roman Emperor Honorius. ... Yujiulü Datan (Chinese: 郁久閭大檀; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Dàtán) (?-429) khan of the Rouran (414-July, 429 with the title of Mouhanheshenggai Khan (牟汗紇升蓋可汗). He was the son of Yujiulü Hulü who in 414 was overthrown by his cousin Yujiulü Buluzhen, Yujiulü Datan would overthrow his cousin and succeed his... Events Ataulf, king of the Visigoths, marries Galla Placidia, the sister of Roman Emperor Honorius. ... Events Vandals under Geiseric cross from Spain into Roman Africa Pope Celestine I dispatches bishops Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to combat Pelagian heresy. ... Yujiulü Wuti (Chinese: 郁久閭吳提; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Wútí) khan of the Rouran (July, 429-September, 444) with the title of Chilian Khan (敕連可汗). He was the son of Yujiulü Datan. ... Events Vandals under Geiseric cross from Spain into Roman Africa Pope Celestine I dispatches bishops Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to combat Pelagian heresy. ... An elite covenant of followers that show anarchist like behavior but have a strong protection guideline for other memebers. ... Yujiulü Tuhezhen (Chinese: 郁久閭吐賀真; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ TÇ”hèzhÄ“n) khan of the Rouran (September,444-464) with the title of Chu Khan (處可汗). He was the son of Yujiulü Wuti. ... An elite covenant of followers that show anarchist like behavior but have a strong protection guideline for other memebers. ... Events August 25 - Marcian proclaimed Eastern Roman Emperor by Aspar and Pulcheria. ... Yujiulü Yucheng (Chinese: 郁久閭予成; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Yúchéng) (?-485) khan of the Rouran (464-485) with the title of Shouluobuzhen Khan (受羅部真可汗). His era name was Yongkang (永康 YÇ’ngkāng 464-484). ... Events August 25 - Marcian proclaimed Eastern Roman Emperor by Aspar and Pulcheria. ... Events Peter the Fuller is excommunicated by a synod in Rome. ... Yujiulü Doulan (Chinese: 郁久閭豆崙 ; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Dòulún) (?-492) khan of the Rouran (485-492) with the title of Fumingdun Khan (伏名敦可汗). His era name was Taiping (太平 Tàipíng). ... Events Peter the Fuller is excommunicated by a synod in Rome. ... Events Pope Gelasius I succeeds Pope Felix III Longinus, brother of the deceased Eastern Roman emperor Zeno I, revolts against Anastasius I in Isauria. ... Yujiulü Nagais (Chinese: 郁久閭那蓋 ; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Nàgài) (?-506) khan of the Rouran (492-506) with the title of Houqifudaikezhe Khan ( 侯其伏代庫者可汗). His era name was Taian (太安 Tàiān). ... Events Pope Gelasius I succeeds Pope Felix III Longinus, brother of the deceased Eastern Roman emperor Zeno I, revolts against Anastasius I in Isauria. ... Events Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo. ... Yujiulü Futu (Chinese: 郁久閭伏圖; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Fútú ) (?-508) khan of the Rouran (506-508) with the title of Tuohan Khan (佗汗可汗). His era name was Shiping (始平 Shǐpíng). ... Events Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo. ... Births Deaths Gerren I Llyngesog ab Erbin, King of Dumnonia. ... Yujiulü Chounu (Chinese: 郁久閭醜奴; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ ChÇ’unú) (?-520) khan of the Rouran (508-520) with the title of Douluofubadoufa Khan (豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗). His era name was Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng). ... Births Deaths Gerren I Llyngesog ab Erbin, King of Dumnonia. ... Events February 20 - Epiphanius elected Patriarch of Constantinople. ... Yujiulü Anagui (Chinese: 郁久閭阿那瓌; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Ä€nàgÅ«i) (?-552) khan of the Rouran (520-552) with the title of Chiliantoubingdoufa Khan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗). He was succeeded by Yujiulü Tiefa. ... Events February 20 - Epiphanius elected Patriarch of Constantinople. ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Events Future Byzantine emperor Justinian becomes consul. ... Events Childebert I annexes Orléans and Chartres after the death of Chlodomer. ... Yujiulü Tiefa (Chinese: 郁久閭鐵伐; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ TiÄ›fá) (?-553) khan of the Rouran (552-553). ... Events July - Battle of Taginae: The Byzantine general Narses defeats and kills Totila, king of the Ostrogoths. ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Yujiulü Kangti (Chinese: 郁久閭康提; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Kāngtí) (?-553) khan of the Rouran (553). ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Yujiulü Anluochen (Chinese: 郁久閭菴羅辰; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Ä€nluóchén) (?-554) khan of the Rouran (553-554). ... Events The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Yujiulü Deng Shuzi (Chinese: 郁久閭鄧叔子; pinyin: YùjiÇ”lǘ Dèng ShÅ«zǐ) (?-555) was the last khan of the Rouran. ... For other uses, see number 555. ...

Sources

• Map of their empire
• Definition
• information about the Rouran

See also

• Battle of Ikh Bayan