Boyash (or Bayash) (Romanian: Băeşi, Hungarian: Beás, Adjacent Slavic languages: Bojaši) are a Roma ethnic group living in Romania, in Southern Hungary, Balkans, but also in Americas and Australia. Alternative names are Rudari, Lingurari. Serbo-Croatian (srpskohrvatski or hrvatskosrpski) is a name for a language of the Western group of the South Slavic languages. ... This article is becoming very long. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

History

They are a branch/caste of the Roma people who were held slaves in Wallachia and Moldavia together with other Romani castes. Their particularity was that they were forced early to settle (in 14th century) and work in mining (a regionalism for mine in Romanian: "baie"). In this context of close proximity with Romanian-speaking people, they lost the use of the Romani language. The other name, Rudari, comes from the Slavic ruda ("metal", "ore"). However, few centuries later, the mines became inefficient and the Boyash people readjust themselves by earning their living making wood utensils (Lingurari means in Romanian "spoon-makers"). The nickname Kashtale ("wood-workers") was given to them by the Romani-speaking Roma and it remained as a Romani word for every Romani person who doesn't speak Romani. Since they began to make wood tools they scattered themselves in isolated communities. The consequence is that nowadays they speak a distinct archaic dialect of Romanian (from 15th century), with Romani and Hungarian borrowings. Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social stratification, such as clans, gentes, or the Indian caste system. ... Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: slave Slave may refer to: Slavery, where people are owned by others, and live to serve their owners without pay Slave (BDSM), a form of sexual and consenual submission Slave clock, in technology, a clock or timer that synchrnonizes to a master clock... This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Chuquicamata, the largest open pit copper mine in the world, Chile. ... Romani (or Romany) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, peoples often referred to in English as Gypsies. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... ... A common silver spoon A spoon is a common eating utensil, or item of cutlery, somewhat like a small spade, with a bowl-shaped end on a handle, that occurs in a number of sizes and forms. ...

Population

After the liberation from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many emigrated in other countries, especially in Hungary and Balkans, but also as far as Americas, South Africa or Australia.

In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 Hungarian Roma were Boyash. 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

In Croatia, the Bayash are settled in several small communities along the Hungarian border in the regions of Međimurje, the Podravina, Slavonija and Baranja with an overflow of settlers living in the Apatin county of Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro. 2005 saw the Bayash language of Croatia published in its own alphabet for the first time in the Catholic Catechism, published by the HBK Glas Konica in Zagreb. MeÄ‘imurje (MeÄ‘imurska županija, Muraköz in Hungarian) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia. ... Slavonia is a region in eastern Croatia. ... Baranya (Hungarian, in Croatian and Serbian: Baranja) is the name of an administrative county (comitatus or megye) in present Hungary, and also in the former Kingdom of Hungary. ... Apatin (Апатин) is a city in the Vojvodina administrative region of Serbia and Montenegro, located in the West Bačka District, 45°40′ N 18°59′ E. Apatin city is the administrative, economic, cultural, educational and tourist center of the municipality of Apatin (333 km²). The population of the Apatin city... Republic of Serbia   â€“Vojvodina   â€“Kosovo (UN admin. ...

However, in contemporary Bulgaria the term Rudari is common, while in Romania both terms are present: Rudari and Băeşi. For the same ethnic group in Hungary and Croatia the terms Beyash and Boyash are now officially used. The ethnonym Banyash in Serbia is known only among the group settled in Bačka region, living along the river Danube, near the border with Croatia and Hungary. This term is only sporadically understood, but not used among some other Banyash groups in the Serbian Banat region, e.g. the village of Uljma. Among South Slavs, the names Karavlasi (from Turkish kara vlah - "black Romanian") or Romanian Roma were also used for this specific Romani group. Motto: none Anthem: Bože Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878   - Serbia and Montenegro union... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... Banat (Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság, German: Banat) is a region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş and Caraş-Severin), the western part to Serbia-Montenegro (the Serbian Banat, mostly included in the Vojvodina, except for the small part of... The Slavic peoples are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic body of peoples currently living in Europe. ... This article is becoming very long. ...

The majority of Banyash Romanians in Serbia today live in mixed communities with different South Slav groups along the rivers: Danube, Sava, Tisa and Morava, but they can also be found in some villages cohabiting with the Romanian language speaking Vlachs. South Slavic languages is one of the three groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic). ... The Danube bend at Visegrád is a popular destination of tourists The Danube (ancient Danuvius) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ... Sava also Save (in Serbian: Сава; German: Save; Hungarian: Száva) is a river in Europe, a right side tributary of Danube at Belgrade. ... The Tisza (in Hungarian, Ukrainian: Tysa/Тиса, Russian: Tisa/Тиса, Romanian, Slovak and Serbian: Tisa, German: Theiß, Latin: Tissus, Tisia or Pathissus) is a river, tributary of the Danube and one of the major rivers of Central Europe, passing through Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine and Serbia and Montenegro. ... There are several European rivers called Morava: Morava river, Central Europe Morava rivers, Serbia Morava is also the Czech name for Moravia, the eastern part of the Czech Republic. ... Romanian (limba română IPA ) is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. ... Vlachs (also called Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs or Ulahs) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. ...

The estimated figure of Banyash settlements (also obtained during recent fieldwork) in central Serbia is about 140, plus 30 in Banat and 7 in Bačka region (the province of Vojvodina). However, the approximate dimensions of the Banyash population cannot be estimated (it is impossible to determine their exact number, not even with the help of most recent extensive demographic study about Roma in Serbia). Motto: none Anthem: Bože Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878   - Serbia and Montenegro union... Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of TimiÅŸ, CaraÅŸ-Severin, Arad, and MehedinÅ£i), the western... Bačka (Serbian: Бачка or Bačka, Hungarian: Bácska, Croatian: Bačka, Slovak: Báčka, German: Batschka) is an area of the Pannonian plain lying between the rivers Danube and Tisa. ... Republic of Serbia   â€“Vojvodina   â€“Kosovo (UN admin. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože Pravde Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878   - Serbia and Montenegro union...

Education

Education in the Romanian language is available only for the Banyash living in Romanian villages in the Serbian Banat. During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in Romanian. At the moment (2004 field research data) only two such projects are still going on: optional classes in Romanian in the village of Vajska, and kindergarten in the local Ardeal dialect in Bački Monoštor, attended by 20 pupils altogether. Romanian (limba română IPA ) is the fifth of the Romance languages in terms of number of speakers. ... Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of TimiÅŸ, CaraÅŸ-Severin, Arad, and MehedinÅ£i), the western... Bački MonoÅ¡tor (Бачки Моноштор) is a village located in the Sombor municipality, in the West Bačka District of Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro. ...

References

• Kemény, István: The Structure of Hungarian Roma Groups in Light of Linguistic Changes
• Biljana Sikimić, Linguistic Research of Small Exogamic Communities: the Case of Banyash Roumanians in Serbia