Rudolf Weigl

Professor Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883 - 1957) was a famous Czech-Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine for epidemic typhus. Born in Prerov, Moravia, Weigl graduated in 1907 from the University of Lwów with a degree in Natural Sciences. From http://lwow. ... 1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The word Czech may refer to the following: the Czech people Czech language and its speakers the Czech Republic, Czechia, the Czech lands or Bohemia (as an adjective), and its citizens erroneously to the former country Czechoslovakia (as an adjective), and its citizens Praotec (Forefather) Čech, the legendary founder of... The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and... A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. ... A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. ... Binomial name Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus caused by the bacillus Rickettsia prowazekii, carried by the human body louse Pediculus humanus. ... Moravia (Czech: Morava) is the eastern part of the Czech Republic. ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

He founded the Weigl Institute in Lwów (now L'viv, Ukraine), where he did his vaccine-producing research. At the same time, he employed and protected Polish intellectuals, Jews and members of the Polish underground during the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany occupations in World War II, until the Institute was shut down when the Soviet Union returned in 1944 [1] (http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html). Lviv coat of arms Motto: Semper fidelis Municipal government City council (Львівська міська рада) Mayor City chairman Lyubomyr Bunyak Area 171,01 km² Population    total 2000    density 808,900 4786/km² Founded city rights 13th century 1353 Area code + 0322 Latitude Longitude 49°51′ N 24°01′ E Twin towns... Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest and the Black Sea to the south. ... The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and... An intellectual is a person who uses his or her intellect to study, reflect, and speculate on a variety of different ideas. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... This article covers the Secret State of Poland during World War II. For the earlier secret state in Poland see: January Uprising This article is part of the series: Polish Secret State Categories: Historical stubs | Polish history | World War II resistance movements | National liberation movements ... Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Soviet Union - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Method of Vaccine Production

In 1930, following on the 1909 discovery of Charles Nicolle that lice were the vector of epidemic typhus and on the work for the vaccine for the closely related Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Weigl took the next step and developed a technique to produce the vaccine by growing infected lice and crushing them into a vaccine paste. He refined this technique over the years until 1933 when he performed large-scale testing. 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Dr. Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (September 21, 1866 - February 28, 1936) was a bacteriologist who earned the 1928 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus. ... Suborders Anoplura (sucking lice) Rhyncophthirina Ischnocera (avian lice) Amblycera (chewing lice) Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects. ... Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... Binomial name Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus caused by the bacillus Rickettsia prowazekii, carried by the human body louse Pediculus humanus. ... Binomial name Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever is the most severe and most frequently reported rickettsial illness in the United States, and has been diagnosed throughout the Americas. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The Weigl Institute

The method specifically broke into 4 major steps: From http://www. ... From http://www. ...

• Growing healthy lice, for about 12 days
• Injecting them with typhus
• Growing them more, for 5 more days
• Extracting the midguts and grinding them up into a paste (which was the vaccine)

Growing lice meant feeding them blood, the more human the better. At first he tested his method on Guinea pigs but around 1933 he commenced large-scale testing on humans, feeding the lice on human blood by letting them suck on human legs through a screen. This could cause typhus during the latter phase, when the lice were infected. He alleviated this problem by vaccinating the human "injectors" heavily, which successfully prevented them from death (though some did develop the disease). [2] (http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl.html) Dr. Weigl himself developed the disease, but recovered. Species Cavia porcellus Cavia aperea Cavia tschudii Cavia guianae Cavia anolaimae Cavia nana Cavia fulgida Cavia magna Guinea pigs (also called cavies) are rodents belonging to the family Cavidae and the genus Cavia. ... 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The first major application of this vaccine was between 1936 and 1943 by Belgian missionaries in China. 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... The Kingdom of Belgium (Dutch: Koninkrijk België, French: Royaume de Belgique, German: Königreich Belgien) is a country in Western Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France, and the North Sea. ... The Great Wall of China, stretching over 6,700 km, was erected beginning in the 3rd century BC to guard the north from raids by men on horses. ...

This vaccine was dangerous to produce and was hard to make on a large scale. Other vaccines were developed over time that were less dangerous and more economical to produce, including the Cox vaccine developed from egg yolk. The egg yolk is the yellow inside an egg. ...

Rudolf Weigl

Download high resolution version (466x640, 45 KB)Rudolf Stefan Weigl 09:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)~ File links The following pages link to this file: Rudolf Weigl Categories: Pre-1994 Poland images ... Download high resolution version (466x640, 45 KB)Rudolf Stefan Weigl 09:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)~ File links The following pages link to this file: Rudolf Weigl Categories: Pre-1994 Poland images ...

External links

• Biography of Weigl (1967) (http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl/human.html) by Stefan Kryński
• Page with many Weigl links and pictures (http://lwow.home.pl/rudolf-weigl-uk.html)
• Overview of the experiment--Maintenance of human-fed live lice in the laboratory and production of Weigl's exanthematous typhus vaccine (1999) (http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl.html) by Waclaw Szybalski
• Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan., 1974, 4, 19-51 (http://www.lwow.home.pl/Weigl/krynski/teoria.html) by Stefan Krynski, Eugeniusz Becla, and Marian Machel
• Bibliography of typhus and Weigl history articles from PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9608839)
• Nominations for the Nobel Prize between 1930-1939 (http://www.nobel.se/medicine/nomination/nomination.php?action=advsearch&key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=Weigl&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0)
• News article about receipt of "Righteous Among the Nations of the World" medal for helping Jews during WWII (http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=wydarzenia&id=813)
• Recollections of Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, reporting the underground activities of the Weigl Institute (http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/halina/HStory1.html)
• Pictures of the Weigl Institute and a little history (http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgaanl/galleryFive.htm)
• How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf) by Ludwik Gross, August 6, 1996