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Encyclopedia > Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph W. Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani

In office
January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001
Preceded by David N. Dinkins
Succeeded by Michael R. Bloomberg

Born May 28, 1944 (1944-05-28) (age 63)
Brooklyn, New York
Political party Republican
Spouse Regina Peruggi (m. 1968, div. 1982)
Donna Hanover (m. 1984, div. 2002)
Judith Nathan (m. 2003)
Alma mater Manhattan College
New York University Law School
Profession Lawyer
Religion Roman Catholic
Rudy Giuliani series
Mayor of New York City
September 11 attacks
2008 presidential campaign


Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani (pronounced /ˈruːdi ˌdʒuːliːˈɑːni/;[1] born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from the state of New York who was Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year 1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. ... is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927) was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993 and was the first African American to be mayor of New York City. ... Michael Bloomberg Michael Bloomberg Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is a businessman and mayor of New York City. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ... This article is about the state. ... GOP redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Donna Hanover (born February 13, 1950) is an American journalist, radio and television personality, and actress, who is the morning show co-host for WOR radio in New York City. ... Judith Stish Nathan (Judy Nathan) was the press secretary for New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. ... For other uses, see Alma mater (disambiguation). ... The main entrance to Manhattan College Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in the Lasallian tradition in New York City. ... The New York University School of Law (or simply NYU Law) is one of eight law schools in New York City. ... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Rudy Giuliani served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until December 31, 2001. ... Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001. ... Former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani’s 2008 presidential campaign began in October 2005 when the “Draft Rudy Giuliani for President, Inc” was formed. ... is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized... For the fish called lawyer, see Burbot. ... A businessman (sometimes businesswoman, female; or businessperson, gender neutral) is a generic term for a wide range of people engaged in profit-oriented enterprises, generally the management of a company. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      A U.S. state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of... This article is about the state. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ...


A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican from the 1980s to the present, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney. He prosecuted a number of high-profile cases, including ones against organized crime and Wall Street financiers. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... GOP redirects here. ... The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (S.D.N.Y.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties: New York (Manhattan), Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan. ... United States Attorneys (also known as federal prosecutors) represent the U.S. federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ... Financier (IPA: /ËŒfi nãn ˈsjei/) is an elegant term for a person who handles large sums of money, usually involving money lending, financing projects, large-scale investing, or large-scale money management. ...


Giuliani served two terms as Mayor of New York City. He was credited with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a reduction in crime. He ran for the United States Senate in 2000 but withdrew due to being diagnosed with prostate cancer and to revelations about his personal life. Giuliani gained international attention during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center.[2] In 2001, Time magazine named him "Person of the Year"[3] and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.[4] Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... HRPC redirects here. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... TIME redirects here. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could... The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals personal bravery, achievement, or service to the United Kingdom. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ...


After leaving office as mayor, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, a security consulting business; acquired Giuliani Capital Advisors (later sold), an investment banking firm; and joined the Bracewell & Giuliani law firm, which changed its name when he became a partner. Giuliani ran for the Republican Party nomination in the 2008 United States presidential election. After leading in national polls for much of 2007, his candidacy faltered late in that year and he did poorly in the early caucuses and primaries in 2008. He withdrew from the race on January 30, 2008 and endorsed John McCain. Giuliani Partners LLC is a management consulting and security consulting business founded by former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in January 2002. ... Investment banks help companies and governments (or their agencies) raise money by issuing and selling securities in the capital markets (both equity and debt). ... Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ... A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. ... The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held on November 4, 2008, will be the 55th consecutive quadrennial president and vice president of the United States. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... McCain redirects here. ...

Contents

Early life and education

Rudolph Giuliani was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents Harold Angelo Giuliani, and Helen C. D'Avanzo, both children of Italian immigrants.[5] The family was Roman Catholic and its extended members included police officers, firefighters, and criminals.[6] Harold Giuliani had trouble holding a job and had been convicted of felony assault and robbery and served time in Sing Sing;[7] after his release he served as a Mafia enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime operation involved in loan sharking and gambling at a restaurant in Brooklyn.[8] New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ... Statue of a coal miner in Charleston, WV, USA. Working class is a term used in academic sociology and in ordinary conversation. ... Languages Italian, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Corsican, Sardinian, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, Lombard, Piedmontese, Venetian, Ladin, Friulian Religions predominantly Roman Catholic      The Italians are a Southern European ethnic group found primarily in Italy and in a wide-ranging diaspora throughout Western Europe, the Americas and Australia. ... 2000 Census Population Ancestry Map Immigration to the United States of America is the movement of non-residents to the United States. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Police officers in South Australia A police officer (or policeman/policewoman) is a warranted worker of a police force. ... This article is about the profession. ... For other uses, see Crime (disambiguation). ... For the record label, see Felony Records The term felony is a term used in common law systems for very serious crimes, whereas misdemeanors are considered to be less serious offenses. ... Alternative meaning: Sing Sing (band) Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a prison in Ossining, New York. ... This article is about the criminal society. ... Enforcer may refer to: A criminal who uses physical force or the threat of physical force to intimidate, injure or even murder those who do not follow the dictates of an organized crime group; a thug. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... A loan shark is a person or body that offers illegal unsecured loans at high interest rates to individuals, often backed by blackmail or threats of violence. ... Gamble redirects here. ...


In 1951, when Rudy Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic school, St. Anne's.[6] Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average.[9] Garden City South is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Nassau County, New York, United States. ... This article is about the island in New York State. ... Catholic schools are education ministries of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Bishop Loughlin Mem. ...


Giuliani went on to Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy.[10] There he considered becoming a priest.[10] Giuliani has stated that this was due in part to having studied theology for four years in college,[11] though nine credits (three semesters) of religious studies courses is the minimum graduation requirement at Manhattan College,[12] which is affiliated with the Roman Catholic church. The main entrance to Manhattan College Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in the Lasallian tradition in New York City. ... Riverdale Riverdale (population approximately 45,000, according to the 2000 U.S. Census) is a middle- and upper-class residential neighborhood in the northwest Bronx, New York City. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Catholic deacon... Theology finds its scholars pursuing the understanding of and providing reasoned discourse of religion, spirituality and God or the gods. ... The main entrance to Manhattan College Manhattan College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in the Lasallian tradition in New York City. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...


He was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year.[10] He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, and was active in shaping its direction.[10] He graduated in 1965. The terms fraternity and sorority (from the Latin words and , meaning brother and sister respectively) may be used to describe many social and charitable organizations, for example the Lions Club, Epsilon Sigma Alpha, Rotary International, Optimist International, or the Shriners. ...


Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood,[10] instead attending New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he made law review[10] and graduated cum laude with a Juris Doctor in 1968.[13] Vanderbilt Courtyard The New York University School of Law (NYU Law) is the law school of New York University. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... The New York University Law Review is a law review edited and published by students at New York University School of Law. ... Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an academic degree was earned. ... J.D. redirects here. ...


Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He has said that he admired the Kennedy family,[5] and volunteered for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968. He also worked as a Democratic party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s,[14][15] and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972.[16] Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... The Irish Catholic political dynasty, John, Robert, and Edward Kennedy The Kennedy family is a prominent Irish-American family in American politics and government descending from the marriage of Joseph P. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. ... Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was one of two younger brothers of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. ...


Legal career

Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York.[17] In the United States, Canada and Brazil, a law clerk is a person who provides assistance to a judge in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions. ...


Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. He received a student deferment while at Manhattan College and another while at NYU Law. Upon graduation from NYU Law in 1968, he was classified as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted. In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[18][19] Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Conscription in the United States has been employed several times, usually during war but also during the nominal peace of the Cold War. ... The Selective Service System is the means by which the United States administers military conscription. ...


In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York.[20] The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (S.D.N.Y.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties: New York (Manhattan), Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan. ...


In 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and was eventually appointed United States Attorney. In 1975, Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent[15] as he was recruited to Washington, D.C. during the Ford administration, where he was named Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold "Ace" Tyler.[15] His first high-profile prosecution was of U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.[citation needed] United States Attorneys (also known as federal prosecutors) represent the U.S. federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... In politics, a chief of staff is the primary aide to a political leader or position. ... United States Deputy Attorney General is a high ranking official in the United States Department of Justice. ... Type Bicameral Speaker of the House of Representatives House Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Steny Hoyer, (D) since January 4, 2007 House Minority Leader John Boehner, (R) since January 4, 2007 Members 435 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party... Bertram L. Podell (December 27, 1925 - August 17, 2005) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. ... New Yorks 13th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in New York City. ...


From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter Administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his previous DC boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".[15] Order: 39th President Term of Office: January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981 Preceded by: Gerald Ford Succeeded by: Ronald Reagan Date of birth: October 1, 1924 Place of birth: Plains, Georgia Date of death: Place of death: First Lady: Rosalynn Carter Political party: Democratic Vice President: Walter Mondale James Earl... A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. ...


On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican.[15] Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me."[5] Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department.[15] Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that, "He only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor."[15] is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent, Ronald Reagan, along with third party candidates, the independent John B. Anderson and Libertarian Ed Clark. ...


In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration,[21] the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service. Robert McCallum, Jr. ... President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ... Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Washington, D.C. For animal rights group, see Justice Department (JD) The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the... The Department of Corrections is a U.S. department responsible for the nations prison and reform system. ... The DEAs enforcement activities may take agents anywhere from distant countries to suburban U.S. homes. ... “U.S. Marshals” redirects here. ...


In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's "detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian asylum seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were "economic migrants." In defense of the government's position, Giuliani stated at one point that political repression under President Jean-Claude Duvalier (the infamous "Baby Doc") no longer existed.[22] After meeting personally with Duvalier, Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not exist" in Haiti under Duvalier's regime.[10] United States Government redirects here. ... Power lines leading to a trash dump hover just overhead in El Carpio, a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her... Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. ... Steve ruled the world The President of Haiti is the head of state of the Republic of Haiti. ... Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed Bébé Doc or Baby Doc) (born July 3, 1951) succeeded his father, François Papa Doc Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti from his fathers death in 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. ...


In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken for insider trading. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, organized crime, and corruption in government.[23] He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the "perp walk," parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[24] After Giuliani "patented the perp walk", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[25] The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (S.D.N.Y.) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction comprises the following counties: New York (Manhattan), Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ... Ivan Frederick Boesky (born March 6, 1937, in Detroit) was notable for his prominent role in a Wall Street insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States in the mid-1980s. ... Michael Robert Milken, born July 4, 1946, in Encino, California, is an American financier best known as the Junk Bond King of 1980s era Wall Street. ... Insider trading is the trading of a corporations stock or other securities (e. ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... The term perp walk refers to the controversial practice in the United States of the police parading a suspect who has been arrested through a public place where the media (in particular, television cameras) may observe and record the event. ...


Critics of Giuliani claim he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces, with charges later dropped or lessened, irreparably damaged their reputations.[26] He claimed that veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co. was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987 he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.[27][28][29] However, in three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg," but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.[28] Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.[30] Kidder, Peabody & Co. ... Insider trading is the trading of a corporations stock or other securities (e. ...


Mafia Commission trial

In the Mafia Commission Trial (February 25, 1985November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York's so-called "Five Families", under the RICO Act on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach...is to wipe out the five families."[31] Eight defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... Organized crime or criminal organizations are groups or operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit. ... The Five Families are the major crime families of the Italian-American Mafia based in New York City which have dominated traditional organized crime in New York. ... For The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, a United States law which provides for extended penalties for criminal acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization, see: RICO (law) For Rico the Border Collie, see: Rico (Border Collie). ... is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 1987. ...


Boesky, Milken trials

Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about US $200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These stock acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Ivan Frederick Boesky (born March 6, 1937, in Detroit) was notable for his prominent role in a Wall Street insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States in the mid-1980s. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ... The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, commonly referred to as the SEC, is the United States governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry. ...


Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several of his insiders, including junk bond trader Michael Milken: Michael Robert Milken, born July 4, 1946, in Encino, California, is an American financier best known as the Junk Bond King of 1980s era Wall Street. ...

"Boesky admitted to numerous offenses and then turned state's evidence, primarily against Milken. He received a 3 1/2 year prison sentence and $100 million fine after admitting to the charges and reached a plea bargain with Rudy Giuliani...[who would] draw criticism because Ivan was allowed to unload his holdings before his indictment was officially announced, realizing profits from it before being convicted. Others considered the sentence and fine as being too light. But Giuliani and company was [sic] after a much bigger fish, namely Milken."[32]

In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly-publicized case, Milken was indicted by a federal grand jury, and after a plea bargain, pled guilty to six lesser securities and reporting violations. He paid a total of $900 million in fines and settlements relating primarily to civil lawsuits and was banned for life from the securities industry. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (commonly referred to as RICO Act or RICO) is a United States federal law that provides for extended penalties for criminal acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization. ... Organized crime is crime carried out systematically by formal criminal organizations. ... In the common law legal system, an indictment is a formal charge of having committed a serious criminal offense. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ... A plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal or copping a plea) is an agreement in a criminal case in which a prosecutor and a defendant arrange to settle the case against the defendant. ...


Mayoral campaigns, 1989, 1993, 1997

Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases, and was accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions.[10] He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City.[33] 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... President Reagan, with his Cabinet and staff, in the Oval Office (February 4, 1981) Headed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989, the Reagan Administration was conservative, steadfastly anti-Communist and in favor of tax cuts and smaller government. ... 1990 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


1989 campaign and defeat

Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor in 1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.[34] In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins. The mayor of New York is elected every four years. ... Edward Irving Koch (born December 12, 1924; pronounced ) was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977 and the Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989. ... 1989 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Primary. ... Ronald Steven Lauder (born February 26, 1944 in New York City) is an American businessman, civic leader, philanthropist, and art collector. ... David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927 in Trenton, New Jersey) was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993, being the first and to date only African American to hold that office. ...


In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and Liberal Parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead.[35] Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits."[36] Elections Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A general election is an election in which all or most members of a given political body are up for election. ... Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two or more political parties support a common candidate, pooling the votes for all those parties. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties/Parishes/Boroughs, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The Liberal Party of New York is a dormant minor American political party... The Conservative Party of New York is an American political party active only in the state of New York. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Affirmative action in the United States Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity... The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Gun politics. ... School prayer in its most common usage refers to state sanctioned prayer by students in state schools. ... Within the Australian, Canadian, United Kingdom, and United States tax systems, a tax credit is an item which is treated as a payment already made towards taxes owed. ...


During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying that "I'm the reformer,"[37] that "If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down," and that electing Dinkins would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down."[34] Giuliani also accused Dinkins of not having paid his taxes for many years and of several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.[37] Dinkins said the tax matter had been fully paid off, denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor," and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word - he doesn't like to admit he's a Republican."[37] Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giuliani won approval from the New York Post.[38] The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and the oldest to have been published continually as a daily. ...


In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in city history.[13] The mayor of New York is elected every four years. ...


1993 campaign and election

In 1993, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.[39] The principal issues of the election of 1993 were crime and taxes. Giuliani also declared that expansion of the city's budget was going unchecked, and that incumbent David Dinkins was incompetent.


In addition, the city was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7 percent in 1989 to 11.1 percent in 1992.[40] There was also a public perception that crime was increasing, although in fact the crime rate in most categories had decreased during the Dinkins administration; for example, the per capita murder rate had peaked and then begun to decline under Dinkins, and rapes decreased in each year of his term.[41] CIA figures for world unemployment rates, 2006 Unemployment is the state in which a person is without work, available to work, and is currently seeking work. ... In macroeconomics, a recession is a decline in a countrys real gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. ...


Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: "It's the street tax paid to drunk and drug-ridden panhandlers. It's the squeegee men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug bazaars on unclean streets."[42]


Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.[34][39] Dinkins was endorsed by The New York Times and Newsday,[43] while Giuliani was endorsed by the New York Post and, in a key switch from 1989, the New York Daily News.[44] The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Newsday is a daily tabloid-size newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City borough of Queens, although it is sold throughout the New York City metropolitan area. ... The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and the oldest to have been published continually as a daily. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...


In the end Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes, with 49.25 percent of the electorate to the incumbent's 46.42 percent. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965.[45] The mayor of New York is elected every four years. ... This article is about the American politician. ...


1997 campaign and re-election

Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary.[46] In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously.[47] The New York City mayoral election of 1997 occurred on Tuesday November 4, 1997, with incumbent Republican mayor Rudy Giuliani soundly defeating Manhattan Borough President and former New York City Council member Ruth Messinger, the Democratic nominee. ... Borough President is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City. ... Ruth Wyler Messinger (born 1940) is a former political leader in New York City and a member of the Democratic Party. ... Alfred Charles Al Sharpton Jr. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Quinnipiac University is a private four-year university in Hamden, Connecticut, located on about 500 acres (2 km²), just north of New Haven. ...


Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions.[48] All four daily New York newspapers—The New York Times, New York Daily News, New York Post, and Newsday—endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.[49] GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and the oldest to have been published continually as a daily. ... Newsday is a daily tabloid-size newspaper that primarily serves Long Island and the New York City borough of Queens, although it is sold throughout the New York City metropolitan area. ...


In the end, Giuliani won 59 percent of the vote to Messinger's 41 percent, and became the first Republican to win a second term as mayor since Fiorello H. LaGuardia in 1941.[46] Voter turnout was the lowest in 12 years, with 38 percent of registered voters casting ballots.[50] The margin of victory included gains[51] in his share of the African American vote (20 percent compared to 5 percent in 1993) and the Hispanic vote (43 percent from 37 percent) while maintaining his base of white and Jewish voters from 1993.[51] LaGuardia redirects here. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Hispanic (Spanish: ; Portuguese: ; Latin: , adjective from Hispānia, the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically denoted relation to the ancient Hispania and its peoples. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...


Mayoralty

Main article: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani

Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001. Rudy Giuliani served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until December 31, 2001. ...


Law enforcement

In his first term as mayor, Giuliani, in conjunction with New York City Police Department Commissioner Bill Bratton, adopted an aggressive enforcement-deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's "Broken Windows" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, and aggressive "squeegeemen", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. Giuliani and Bratton also instituted CompStat, a comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[52] The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government.[53] NYPD redirects here. ... William J. Bratton is currently the police chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. ... James Q. Wilson (born May 27, 1931) is the Ronald Reagan professor of public policy at Pepperdine University in California, and a professor emeritus at UCLA. He has a Ph. ... Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities by George L. Kelling and Catherine Coles is a sociology book about petty urban crime and strategies to contain it. ... For other uses, see Graffiti (disambiguation). ... CompStat - or COMPSTAT - (short for COMPuter STATistics or COMParative STATistics) is the name given to the New York City Police Departments accountability process. ... John F. Kennedy School of Government The John F. Kennedy School of Government is a public policy school and one of the graduate schools of Harvard University. ...

National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).
National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).

During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped in New York City,[52] which Giuliani's presidential campaign website has credited to his leadership.[54] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed, however. A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and critics say that he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in crime during the 1990s were federal funding of an additional 7,000 police officers and an overall improvement in the national economy. Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[55] Because the crime index is based on that of the FBI, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI doesn't collect.[56] Crime Rate in USA, NYC, LA, Newark 1990-2003 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Crime Rate in USA, NYC, LA, Newark 1990-2003 This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). ...


Giuliani's supporters cite studies concluding that New York's drop in crime rate in the '90s and '00s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: what University of California sociologist Frank Zimring calls "the most focused form of policing in history". In his book The Great American Crime Decline, Zimring claims that "up to half of New York’s crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."[57][58] Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles Merced Riverside San Diego Santa Barbara Santa Cruz UC Office of the President in Oakland The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the state of California. ... Sociology is the study of the social lives of humans, groups and societies. ...


Bratton was featured on the cover of Time in 1996.[59] Giuliani forced Bratton out of his position after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.[60] (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... eGO is a company that builds electric motor scooters which are becoming popular for urban transportation and vacation use. ...


Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects,[61] and the scandals surrounding the sexual torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the New York Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.[62] Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... For other uses, see Torture (disambiguation). ... Abner Louima (b. ... Amadou Diallo Amadou Bailo Diallo (September 2, 1975 – February 4, 1999) was a 23-year-old immigrant to the United States from Guinea, who was shot and killed on February 4, 1999, by four New York City Police Department plain-clothed officers; Sean Carroll, Richard Murphy, Edward McMellon and Kenneth... Patrick J. Dorismond (1974-2000) was the father of two children, an off-duty security guard and a Haitian immigrant who was killed by an undercover New York Police Department officer on the evening of March 15, 2000. ... The New York City Police Department (NYPD) , the largest police department in the United States, has primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. ...


City services

The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of failing public schools and increasing school choice through a voucher-based system.[63]


Giuliani supported protection for illegal immigrants. He continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to the police without fear of deportation.[64] Illegal alien and Illegal aliens redirect here. ... Old INS building in Seattle The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was a part of the United States Department of Justice and handled legal and illegal immigration and naturalization. ... Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. ...


During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian New Yorkers received domestic partnership rights. Giuliani induced the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners.[65] This article is about same-sex desire and sexuality among women. ... Domestic partner or domestic partnership identifies the personal relationship between individuals who are living together and sharing a common domestic life together but are not joined in any type of legal partnership, marriage or civil union. ... A same-sex couple is a pair of people of the same sex, who pursue a relationship similar to that of a heterosexual married couple. ...


Appointees as defendants

Several of Giuliani's appointees to head City agencies became defendants in criminal proceedings.


In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal Party of New York leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pleaded guilty to defrauding the Housing Development Corporation and to possession of child pornography. He was sentenced to five years in prison.[66] In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing Commissioner and as chairman of the Health and Hospitals Corporation, pleaded guilty to perjury after lying to a grand jury about a car that Harding bought for him with City funds.[67] Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Counties/Parishes/Boroughs, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      The Liberal Party of New York is a dormant minor American political party... In the broadest sense, a fraud is a deception made for personal gain. ... Child pornography refers to pornographic material depicting children. ... The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. ... Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing. ... In the American common law legal system, a grand jury is a type of jury which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ...

Main article: Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik

Giuliani was a longtime backer of Bernard Kerik, who started out as a NYPD detective driving for Giuliani's campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the Department of Correction and then as the Police Commissioner. After Giuliani left office, Kerik pleaded guilty to state corruption charges dating from his Corrections days.[68] Kerik is currently awaiting trial on related federal charges of conspiracy, tax fraud and obstruction of justice.[69] Giuliani has not been implicated in any of the Kerik scandals. Rudy Giuliani at a U.S. State Department briefing with Bernard Kerik and others. ... Bernard Bailey Bernie Kerik, CBE, (born September 4, 1955 in Newark, New Jersey) was an American law-enforcement officer. ... Infobox Correction Department The New York City Department of Correction is responsible for over 13,000 of New York Citys inmates, housing the majority of them on Rikers Island. ... The New York City Police Commissioner is the head of the New York City Police Department, appointed by the Mayor of New York City. ... In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ... This article contrasts tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax resistance and tax mitigation. ... Modern Obstruction of Justice, in a common law state, refers to the crime of offering interference of any sort to the work of police, investigators, regulatory agencies, prosecutors, or other (usually government) officials. ...


Run for United States Senate, 2000

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000

Due to term limits, Giuliani could not run in 2001 for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, long-serving Democratic New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan retired and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party, even though he had irritated many by endorsing incumbent Democrat Governor Mario Cuomo over Republican George Pataki in 1994.[70] Giuliani's entrance led Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others to recruit then-U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power. The United States Senate election in New York in 2000 featured an historic race in which Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first First Lady of the United States to run (and win) an election for public office. ... A term limit is a provision of a constitution, statute, or bylaw which limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office. ... Daniel Patrick “Pat” Moynihan (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was a United States Senator, Ambassador, and eminent sociologist. ... Mario Matthew Cuomo (born June 15, 1932) served as the Governor of New York from 1983 to 1995. ... George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 57th Governor of New York serving from January 1995 until January 1, 2007. ... Charles Bernard Rangel Charles Bernard Rangel (born June 11, American politician. ... First Lady Laura Bush and former first ladies (from left to right) Rosalynn Carter, Sen. ... Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, and is a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. ...


An early, January 1999 poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by 10 points.[71] In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. By January 2000, Giuliani had reversed the polls situation, pulling 9 points ahead after taking advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.[71] Nevertheless, the Giuliani campaign was showing some structural weaknesses; so closely identified with New York City, he had somewhat limited appeal to naturally Republican voters in Upstate New York.[72] The New York Police Department's fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond in March 2000 inflamed Giuliani's already strained relations with the city's minority communities,[73] and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue.[73] By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who stated that his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more.[74] Clinton was now 8 to 10 points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.[73] The areas highlighted in YELLOW and GREEN are those which are considered to be a bona fide part of Upstate New York from the perspective of New York City. ... The New York City Police Department (NYPD) , the largest police department in the United States, has primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. ... Patrick J. Dorismond (1974-2000) was the father of two children, an off-duty security guard and a Haitian immigrant who was killed by an undercover New York Police Department officer on the evening of March 15, 2000. ...


Then followed four tumultuous weeks, in which Giuliani's medical life, romantic life, marital life, and political life all collided at once in a most visible fashion. Giuliani discovered that he had prostate cancer and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan became public and the subject of a media frenzy; he announced a separation from his wife Donna Hanover; and, after much indecision, on May 19, 2000 he announced his withdrawal from the senate race. The United States Senate election in New York in 2000 featured an historic race in which Hillary Rodham Clinton became the first First Lady of the United States to run (and win) an election for public office. ... HRPC redirects here. ... Judith Stish Nathan (Judy Nathan) was the press secretary for New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. ... Donna Hanover (born February 13, 1950) is an American journalist, radio and television personality, and actress, who is the morning show co-host for WOR radio in New York City. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...


September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

Main article: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11, 2001 attacks
Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.
Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.

Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001. ... Download high resolution version (2749x1990, 604 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2749x1990, 604 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is a businessman, a U.S. Republican politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ...

Response to attacks

Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards—for example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said "Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And we're going to rebuild, and we're going to be stronger than we were before...I want the people of New York to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that terrorism can't stop us."[3] A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dressing the wounded during a gas attack by Austin O. Spare, 1918. ... Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease_causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. ...


The 9/11 attack occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January 1 to April 1 under the New York State Constitution (Article 3 Section 25),[75] but the State Assembly and Senate did not approve it. The request was backed by the threat of a run for a third mayoral term as a Conservative Party candidate, requiring a legal challenge to the law imposing term limits on elected New York City officials.[76][77] Wikisource has original text related to this article: New York Constitution The New York State constitution establishes the structure of the government of New York State, and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of New York. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...


Giuliani claimed to have been at the Ground Zero site "as often, if not more, than most workers.... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.[78][79][80] While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, after that Giuliani spent a total of 29 hours over three months at the site. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.[81] Ground zero is the exact location on the ground where any explosion occurs. ...


When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested that the attacks were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause", Giuliani asserted, "There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.[82] The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. ... HRH Price Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, born in 1955 and usually known simply as Prince Alwaleed, is a member of the Saudi Royal Family who has amassed an independent fortune through investments in shares and property. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Liberal democracy is a form of government. ... This article is becoming very long. ...


Preparedness

Main article: September 11, 2001 radio communications

Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade Center building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993.[83][84][85] The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.[86] Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center, and this fuel was later deemed responsible for the intense fire that caused that building to collapse hours after the Twin Towers.[87] In May 2007, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on Jerome M. Hauer, who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City’s first Director of Emergency Management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided Fox News and New York Magazine with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in Brooklyn but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist Chris Wallace interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said that the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.[88][89][90][91][92] The February 1996 memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan."[93] This article reviews some of the details of radio communications at the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center tragedy. ... 7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. ... For the second attack on the World Trade Center in 2001, see September 11, 2001 attacks. ... May 2007 is the fifth month of that year. ... Fox News Channels slogan is We Report, You Decide The Fox News Channel is a U.S. cable and satellite news channel. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... This article is about the New York City borough, or Kings County, New York. ... Chris Wallace (born October 12, 1947) is an American journalist, currently the host of Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...


In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to location of the city's emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns.[94] January 2008 was the first month of the current year. ...


The 9/11 Commission noted in its report that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The Commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said that these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.[95][96] The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed.[97][98] However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said that the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.[99][100] Giuliani testified to the Commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.[101] A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33 million no-bid contract with Motorola, and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a Probationary Firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old analog radios from 1993.[102][103] A book later published by Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee Hamilton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, argued that the Commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.[104] The Commissions seal The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up in late 2002 to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response... The cover of the final 9/11 report 9/11 Commission Report, formally titled Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, is the official report of the events leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Motorola Inc. ... March 2001 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December March 3 - A U.S. Air Force Materials Command C-23 Sherpa transport crashes during stormy weather in the U.S. state of Georgia, killing 21. ... Analog transmission is a method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. ... Thomas Howard Kean (born April 21, 1935) is an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey, from 1982 to 1990. ... Lee Herbert Hamilton is the vice chair of the 9-11 Commission and currently serves on the Presidents Homeland Security Advisory Council. ...


An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.[105][106] 2001 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December Events: October 2 - Bankruptcy of Swissair. ...


Public reaction

In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani was hailed by many for his leadership during the crisis. When polled just six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79 percent approval rating among New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had received a year earlier — average at the end of a two-term mayorship.[107][108] Oprah Winfrey called him "America's Mayor" at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001,[109][110] a term now in common use by his supporters. Other voices denied it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. "You didn't bring us together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We would have come together if Bozo was the mayor", said civil rights activist Al Sharpton, in a statement largely supported by Fernando Ferrer, one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. "He was a power-hungry person", Sharpton also said.[111] Many New Yorkers were impressed with Giuliani's response to the attacks, precisely because his calm and soothing demeanor seemed markedly out of character, after seven years in which he had gained a reputation as a divisive mayor. Oprah Winfrey, (born January 29, 1954) is a multiple-Emmy Award winning host of The Oprah Winfrey Show, the highest rated talk show in television history. ... This page is about the stadium the New York Yankees currently play in. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Bozo the Clown (also known as Bozo) is the name of a clown whose widespread franchising in early television made him the best-known clown character in the United States. ... Alfred Charles Al Sharpton Jr. ... Fernando Ferrer Fernando James Freddy Ferrer (born April 30, 1950 in the Bronx, New York) was the Borough President of The Bronx from 1987 to 2001, and was a candidate for Mayor of New York in 2001 and the Democratic Party nominee for Mayor in 2005. ...


Time person of the year

Rudy Giuliani, 2001 Time Person of the Year.
Rudy Giuliani, 2001 Time Person of the Year.

On December 24, 2001,[112] Time magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001.[3] Time observed that, prior to 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed to that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Thus historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006, "With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He left a city immeasurably better off — safer, more prosperous, more confident — than the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny."[113] Image File history File links 1101011231_400. ... Image File history File links 1101011231_400. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could... is the 358th day of the year (359th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could...


Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others, including some firefighters, police, rescue workers, and families of WTC victims argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain."[114] Giuliani has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees in a single year (his demand increasing after the attacks).[115] Before September 11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2 million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.[116]


Aftermath

Giuliani initially downplayed the health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District and lower Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site.[117] He moved quickly to reopen Wall Street, and it was reopened on September 17. In the first month after the attacks, he said "The air quality is safe and acceptable."[118] However, in the weeks after the attacks, the United States Geological Survey identified hundreds of asbestos hot spots of debris dust that remained on buildings. By the end of the month the USGS reported that the toxicity of the debris was akin to that of drain cleaner.[119] It would eventually be determined that a wide swath of lower Manhattan and Brooklyn had been heavily contaminated by highly caustic and toxic materials.[119][120] The city's health agencies, such as the Department of Environmental Protection, did not supervise or issue guidelines for the testing and cleanup of private buildings. Instead, the city left this responsibility to building owners.[119] There has been growing concern over the health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the Financial District of lower Manhattan. ... A view up Broad Street in the Financial District in Manhattan Federal Hall The Financial District of New York City is a neighborhood on the southernmost section of the borough of Manhattan which comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the citys major financial institutions, including the New... The World Trade Center site destruction, 2001 The World Trade Center site is the 16 acre (65,000 m²) real estate on which the WTC complex stood in New York until the September 11, 2001 attacks. ... Elaborate marble facade of NYSE as seen from the intersection of Broad and Wall Streets For other uses, see Wall Street (disambiguation). ... InsertSLUTTY WHORES≤ non-formatted text here{| class=toccolours border=1 cellpadding=4 style=float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 20em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right; |+ United States Geological Survey |- |style= align=center colspan=2| [[Image:USGS logo. ... For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ... Note: DEP redirects here, but the D is sometimes short for Division, Directorate or other such words Department of Environmental Protection is a name commonly used by states in the United States of America to name their government agency charged with proposing and enforcing environmental law although the federal such...


Giuliani took control away from agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, leaving the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction in charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.[121][122] In June 2007, Christie Todd Whitman, former Republican Governor of New Jersey and director of the Environmental Protection Agency, reportedly stated that the EPA had pushed for workers at the WTC site to wear respirators but that she had been blocked by Giuliani. She stated that she believed that the subsequent lung disease and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions.[123] However, former deputy mayor Joe Lhota, now with the Giuliani campaign, replied, "All workers at Ground Zero were instructed repeatedly to wear their respirators." A safety professional who worked at Ground Zero added, "I was absolutely aghast at the refusal of the workers at ground zero to wear the personal protective equipment. All of my efforts to convince these guys to wear the masks was for naught."[124] FEMA redirects here. ... United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 military men and women. ... OSHA logo The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. ... It has been suggested that gas mask be merged into this article or section. ... June 2007 is the sixth month of that year. ... Christine Todd Whitman Christine Todd Christie Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American politician. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... EPA redirects here. ... In medicine, pulmonology is the specialty that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract. ...


Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's liability for Ground Zero illnesses be limited to a total of $350 million. Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.[125] In the most general sense, a liability is anything that is a hindrance, or puts individuals at a disadvantage. ...


In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill," it said, adding: "Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."[126] Lawyers for the International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill.[127] February 2007 is the second month of the year. ... The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) is a labor union representing fire fighters employed full-time in fire suppression and related activities in the United States and Canada. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Look up closure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Fresh Kills Landfill on the New York City borough of Staten Island, was formerly the largest landfill in the world, at 2200 acres (890 hectares),[1] and was New York Citys principal landfill in the second half of the 20th century. ...


Post-mayoralty

Politics

Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. He was a speaker at the 2004 Republican National Convention, where he endorsed George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, "Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie, thank God George Bush is our president.'"[128] 2004 Republican National Convention Logo President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney accepted their partys nomination to run for second terms. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the forty-third and current President of the United States of America, originally inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...


Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republicans candidates across the nation.


After campaigning on behalf of President Bush in the 2004 election, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after the resignation of Tom Ridge. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. Kerik in his pre-announcement interviews with the White House failed to disclose facts in his past that were certain to disqualify him. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information known for years to local reporters, but unreported, became widely known (most notably, that Kerik had ties to organized crime, but also that he had been sued for sexual harrassment and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servant). The political fallout was damaging to the perception of competence in the White House vetting process and doubts as to Giuliani's ethics and political judgment in recommending Kerik in the first place. Presidential election results map. ... The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. ... Thomas Joseph Ridge (born August 27, 1945 near Pittsburgh, USA) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives (1983–1995), Governor of Pennsylvania (1995–2001), Assistant to the President for Homeland Security (2001–2003), and the first United States Secretary of Homeland... Bernard Bailey Bernie Kerik, CBE, (born September 4, 1955 in Newark, New Jersey) was an American law-enforcement officer. ... Sexual harassment is harassment of a sexual nature, typically in the workplace or other setting where raising objections or refusing may have negative consequences. ... In this day an age of security checking, bombings, money laundering etc. ... Rudy Giuliani at a U.S. State Department briefing with Bernard Kerik and others. ...

Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new Drug Enforcement Agency mobile museum in Dallas, Texas in September 2003
Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new Drug Enforcement Agency mobile museum in Dallas, Texas in September 2003

A May 14, 2007 New York Daily News poll indicates that 56 percent of polled New Yorkers believe that Michael Bloomberg has done a better job as mayor, and that 29 percent believed that Giuliani had been a better mayor.[129] 46 percent of those polled also indicated they would choose Bloomberg over Giuliani as President; Giuliani received the support of only 29 percent of New Yorkers.[130] Image File history File links Rudy_Giuliani_ribbon-cutting_ceremony. ... Image File history File links Rudy_Giuliani_ribbon-cutting_ceremony. ... Since 1973, the DEA has enforced the drug laws in the United States. ... For other uses, see Dallas (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... is the 134th day of the year (135th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born 14 February 1942) is an American businessman, founder of Bloomberg L.P., and the current Mayor of New York City. ...


Iraq Study Group

On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG). This 10-person bipartisan panel, of which Giuliani was one of the members, was charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations. They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush administration assertions, "The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow "the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq".[131] is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cover of the report The Iraq Study group (ISG), also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commission,[1] was a ten-person bipartisan panel appointed on March 15, 2006, by the United States Congress, that was charged with assessing the situation in Iraq and the US-led Iraq War and making... In a two-party system (such as in the United States), bipartisan refers to any bill, act, resolution, or any other action of a political body in which both of the major political parties are in agreement. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... George W. Bush administration is the administration of the 43rd president of the United States of America, 2001-present George H. W. Bush administration is the administration of the 41st president of the United States of America, 1989-1993 This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise...


On May 24, 2006, after missing all of the group's meetings,[132] including a briefing from General David Petraeus, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and former Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki,[133] Giuliani resigned from the panel, citing his "previous time commitments".[134] It later was discovered that it was Giuliani's fundraising schedule which had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4 million in speaking fees over fourteen months,[132] and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given "an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group" by group leader James Baker.[135] Giuliani subsequently said that he had started thinking about running for President, and being on the panel might give it a political spin. But Slate noted that Giuliani had "been set to run for months, if not years" before he accepted appointment to the study group.[136] is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... David Howell Petraeus (born November 7, 1952) is a general in the United States Army and commander of Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all U.S. forces in the country. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... General Colin Luther Powell, United States Army (Ret. ... Categories: United States-related stubs | United States Army | Joint Chiefs of Staff ... General Eric Ken Shinseki (born November 28, 1942) was the 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999 - 2003). ... A speaking fee is payment awarded to an individual for speaking at a public event. ... James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930) served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagans first administration, Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the administration of President George H. W. Bush. ... Categories: Magazines stubs | Microsoft subsidiaries | Websites | The Washington Post ...


Giuliani was described by Newsweek in January 2007 as "one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president’s handling of the war in Iraq"[137] and as of June 2007 remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war.[138] The Newsweek logo Newsweek is a weekly news magazine published in New York City and distributed throughout the United States and internationally. ... January 2007 is the first month of that year. ... June 2007 is the sixth month of that year. ...


Giuliani Partners

Main article: Giuliani Partners

After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC,[139] in 2002, a firm that has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition,[140][141] and which has been the subject of allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the firm's chosen client base.[142] Over five years, Giuliani Partners has earned more than $100 million.[143] In June 2007 he stepped down as CEO and Chairman of Giuliani Partners,[144] although this action was not made public until December 4, 2007;[145] he maintained his equity interest in the firm.[144] Giuliani Partners LLC is a management consulting and security consulting business founded by former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in January 2002. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ...


Bracewell & Giuliani

Main article: Bracewell & Giuliani

On March 31, 2005, it was announced that Giuliani would join the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and symbolic head of the expanding firm's new New York office. When he joined the Texas-based firm he brought Marc Mukasey, the son of Attorney General Michael Mukasey, into the firm. Despite a busy schedule the former mayor is known to be highly active in the day-to-day business of the law firm, which is described by the New York Times as "perhaps the nation’s most aggressive lobbyist for coal-fired power plants, heavy emitters of air pollutants and carbon dioxide, a gas associated with global warming."[146] Giuliani advocates increased reliance on coal-burning power plants as one means of addressing the issue of global warming. Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ... is the 90th day of the year (91st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... Michael B. Mukasey (born 1941) is a Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Here are some of Rudy Giulianis remarks and positions on various issues. ... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ...


While there was early speculation that the firm would merge with Giuliani Partners, this is a legal impossibility because as a matter of ethics, lawyers cannot share legal fees with non-lawyers. However, while the firm is completely independent of the consulting business, the two entities maintain a close strategic partnership.


On May 15, 2007 the Associated Press reported that Giuliani "has profited from his firm's work representing corporate clients before nearly every Cabinet department, exposing himself to a wide range of potential ethical entanglements." It was further reported that Giuliani's efforts on behalf of clients such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the chewing tobacco manufacturer UST Inc. [nee United States Tobacco] had "contributed toward his personal net worth of millions of dollars."[147] is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... UST Inc. ...


Bracewell & Giuliani has also been tied to the Trans-Texas Corridor, as the firm represents Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte, S.A, one of the investment firms involved in the financing of the project.[148] The Trans-Texas Corridor (TTC) is a transportation network in the planning and early construction stages in the U.S. state of Texas. ...


In 2006, Giuliani acted as the "lead counsel and lead spokesmen" for Bracewell & Giuliani client Purdue Pharma, the makers of Oxycontin, during their negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the pharmaceutical company misled the public about Oxycontin's addictive properties; the agreement reached resulted in Purdue Pharma and some of its executives paying $634.5 million in fines.[149] Purdue Pharma L.P., is privately-held pharmaceutical company founded by physicians. ...


On June 7, 2007, Fidelis America, a Catholic political advocacy group, reported that Bracewell & Giuliani has lobbied for stem cell research on behalf of Johns Hopkins University.[150] is the 158th day of the year (159th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Mouse embryonic stem cells. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ...


2008 United States Presidential campaign

Presidential campaign logo
Presidential campaign logo

A draft movement began in late 2005 to get Giuliani to run for President of the United States in 2008. Throughout 2006, rumors circulated regarding a possible Giuliani campaign, abetted by hints from the former Mayor himself. In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee. In February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the television program Larry King Live that he was indeed running.[151] Former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani’s 2008 presidential campaign began in October 2005 when the “Draft Rudy Giuliani for President, Inc” was formed. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled to be held on November 4, 2008, will be the 55th consecutive quadrennial president and vice president of the United States. ... In the election politics of the United States, an exploratory committee is an organization established to help determine whether a potential candidate should run for an elected office. ... Larry King Live is an American talk show hosted by Larry King on CNN. The show debuted in 1985, and is CNNs most watched program, with over one million viewers nightly. ...


Early polls showed him with one of the highest levels of name recognition and support and the front-runner in the opinion polls for the Republican nomination.[152] As of September 2007, most polls showed Giuliani to have more support than any of the other declared Republican candidates, with only Senator Fred Thompson and Governor Mitt Romney showing greater support in some state polls.[153] On November 7, 2007, Giuliani's campaign received an endorsement from evangelist, Christian Broadcasting Network founder, and past presidential candidate Pat Robertson.[154] This was viewed by political observers as a possibly key development in the race, as it gave credence that evangelicals and other social conservatives could support Giuliani despite some of Giuliani's positions on social issues such as abortion and gay rights.[155] This article is a collection of scientific, state-wide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the Republican presidential primaries, 2008 by State. ... This article is about the actor/politician. ... Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) was the 70th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Relation to other religions Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Christianity Portal This box:      Evangelicalism is a theological perspective in Protestant Christianity which identifies with the gospel. ... The Christian Broadcasting Network, or CBN, is, as its name implies, a Christian television broadcasting network in the United States. ... Marion Gordon Pat Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is a televangelist from the United States. ...


Giuliani's campaign hit a difficult stretch during November and December 2007, in which Bernard Kerik, whom Giuliani had appointed to or recommended for several top positions, was indicted on 16 counts of tax fraud and other federal charges;[156] the media reported that while Mayor of New York, Giuliani had billed to obscure city agencies several tens of thousands of dollars of mayoral security expenses incurred while visiting Judith Nathan, with whom he was having an extramarital affair[157] (later analysis showed the billing to likely be unrelated to hiding Nathan[158]); and several stories were published in the press regarding clients of Giuliani Partners and Bracewell & Giuliani being in opposition to goals of American foreign policy.[144] Giuliani's national poll numbers began steadily slipping and his unusual strategy of focusing more on later, multi-primary big states rather than the smaller, first-voting states was seen at risk.[159][160] December 2007 is the twelfth month of that year and has yet to occur. ... Bernard Bailey Bernie Kerik, CBE, (born September 4, 1955 in Newark, New Jersey) was an American law-enforcement officer. ... This article contrasts tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax resistance and tax mitigation. ... Judith Stish Nathan (Judy Nathan) was the press secretary for New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. ... Giuliani Partners LLC is a management consulting and security consulting business founded by former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in January 2002. ... Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ...


Despite his strategy, Giuliani did compete to a substantial extent[161] in the January 8, 2008 New Hampshire primary, but finished a distant fourth with 9 percent of the vote.[162] Similar poor results continued in other early contests, as Giuliani's staff went without pay in order to focus all efforts on the crucial late January Florida Republican primary.[163] The shift of the electorate's focus from national security to the state of the economy also hurt Giuliani,[160] as did the resurgence of Senator John McCain's similarly-themed campaign. On January 29, 2008, Giuliani finished a distant third in the Florida result with 15 percent of the vote, trailing McCain and Romney.[164] Facing declining polls and lost leads in the upcoming large Super Tuesday states,[165][166] including that of his home New York,[167] Giuliani withdrew from the race on January 30, endorsing McCain.[168] is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... The New Hampshire primary is the first of a number of statewide political party primary elections held in the United States every four years, as part of the process of the Democratic and Republican parties choosing their candidate for the presidential elections on the subsequent November. ... Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, England. ... McCain redirects here. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...


Political positions

Giuliani was originally a Democrat, and supported both John F. Kennedy[169] and George McGovern[170] in their presidential bids. He switched to the Republican Party in 1980 after a short stint as an Independent. Here are some of Rudy Giulianis remarks and positions on various issues. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  Politics Portal      Further information: Politics of the United States#Organization of American political parties The Democratic... John Kennedy and JFK redirect here. ... George McGovern on May 8, 1972 cover of Time Magazine George Stanley McGovern, (born July 19, 1922) is a former United States Representative, Senator, and Democratic presidential nominee. ...


Personal life

Marriages and family

Giuliani with Congressman Vito Fossella and former First Lady Nancy Reagan, 2002
Giuliani with Congressman Vito Fossella and former First Lady Nancy Reagan, 2002

Giuliani has been married three times. On October 26, 1968, soon after he graduated from law school, he married his second cousin, educator Regina Peruggi, whom Giuliani had known since childhood. In the mid-70s the marriage was in trouble and in 1975 they agreed to a trial separation.[171] Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the Attorney General's Office.[172] Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami. Giuliani filed for legal separation from Peruggi on August 12, 1982.[171] Giuliani and Hanover started living together later that year in Washington, D.C.[173] The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued by the end of 1982,[174] while a Roman Catholic Church annulment of the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983,[171] according to Giuliani, because he discovered after 14 years of marriage that he and his wife were second cousins,[175] rather than third cousins,[172] and they did not have the Church dispensation thus needed.[176][177] Giuliani and Peruggi did not have any children.[178] Vito John Fossella, Jr. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term cousin typically refers to the child of ones parents sibling. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Seal of the United States Department of Justice The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see 28 U.S.C. Â§ 503) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. ... A celebrity is a person who is widely recognized in a society. ... Donna Hanover (born February 13, 1950) is an American journalist, radio and television personality, and actress, who is the morning show co-host for WOR radio in New York City. ... This article is about the city in Florida. ... Legal separation is a possible step towards divorce under United States law. ... is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the ending of a marriage before the death of either spouse. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Twice removed redirects here. ...


Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in New York on April 15, 1984.[179][171] They had two children, son Andrew Harold (born January 30, 1986 in New York) and daughter Caroline (born 1989). Andrew first became a familiar sight by misbehaving at Giuliani's first mayoral inauguration, then with his father at New York Yankees games, of which Rudy Giuliani is an enthusiastic fan; Andrew also was an accomplished junior golfer. is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... This article is about the state. ... Major league affiliations American League (1901–present) East Division (1969–present) Current uniform Retired Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 32, 37, 44, 49 Name New York Yankees (1913–present) New York Highlanders (1903-1912) Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) (Also referred to as... This article is about the game. ...


Beginning in 1996, Giuliani and Hanover's public relationship became distant, with Hanover appearing at few public events.[180] In 1997, a Vanity Fair article reported that Giuliani had a romantic relationship with Cristyne Lategano, the mayor's communications director.[181] The mayor and Lategano denied the allegations. On Father's Day, 1995 Giuliani had told reporters that he was returning to Gracie Mansion to play ball with Andrew. However, he instead went to City Hall, to a basement suite with his press secretary. Three hours later, Hanover, angered, appeared at City Hall; yet a mayoral aide prevented her from entering the suite.[182] American actress Demi Moore, on a typical Vanity Fair cover (August, 1991) Vanity Fair is a glossy American glamour magazine monthly that offers a mixture of articles based on sensational exaggerations, jet-set and entertainment-business personalities, politics, and lies. ...


Giuliani met Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company, in May 1999 at Club Macanudo, an Upper East Side cigar bar;[183] he took the initiative in forming an ongoing relationship[183] that was kept secret for almost a year.[184] Beginning in summer 1999, costs for his New York Police Department security detail during weekend visits to her in Southhampton, New York were charged to obscure city agencies.[157][185] In early 2000, Nathan began getting city-provided chauffeur services from the police department.[185] By March 2000, Giuliani had stopped wearing his wedding ring,[186] and his and Nathan's appearances together at functions and events became publicly visible[186][187] but not mentioned in the press.[188] In early May 2000, the New York Daily News and then the New York Post broke news of Giuliani's relationship with Nathan.[188] Giuliani first publicly acknowledged her on May 3, 2000, stating that Nathan was his "very good friend."[186] Judith Stish Nathan (Judy Nathan) was the press secretary for New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. ... The Upper East Side at Sunset The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA, between Central Park and the East River. ... A cigar bar is an establishment that caters to patrons who smoke cigars. ... Southampton, New York may refer to: Town of Southampton, a town in Suffolk County, New York, USA Village of Southampton, a village in the Town of Southampton, Suffolk County, New York, USA Southampton, a hamlet in the Town of Southampton, Suffolk County, New York, USA Statistics for FIPS place code... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The New York Post is the 13th-oldest newspaper published in the United States and the oldest to have been published continually as a daily. ... is the 123rd day of the year (124th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...


On May 10, 2000, Giuliani called a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.[189][190] Hanover, however, had not been told about his plans before his press conference,[191] an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized.[192] Giuliani now went on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about his marriage with Hanover, that "over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives." Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member," a reference to Lategano. Giuliani, Hanover and Nathan appeared on the cover of People in the aftermath.[193] is the 130th day of the year (131st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... People, a weekly magazine of celebrity and popular culture news, debuted on February 27, 1974. ...


Giuliani then moved out of Gracie Mansion and into an apartment belonging to two gay friends.[194] Giuliani filed for divorce from Hanover in October 2000,[195] and a public battle broke out between their representatives.[196] Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion (where Hanover still lived) or meeting his children before the divorce was final.[197] In May 2001, in an effort to mitigate the bad publicity from the proceedings, Giuliani's attorney revealed (with the mayor's approval) that Giuliani was impotent due to his prostate cancer treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through treatment for cancer and radiation all by yourself," Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."[198] Giuliani argued in a court case that he aimed to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day, 2001, and that Hanover had prevented this visit.[199] Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their acrimonious divorce case in July 2002, after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million settlement and granting her custody of their children.[200] Gracie Mansion is the official residence of the Mayor of New York City. ... Impotence or, more clinically, erectile dysfunction is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ... HRPC redirects here. ... For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation). ... July 2002 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December // See also: Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (July 2002) A Russian Tupolev Tu-154 airliner and a Boeing 757 operated by DHL collide at 35,000ft over Uberlingen, due to failure of correct communication from... A settlement is a contract that is one possible result when parties sue (or contemplate so doing) each other in civil courts, usually seeking money as reparations for the alleged wrongdoing of the defendants. ...


Giuliani subsequently married Nathan on May 24, 2003, and thus gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also Nathan's third marriage after two prior divorces.[193] is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...


By March 2007, The New York Times and the New York Daily News reported that Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew and his daughter Caroline, missing major events in their lives, such as graduations, and sometimes going long stretches without talking to them, and that neither of them was taking part in his presidential campaign.[201][202] Caroline uses her mother's surname, Hanover, rather than Giuliani's, and according to reports, she did not inform Giuliani when she was accepted to Harvard.[193] Caroline apparently linked her personal Facebook page to a page related to the campaign of Democratic presidential candidate Senator Barack Obama.[203][204] After a slate.com contributor reported this link, Caroline removed it from her Facebook page.[205] March 2007 is the third month of the year. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Facebook is a social networking website that was launched on February 4, 2004. ... “Barack” redirects here. ... Categories: Magazines stubs | Microsoft subsidiaries | Websites | The Washington Post ...


Giuliani is the godfather to former New York City police commissioner Bernard Kerik's two youngest children.[206] Bernard Bailey Bernie Kerik, CBE, (born September 4, 1955 in Newark, New Jersey) was an American law-enforcement officer. ...


Religion

Giuliani has declined to comment publicly on his religious practice and beliefs, although he identifies religion as an important part of his life. When asked if he is a practicing Catholic, Giuliani answered, "My religious affiliation, my religious practices and the degree to which I am a good or not-so-good Catholic, I prefer to leave to the priests."[207]


Awards and honors

The logo of The Hundred Year Association of New York The Hundred Year Association of New York was founded in 1927 to recognize and reward dedication and service to the City of New York by businesses and organizations that have been in operation in the City for a century or... The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ... A statue of an armoured knight of the Middle Ages For the chess piece, see knight (chess). ... The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The Episcopal Diocese of New York is in Province II of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. ... Laura Bush Current First Lady (2001- ) First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. ... Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6, 1921) is the widow of the former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. ... Nancy Reagan presents the 2007 Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to former United States President George Bush. ... ... Loyola College in Maryland, formerly Loyola College, is a private, coeducational university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, affiliated with the Society of Jesus and the Roman Catholic Church. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... Middlebury College is a small, private liberal arts college located in the rural town of Middlebury, Vermont, United States. ... Middlebury, Vermont Main Street Otter Creek Falls Middlebury is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke American Stroke Association Web site. ... Water Mill is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Suffolk County, New York, USA, and a hamlet of the Town of Southhampton. ... This article is about the state. ...

Electoral history

  • 1989 election for Mayor (New York City)
  • 1993 election for Mayor (New York City)
  • 1997 election for Mayor (New York City)

David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927 in Trenton, New Jersey) was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993, being the first and to date only African American to hold that office. ... David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927 in Trenton, New Jersey) was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993, being the first and to date only African American to hold that office. ... Ruth Wyler Messinger (born 1940) is a former political leader in New York City and a member of the Democratic Party. ...

Books

  • Barrett, Wayne, (2000). Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani. Basic Books, ISBN 0-7567-6114-X (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
  • Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan (2006). Grand Illusion: The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-053660-8. 
  • Brodeur, Christopher X., (2002). "Perverted Little Creep; Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur". ExtremeNY books, ISBN 0-9741593-0-1.
  • Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken (2002). Leadership. Miramax Books. ISBN 0-7868-6841-4. 
  • Gonzalez, Juan, (2002). Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse. New Press, ISBN 1565847547
  • Kirtzman, Andrew (2001). Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-009389-7. 
  • Koch, Edward I. (1999). Giuliani: Nasty Man. Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-155-X. Reissued, 2007.[215]
  • Mandery, Evan, (1999). The Campaign: Rudy Giuliani, Ruth Messinger, Al Sharpton, and the Race to Be Mayor of New York City. Westview Press, ISBN -10: 0813366984.
  • Newfield, Jack, (2003). The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN 1-56025-482-3
  • Polner, Robert, (2005). America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
  • Polner, Robert, (2007). America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-933368-72-1
  • Siegel, Fred (2005). The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York, and the Genius of American Life. Encounter Books. ISBN 1-59403-084-7. 

Wayne Barrett is a writer for the Village Voice. ... Christopher X. Brodeur is a journalist, artist, cartoonist, political gadfly, and two-time political candidate for the mayor of New York City. ... Leadership (October 1, 2002, ISBN 0786868414) is a book written by Rudolph W. Giuliani about his time as Mayor of New York City and how he cleaned up New York City, reduced crime, and revitalized the economy of the city. ... Juan Gonzalez is an American investigative journalist. ... Edward Irving Koch (born December 12, 1924; pronounced ) was a United States Congressman from 1969 to 1977 and the Mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989. ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... Jack Newfield, (1938-2004), was a muckraking journalist, employed by the New York Post. ... Jimmy Breslin (born October 17, 1930) is an American columnist and author who has written numerous novels and appeared regularly in various newspapers in New York City, where he lives. ...

Films

For other persons named James Woods, see James Woods (disambiguation). ... Giuliani Time is a muckraking documentary by Kevin Keating about Rudy Giuliani, former mayor of New York, NY. The Village Voice called this 2006 documentary an incisive portrait of power seizure and class combat as it was performed, by the numbers, on the municipal level. ... Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American comedian, actor, musician, screenwriter, and film producer. ... This article is about the psychotherapy technique. ... This article is about the American actor/comedian. ... A catch phrase is a phrase or expression that is popularized, usually through repeated use, by a real person or fictional character. ...

See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Wikiquote is one of a family of wiki-based projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation, running on MediaWiki software. ... Rudy Giuliani served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until December 31, 2001. ... Here are some of Rudy Giulianis remarks and positions on various issues. ... Rudy Giuliani at a U.S. State Department briefing with Bernard Kerik and others. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Donna Hanover (born February 13, 1950) is an American journalist, radio and television personality, and actress, who is the morning show co-host for WOR radio in New York City. ... Judith Giuliani, February 2006. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Rudy Giuliani served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 until December 31, 2001. ... Rudy Giuliani at a U.S. State Department briefing with Bernard Kerik and others. ... Donald Rumsfeld and Rudy Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001. ... Giuliani Partners LLC is a management consulting and security consulting business founded by former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in January 2002. ... Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP is an American law firm that was formed on March 31, 2005 when former New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani joined the prior firm of Bracewell & Patterson, LLP, as a named partner. ... Leadership (October 1, 2002, ISBN 0786868414) is a book written by Rudolph W. Giuliani about his time as Mayor of New York City and how he cleaned up New York City, reduced crime, and revitalized the economy of the city. ... Former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani’s 2008 presidential campaign began in October 2005 when the “Draft Rudy Giuliani for President, Inc” was formed. ... Here are some of Rudy Giulianis remarks and positions on various issues. ...

External links

Official sites
Documentaries, topic pages and databases
Media coverage
Grassroots campaigns
Links critical of Giuliani

The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday. ...

References

  1. ^ See inogolo: pronunciation of Rudy Giuliani.
  2. ^ Rudolph Giuliani — America's Mayor: Review of The Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York and the Genius of American Life By Fred Siegel. The Economist (2005-07-28). Retrieved on 2006-11-15. [subscription site]
  3. ^ a b c Eric Pooley. "Mayor of the world", Time magazine, 2001-12-31. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. 
  4. ^ Giuliani joins a distinguished club. Renolds, Dylan CNN.com WORLD. CNN.com (2002-02-13). Retrieved on 2007-11-06.
  5. ^ a b c Burton, Danielle. "10 Things You Didn't Know About Rudy Giuliani", U.S. News, 2007-02-07. Retrieved on 2007-06-21. 
  6. ^ a b Mott, Gordon. Rudy Giuliani: America's Mayor. Cigar Aficionado Online. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  7. ^ Bock, Wally. Rudy Giuliani: The Long View of Leadership. Wally Bock's Monday Memo. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  8. ^ Barrett, Wayne (July 2000). Thug Life: The Shocking Secret History of Harold Giuliani, the Mayor’s Ex-Convict Dad. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.
  9. ^ Barrett, Wayne (July 2000). A Readers' Guide to the Good Stuff From Rudy!. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Bearak, Ian & Fisher (1997-10-19), "A Mercurial Mayor's Confident Journey", New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4D61E3FF93AA25753C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all>. Retrieved on 10 June 2007 
  11. ^ In a Surprise, Pat Robertson Backs Giuliani NY Times, November 8, 2007
  12. ^ General Studies Program - School of Arts - Manhattan College
  13. ^ a b A BIOGRAPHY OF MAYOR RUDOLPH W. GIULIANI. NYC.gov. Retrieved on 2006-11-18.
  14. ^ The Democratic Party | DNC Statement on Giuliani's Potential Presidential Bid
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Jack Newfield, "The Full Rudy: The Man, the Mayor, the Myth", The Nation, May 30, 2002. Accessed June 2, 2007.
  16. ^ What an anti-Giuliani ad should say | Salon
  17. ^ Giuliani, Rudy (2002). Leadership. Hyperion. ISBN 0-78-6868-414. 
  18. ^ Rudolf W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study. smokinggun.com (1993-04-08). Retrieved on 2007-02-12.
  19. ^ The Sunshine Patriots. Village Voice (2004-08-24). Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
  20. ^ Is Giuliani a dime-store Dewey? WorldNetDaily, November 17, 2007
  21. ^ Doing Rudy Justice National Review, November 7, 2007
  22. ^ Around the World; U.S. Official Finds No Repression in Haiti - New York Times
  23. ^ A Biography of Mayor Rudy Giuliani NYC.gov
  24. ^ William Mitchelson Jr. (2006-3-21). How to Avoid Letting a 'Perp Walk' Turn Into a Parade. National Law Journal. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  25. ^ Breaking Down the “Perp Walk”. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  26. ^ No more ‘perp walks’. National Law Journal (2002-08-05). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  27. ^ Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 49
  28. ^ a b Heidi Collins, Allan Chernoff, Crystal McCrary Anthony, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0705/23/cnr.02.html
  29. ^ "Rudy Giuliani:America's Mayor or America's Fraud" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfCnMKycHaY&mode=related&search=
  30. ^ Nocera, Joseph (1995-08-06), "Junk Bondage", New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE0D81130F935A3575BC0A963958260&n=Top%2FNews%2FBusiness%2FColumns%2FJoseph%20Nocera>. Retrieved on 8 June 2007 
  31. ^ Stengel, Richard (2001-06-24). The Passionate Prosecutor. Time Magazine online. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
  32. ^ Trumbore, Brian. "Ivan Boesky". BUYandHOLD. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
  33. ^ Rudolph W. Giuliani Bracewell & Giuliani
  34. ^ a b c Katharine Q. Seeley, " In G.O.P. Debate Today, Which Tack for Giuliani?", The New York Times, May 3, 2007. Accessed March 31, 2008.
  35. ^ Frank Lynn, "Giuliani Files 2 Challenges To Take Lauder off Ballot", The New York Times, July 21, 1989. Accessed March 30, 2007.
  36. ^ "Election 2008: Giuliani Quotes Disturb N.Y. Conservative," "National Federation of Republican Assemblies," http://www.gopwing.com/articles.aspx?article=760
  37. ^ a b c Sam Roberts, " IN THEIR FIRST DEBATE, DINKINS AND GIULIANI GO AT IT, GENTLY", The New York Times, November 5, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
  38. ^ David Dinkins Elected First Black Mayor of New York AfroTimes, November 11, 1989
  39. ^ a b "Q&A: George Marlin", The New York Sun, March 21, 2007. Accessed June 24, 2007.
  40. ^ New York State Department of Labor statistics, Workforce industry data.. Retrieved on 2006-11-18.
  41. ^ New York City Crime Rate
  42. ^ NYC crime rate cut with penalties BCHeights.com November 3, 2005
  43. ^ Why Dinkins Lost Newsday, November 4, 1993
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  59. ^ Time Magazine, "Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why.", January 15, 1996. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
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  64. ^ Officials: Let illegal immigrants report crimes USA Today, December 5, 2007
  65. ^ What will Rudy say to his gay friends? Salon.com, February 26, 2004
  66. ^ Patricia Hurtado, "Disgraced ex-Giuliani official claims mental illness, judge prescribes prison", New York Newsday, July 22, 2005. Accessed March 9, 2007.
  67. ^ Robbins, Tom. "A Going-Away Gift From Russell Harding", The Village Voice, September 7, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-07-20. 
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  75. ^ Content Removed. Retrieved on November 15, 2005.
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  80. ^ Sewell, Dan. "Giuliani's 'I'm one of them' remark angers 9-11 workers", The Cincinnati Post (Associated Press), E. W. Scripps Company, 2007-08-10, p. A1. "Battalion Chief John McDonnell, head of the Uniformed Fire Officers Association in New York, said: 'I have a real problem with that statement. I think he's really grasping and trying to justify his previous attempts to portray himself as the hero of 9-11.'" 
  81. ^ Russ Buettner. "For Giuliani, Ground Zero as Linchpin and Thorn", New York Times, 2007-08-17. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. 
  82. ^ "Giuliani rejects $10 million from Saudi prince", CNN, 2001-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. 
  83. ^ World Trade Center: Profile. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  84. ^ "Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," Village Voice August 8–14, 2007, p. 22–36. [1]
  85. ^ Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins (2006-09). The Grand Illusion: The untold story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. The Village Voice. Retrieved on 2006-09-06.
  86. ^ Open and Shut. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  87. ^ Replying to Giuliani. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  88. ^ Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday (2007-05-14). Retrieved on 2007-09-29. “Then why did he say the building — he said it's not — the place in Brooklyn is not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan”
  89. ^ audio and video from interview available on Robert Greenwald's "The REAL Rudy: Command Center"
  90. ^ Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  91. ^ Angry Giuliani Aide Lashes Back. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  92. ^ Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, "The Real Rudy: From the September print issue: The image of Rudy Giuliani as the hero of September 11 has never been seriously challenged. That changes now," "The American Prospect online," September 11, 2006 http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11973
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  96. ^ "Rudy's 9/11 Snag: Dissent WTC Kin: We'll Bare the Ugly Truth for '08".
  97. ^ Urban Legend video, http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=3367678
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  103. ^ Razzle Dazzle: Rudy Ducking and Running.
  104. ^ 9/11 Commissioners Say They Went Easy on Giuliani to Avoid Public’s Anger. Retrieved on June 12, 2007.
  105. ^ Democracy Now! | New Yorkers Tell Federal Officials To Stop Ignoring 9/11's Health Effects
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  120. ^ C&En: Cover Story - Chemical Analysis Of A Disaster
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  122. ^ Macho Mistakes at Ground Zero NY Times, May 22, 2007
  123. ^ Christie blasts Rudy on WTC air
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  130. ^ Article not found | February 3, 2008 | AHN
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  134. ^ United States Institute of Peace (May 31, 2006). "Edwin Meese Replaces Rudolph Giuliani on Iraq Study Group". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-03-04.
  135. ^ Marc Santora, "Giuliani Left Group on Iraq After Warning, Article Says", New York Times, June 20, 2007
  136. ^ Fred Kaplan, The Man Who Knows Too Little: What Rudy Giuliani's Greedy Decision to Quit the Iraq Study Group Reveals about his Candidacy", Slate, June 21, 2007
  137. ^ More Campaign Troubles for Giuliani - Newsweek Politics - MSNBC.com
  138. ^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Giuliani: Iraq war ‘absolutely the right thing to do’ « - Blogs from CNN.com
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  141. ^ American Idol
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  147. ^ Bryan/College Station Eagle - Error Page
  148. ^ Rudy Giuliani Tied to 'Superhighways'; Law Firm Represents Consortia Funding NAFTA-Related Routes ::: Patrick J. Buchanan - Official Website
  149. ^ Big Part of OxyContin Profit Was Consumed by Penalties
  150. ^ TheHill.com - Lobbying by Rudy's firm draws fire
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  158. ^ "Giuliani's shifted money around? Yes. To hide Hamptons trips? Unlikely.", The New York Times, 2007-12-20. Retrieved on 2007-12-26. 
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  165. ^ Rasmussen Reports: The most comprehensive public opinion coverage ever provided for a mid-term election
  166. ^ Rasmussen Reports: The most comprehensive public opinion coverage ever provided for a mid-term election
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  173. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named gaynor
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  177. ^ Giuliani biographer Wayne Barrett reports that Peruggi's brother believes that Giuliani knew at the time of the marriage that they were second cousins. Alan Placa, Giuliani's best man, later became a priest and helped get the annulment through proper channels. Recollections differ on whether Placa told Giuliani's mother at the time of the marriage that the couple's familial relationship would not be a problem. See Barrett, Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani, pp. 143–144.
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  188. ^ a b Jesse Drucker. "Rudy's "very good friend"", Salon, 2000-05-04. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. 
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  190. ^ New York Times, July 14, 2002, by Joyce Wadler, Pronounced Ex- and Ex-. Retrieved on 2007-01-05.
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  196. ^ No Grace At Gracie Mansion - TIME
  197. ^ "Hizzoner the Curmudgeon", Washington Post, March 6, 2007
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  200. ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Giuliani settles divorce out of court
  201. ^ Russ Buettner/Richard Perez-Pena, "Noticeably Absent From the Giuliani Campaign: His Children", New York Times. Accessed June 12, 2007.
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  203. ^ Lucy Morrow Caldwell, "Rudy Giuliani's Daughter is Supporting Barack Obama http://www.slate.com/id/2171730
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  207. ^ Fox News October 3, 2007 http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299205,00.html
  208. ^ 100 Year Association of New York
  209. ^ CNN.com - Transcripts
  210. ^ NY Episcopal Diocese Honors Former Mayor Giuliani With The Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award At St. Paul's Chapel For September 11 Leadership. - PR Newswire - HighBeam Research
  211. ^ Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library
  212. ^ CNS STORY: Naming center at Catholic hospital for Giuliani raises questions
  213. ^ Cardinal Denounces Honor for Giuliani
  214. ^ Associated Press. "Giuliani Speaks at College After Controversy", Fox News, 2005-05-22. Retrieved on 2007-11-08. 
  215. ^ David Seifman, "Railing at Rudy," "New York Post," May 13, 2007, 9
Political offices
Preceded by
David N. Dinkins
Mayor of New York City
1994 – 2001
Succeeded by
Michael R. Bloomberg
Awards
Preceded by
Billy Graham
The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
2002
Succeeded by
George H.W. Bush
Persondata
NAME Giuliani, Rudolph William Louis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American businessman, politician
DATE OF BIRTH May 28, 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH Brooklyn, New York, United States
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Giuliani Blog (4238 words)
Rudy Giuliani is in South Florida today and spoke this morning in front of a Hispanic Evangelical Mega-Church, God at El Rey Jesus, where former Florida (remember the CHADS) Secretary of State, US Representative Katharine Harris attended.
Rudy Giuliani is on to Florida in his big states strategy.
In the meantime, Giuliani’s media people will focus group test the negative pieces to see which are the most effective to use against the apparent candidate emerging to challenge Rudy in Florida.
Biography of Rudolph Giuliani (1238 words)
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed US Attorney for the Southern District of New York, where he spearheaded the effort to jail drug dealers, fight organized crime, break the web of corruption in government, and prosecute white-collar criminals.
In 1989, Giuliani entered the race for mayor of New York City as a candidate of the Republican and Liberal parties, losing by the closest margin in City history.
Mayor Giuliani has returned the work ethic to the center of City life by implementing the largest and most successful welfare-to-work initiative in the country, cutting welfare rolls in half while moving over 640,000 individuals from dependency on the government to the dignity of self-sufficiency.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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