A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion or military occupation. The 1944 Invasion of Normandy An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geo-political entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, often resulting in the invading power occupying the area, whether briefly or for a long period, and sometimes permanently. ... Belligerent military occupation occurs when one nations military occupy all or part of the territory of another nation or recognized belligerent during an invasion (during or after a war). ...

For example, the Seleucid Empire, which once controlled most of the Middle-east, was reduced drastically in size by the rise of the Parthian Empire in its eastern provinces due to a local rebellion. What was left of the once large empire was a rump state composed of little more than Antioch, Damascus, and an area roughly equal in size to modern Syria. The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... Parthian Empire at its greatest extent, c60 BCE. The Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east and... Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Δάφνη, Αντιόχεια η επί Ορόντου or Αντιόχεια η Μεγάλη; Latin: Antiochia ad Orontem, also Antiochia dei Siri), the Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch was an ancient city located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River about 30 km from the sea and its port, Seleucia Pieria. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Some other examples include:

Ancient

• Kush from circa 2500 BC until 780 BC.
• Sumer during the late 3rd millennium BC until its liquidation by Elam and Babylon.
• Babylonia from its defeat by the western Semitic allies led by Abraham in the 18th century BC [1] until its defeat of Assyria in the early 7th century BC. [2]
• Ancient Egypt during the Hyksos period (circa 1674-1548 BC.) [3]
• Mitanni during the Egyptian invasions and loss of land in Syria of the mid-15th century BC, and from the Hittite invasions of the mid-14th century BC to its liquidation by Assyria circa 1250 BC.
• Israel at times during the period of the Biblical Judges (circa early 14th-11 century BC,) due to aggression from numerous neighboring peoples.
• Aram from its expulsion from Israel by Othniel circa 1383 BC [4] to its conquest by David in the early 10th century BC.
• Moab from its expulsion from Israel by Ehud (after he stabbed Moabite King Eglon to death) circa 1328 BC [5] to its conquest by David in the early 10th century BC. [6]
• The Hittite Empire from circa 1275 BC to its liquidation circa 1180 BC.
• Philistia from its expulsion from Israel circa 1105 BC to its conquest by Assyria in 732 BC. [7] See also Samson.
• Ancient Egypt in the first millennium BC until its Babylonian conquest. [8]
• Aram during the reign of Solomon of Israel.
• Edom during most of the 10th century BC.
• The Kingdom of Judah as successor to the United Monarchy after the Kingdom of Israel seceded circa 930 BC [9], particularly during Egyptian and Kushite aggression from then until circa 901 BC. [10]
• Phoenicia during the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires.
• The Zhou Dynasty of China from early 8th century BC to its end in the 3rd century BC.
• Urartu from the late 8th century BC to its Iranian conquest in 612 BC. [11]
• The Kingdom of Judah from the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians in 722 BC to its conquest by Babylonia in 586 BC.
• Athens from 490 to 479 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars and after the Peloponnesian War until its Macedonian conquest (from 404 to 338 BC.)
• The Seleucid Empire after the rise of Parthia in the late 3rd century BC.
• Illyria due to Roman aggression from 229 BC to its final conquest in 9 BC.
• Carthage from the Second Punic War to its destruction by Rome in the Third Punic War.
• Macedon in the 2nd century BC, after the Wars with Rome until its final conquest.
• Ptolemaic Egypt from the 2nd century BC until its union with the Roman Empire in 30 BC.
• The Sunga Empire as successor to the Maurya Empire after the Greco-Bactrian invasions of its western lands in 180 BC. [12]
• The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom due to Yuezhi aggression from 162 BC to the conquest of Bactria proper in 120 BC, then the Indo-Greek Kingdom [13] as its successor until its Indo-Scythian conquest circa AD 10.
• Hasmonean Judaea from 140 BC to its conquest by the Roman Empire in 37 BC. [14]
• Nabataea during most of the 1st century BC, due to Roman aggression until its conquest.
• Parthia after the loss of its western lands to the Roman Empire in the early AD 2nd century.
• The Kushan Empire from circa AD 250 to its liquidation circa 450 by the Hephthalites.
• The Western Roman Empire and its various territories after the barbarian invasions (AD 5th century).
• Baekje in Korea from the AD 5th century until its liquidation by Silla and China in 660. [15]
• The Gupta Empire from the late AD 5th century until its dissolution circa 550.
• Visigothic Iberia from AD 526 until its Islamic conquest in 718. [16] See also Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
• The Ostrogothic Kingdom from AD 535 until its conquest by the Eastern Roman Empire in 540.
• Goguryeo in Korea from AD 598 until its liquidation by Silla and China in 668. See also Goguryeo-Sui Wars.
• The Sassanid Empire from AD 622 until the Arab conquest of Persia in 651.
• The Kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia after the rise in Arab power in the 7th century.
• The Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire after the Arab invasions (8th century). [17]
• The Frankish Empire from 721 to 759, during the Moorish occupation of southern France.
• The Duchy of Benevento as successor to the Lombard Kingdom of Italy after the loss of its northern lands to the Franks in 774 until its division into the kingdoms of Capua and Salerno in 849. [18]

Aerial view of the pyramids at Meroë Kush or Cush was a civilization centered in the North African region of Nubia, located in what is today northern Sudan. ... Sumer (or Shumer, Egyptian Sangar, Bib. ... Elam (Persian: ایلام) is one of the most ancient civilizations on record. ... Babylon was a city in Mesopotamia, the ruins of which can be found in present-day Babil Province, Iraq, about 50 miles south of Baghdad. ... Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, was an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical name Shem) was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages. ... Tomb of Abraham Abraham (Hebrew: אברהם, Standard Avraham Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom Tiberian  ; Arabic: ابراهيم,  ; Geez: አብርሃም,  ; Father/Leader of many) in Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditon is regarded as the founding patriarch of the Israelites whom God chose to bless, and to make into a blessing for all peoples on Earth. ... Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar (8th c. ... Kufus Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The Hyksos (Egyptian heka khasewet meaning foreign rulers, Greek ) were an ethnically mixed group of Southwest Asiatic or Semitic people who appeared in the eastern Nile Delta during the Second Intermediate Period. ... Mitanni or Mittani (in Assyrian sources Hanilgalbat, Khanigalbat) was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Syria from ca. ... Hittite can refer to either: The ancient Anatolian people called the Hittites; or The Hittite language, an ancient Indo-European language they spoke. ... Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar (8th c. ... Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... The Arameans or Aramaeans (also called Syriacs) were a Semitic, nomadic people who dwelt in Aram-Naharaim or Aram of the two rivers, also known as Mesopotamia a region including modern Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Iran that is mentioned six times in the Hebrew Bible. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ... Moab (מוֹאָב, Standard Hebrew Moʾav, Tiberian Hebrew Môʾāḇ Greek Μωάβ; Assyrian Muaba, Maba, Maab; Egyptian Muab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. ... Ehud Ben Gera (אֵהוּד Union, Standard Hebrew Ehud, Tiberian Hebrew ʼĒhûḏ), in the biblical Book of Judges (3:12-4:1) was the judge who fought against the Moabites, which were ruled by King Eglon. ... A Biblical name, Eglon refers to either: A Canaanite city, whose king Debir joined a confederacy against Gibeon when that city made peace with Israel. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ... Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in todayss north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at... Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon Map showing the location of Philistine states, c. ... Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar (8th c. ... Samson and Delilah, by Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) Samson, Shimshon (Hebrew: שִׁמְשׁוֹן, Standard Å imÅ¡on Tiberian ; meaning of the sun – perhaps proclaiming he was radiant and mighty, or [One who] Serves [God]) or Shamaun (Arabic) is the third to last of the Judges of the ancient Children of Israel... Kufus Pyramid (4th dynasty) and Great Sphinx of Giza (c. ... The Arameans or Aramaeans (also called Syriacs) were a Semitic, nomadic people who dwelt in Aram-Naharaim or Aram of the two rivers, also known as Mesopotamia a region including modern Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Iran that is mentioned six times in the Hebrew Bible. ... Artists depiction of Solomons court (Ingobertus, c. ... Edom (אֱדוֹם, Standard Hebrew Edom, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔḏôm, Assyrian Udumi, Syriac ܐܕܘܡ), a Hebrew word meaning red, is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation that purportedly traced their ancestry to him. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... United Monarchy - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Aerial view of the pyramids at Meroë Kush or Cush was a civilization centered in the North African region of Nubia, located in what is today northern Sudan. ... Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plains of what is now Lebanon. ... The Zhou Dynasty (Chinese: 周朝; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: chou chao; 11th century BC to 256 BC) followed the Shang (Yin) Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty in China. ... Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in eastern Anatolia, centered in the mountainous region around Lake Van (present-day Turkey), which existed from about 1000 BC, or earlier, until 585 BC. The name may correspond to the Biblical Ararat. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, was an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... Combatants Greek city states, particularly Athens and Sparta Persian Empire and allied Greek states Commanders Miltiades, Themistocles, Leonidas I, Pausanias, Kimon, Pericles Mardonius, Datis, Artaphernes, Xerxes I, Megabyzus The Greco-Persian Wars or Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire that... Combatants Delian League led by Athens Peloponnesian League led by Sparta Commanders Pericles Cleon Nicias Alcibiades Archidamus II Brasidas Lysander The Peloponnesian War (431 BC–404 BC) was an Ancient Greek military conflict fought by Athens and its empire and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Illyria Illyria (disambiguation) Illyria (Anc. ... Ruins of Carthage Carthaginian settlements in the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. The term Carthage refers both to an ancient city in North Africa — located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia — and to the civilization which developed... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Publius Cornelius Scipio†, Tiberius Sempronius Longus Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Gaius Flaminius†, Fabius Maximus, Claudius Marcellus†, Lucius Aemilius Paullus†, Gaius Terentius Varro, Marcus Livius Salinator, Gaius Claudius Nero, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus†, Masinissa, Minucius+, Geminus+, Regulus+ Hannibal Barca, Hasdrubal Barca†, Mago Barca†, Hasdrubal Gisco†, Maharbal... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic. ... Macedons regions and towns Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek ; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was the name of an ancient kingdom in the northern-most part of ancient Greece, bordering the kingdom of Epirus on the west and the region of Thrace to the east. ... The Macedonian Wars were a series of four wars between ancient Rome, its allies, and Macedon. ... Ptolemaic Egypt refers to the time period of hellenistic rule in Egypt. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... The Sunga dynasty ruled the Sunga empire of central and eastern India from 185 BCE to around 73 BCE. The last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty was Brithadratha. ... The Maurya Empire at its largest extent. ... Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion... Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion... The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 to 30 BCE. Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, Great Yuezhi) is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. ... It has been suggested that Ta-Hsia be merged into this article or section. ... The Indo-Greek Kingdom (or sometimes Greco-Indian Kingdom) covered various parts of the northwest and northern Indian subcontinent from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings[1], often in conflict with each other. ... The Indo-Scythian King of Kings Azes II (c. ... The Hasmonean Kingdom (pronunciation) in ancient Judea and its ruling dynasty from 140 BCE to 37 BCE was established under the leadership of Simon Maccabaeus, two decades after Judah the Maccabee defeated the Seleucid army in 165 BCE. // Recorded history The origin of the Hasmonean dynasty is recorded in the... Desert hills in southern Judea, looking east from the town of Arad Judea or Judaea (יהודה Praise, Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of historic Palestine, an area now divided... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans were a trading people of ancient Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Boundary of the Kushan empire, c. ... The Hephthalites, also known as White Huns, were a nomadic people who lived across northern China, Central Asia, and northern India in the fourth through sixth centuries. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Baekje (18 BC (legendary) – AD 660) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. ... Korea (Korean: (ì¡°ì„  or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... The Gupta Empire in 400 CE (not including vassal states) The Gupta Empire was one of the largest political and military empires in ancient India. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of South west Europe; That part of it once inhabited by the Iberians, who spoke the Iberian language. ... The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Moors, the Muslim inhabitants of North and West Africa, invaded Visigothic Christian Hispania (Portugal and Spain) in the year 711 CE. Under the authority of the Umayyad caliph at Damascus, and led... The Ostrogothic Kingdom was the kingdom built by the Ostrogoths. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ... Goguryeo (traditional dates 37 B.C. – A.D. 668) was a kingdom in northern Korea and a large part of Manchuria. ... Korea (Korean: (ì¡°ì„  or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... The Goguryeo-Sui War was a series of campaigns launched by the Sui Dynasty of China against the Goguryeo dynasty of Korea between 598 and 614. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Empire (Persian: Sasanian) is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226 - 651). ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Frankish Empire was the territory of the Franks, from the 5th to the 10th centuries, from 481 ruled by Clovis I of the Merovingian Dynasty, the first king of all the Franks. ... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... The Duchy of Benevento was the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy, centred on Benevento, a city central in the Mezzogiorno. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Country Italy Region Campania Province Caserta (CE) Mayor Elevation m Area 30 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 43,139  - Density 1,329/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Capuani Dialing code 0823 Postal code 81025 Frazioni Cantone Patron St. ... Map of Italy showing Salerrno southeast of Naples Salerno is a town and a province capital in Campania, south-western Italy, located on the gulf of the same name on the Tyrrhenian Sea. ...

Medieval

• Scotland, due to Norse raids from the late 9th century until the Treaty of Perth in 1266. [19][20]
• The Kingdom of Asturias after its loss of Galicia and Navarre in the mid-9th century until its conquest by Navarre in the early 10th century.
• Wessex and Mercia from 871, due to the Danish invasion and creation of the Danelagh [21], until Edward the Elder of Wessex took control of most of England in 918.
• The Khazar Empire from the late 9th century until its liquidation by Kievan Rus' and the Pechenegs in 969. [22]
• Great Moravia from circa 900 to its liquidation by the Magyars and Bohemia in 955. [23]
• Germany as the Holy Roman Empire during the Magyar and Slavic invasions of the early and mid-10th century. [24]
• The Abbasid Caliphate from the 11th century until its destruction by Hulagu Khan in 1258. [25]
• Balkan Bulgaria in the 11th and 12th centuries [26], and in the 14th century until its Ottoman conquest [27].
• Volga Bulgaria from the 11th century until its Mongol conquest in 1241. [28]
• Srivijaya from the Chola invasion of 1025 to its conquest by the Majapahit Empire in 1365.
• Denmark after the death of King Harthacanute and the resulting dissolution of the union between itself and England in 1042, until the reign of Valdemar the Great in the mid-12th century. [29]
• The Ghana Empire from 1062 to its conquest by the Almoravids in 1076.
• The Fatimid Caliphate from 1070 until its conquest by Saladin in 1169.
• The Kingdom of Navarre from the late 11th century to its liquidation by Aragon in 1516. [30]
• The Pagan Kingdom of Myanmar from the late 11th century until its Mongol conquest in 1289. [31]
• The Chola Empire of southern India from 1118 to its liquidation by the Pandyan Kingdom in 1279. [32]
• China due to the progressive loss of its northern lands to the Jurchen Manchus from 1126 until the Mongol conquest of the following century. [33]
• The Kingdom of León from the secession of Portugal in 1143 to its union with the Kingdom of Castile in 1230. [34]
• France during the loss of the majority of its territory to the Angevin Empire from 1152 to 1202. [35]
• Albania from the late 12th century to its Ottoman conquest in 1385. [36]
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Third Crusade, from 1192 to its liquidation in 1244. [37]
• The Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade as the Empire of Nicaea (also Latin Empire, Empire of Trebizond and Despotate of Epirus). [38]
• The Kingdom of England as successor to the Angevin Empire from 1202 to 1337. [39]
• Wales due to English aggression from 1211 to 1218 and 1241 to its conquest in 1535 [40]. See also Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542.
• The Kingdom of Georgia from the Mongol invasion of 1236 until its liquidation by Russia in 1804. [41]
• Tibet from 1239 to the treaty of annexation by China in 1951. [42]
• Poland [43], Lithuania, Hungary [44], and the Seljuq Empire during the Mongol aggression of the mid-13th century.
• The Ayyubid Caliphate due to Mamluk aggression, from its loss of Egypt in 1250 to its conquest in 1334.
• Vietnam from the late 13th to the early 15th century [45], due to Mongol and Chinese aggression.
• The Duchy of Pisa from its loss of Corsica and Sardinia to Genoa in 1284 until its conquest by Florence in 1406. [46] See also Battle of Meloria.
• Scotland, due to English aggression from 1296 to 1328 and 1332 to 1336. See also Wars of Scottish Independence.
• The Tu'i Tonga Empire from the secession of Samoa circa 1300 to its dissolution circa 1800.
• The Kingdom of Naples as successor to the Kingdom of Sicily from 1302 to its conquest by Aragon in 1442. [47] See also War of the Sicilian Vespers.
• Cambodia as the successor to the Khmer Empire from the early 14th century. [48]
• The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 14th and 15th centuries. [49]
• Poland from its loss of Silesia to Bohemia in 1328 until its expansion into Ukraine in the mid-14th century. [50]
• France during its struggle for survival in the Hundred Years' War against English, Flemish, Basque, Portuguese, and Burgundian aggression, from 1337 to 1453. [51]
• The Serbian Empire from 1356 after the death of Stefan Dusan until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire. [52][53]
• Mongolia as the successor to the Yuan Empire, after China regained its independence in 1368 under the Ming Dynasty. [54][55]
• The Khanate of the Golden Horde and its successor khanates from the late 14th century until their conquest by Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century. [56]
• The Mali Empire from the late 14th century to its liquidation by the Songhai Empire in 1546. [57]
• The Sultanate of Delhi from the invasions of Timur in 1398 until its liquidation by Mughal forces in 1526.
• The Byzantine Empire in the 15th century, from the Ottoman invasions until its conquest in 1453. [58]
• Russia from the 15th century until the reign of Ivan III. [59]
• Morocco due to Portuguese aggression along its Atlantic coast from 1415 to 1578. [60]
• Bohemia from its loss of Brandenburg in 1417 to its liquidation by Austria in the Thirty Years War. [61]
• Albania during the revolt of Skanderbeg from 1443 to 1478. [62]
• The Kingdom of Burgundy from 1453 to the conquest of Burgundy proper by France in 1477 [63], then the Burgundian Netherlands as its successor [64] until its incorporation in the Habsburg Empire in 1482.
• Ducal Prussia as the successor to the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, from the Second Treaty of Toruń with Poland-Lithuania in 1466 until its 1618 union with Brandenburg. [65] See also Thirteen Years' War.

Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by... The Treaty of Perth ended military conflict between Norway under Magnus the Law-mender and Scotland under Alexander III over the sovereignty of the Western Isles, the Isle of Mann and Caithness. ... The Kingdom of Asturias was the earliest Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom after the defeat of King Rodrigo at the Battle of Guadalete and the subsequent Islamic conquest of Iberia. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Capital Pamplona/Iruña Official languages Spanish; Basque co-official in the north of community. ... Map of the British Isles circa 802 Wessex was one of the seven major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (the Heptarchy) that preceded the Kingdom of England. ... The general location of Mercia, along with the other peoples of Britain around the year 600. ... Green: Danelaw The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th century name for an area of northern and eastern England under the administrative control of the Vikings (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century. ... Edward the Elder or Eadweard I (c. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq... The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. ... Map of the the extent of Kievan Rus through the 11th century. ... Pechenegs or Patzinaks, also known as Besenyők, were a semi-nomadic steppes people of Central Asia that spoke a Turkic language. ... Great Moravia (Old Church Slavonic approximately Велья Морава, Czech Velká Morava, Slovak Veľká Morava, Latin Magna Moravia) was a Slav state existing on the territory of present-day Moravia and Slovakia between 833 and the early 10th century. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Magyar may refer to: The Magyar language The Magyar people This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Distribution of Slavic peoples by language Countries inhabited predominantly by Slavic peoples The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... Hulagu Khan (also known as Hülegü, and Hulegu) (1217 – 8 February 1265) was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. ... Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... The Chola dynasty (Tamil: , IPA: Chola pronounced Sola) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. ... The Majapahit Empire was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. ... Harthacanute (sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute; Danish Hardeknud, Canute the Hardy) (1018/1019–June 8, 1042) was a King of Denmark (1035–1042) and England (1035–1037, 1040–1042). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq... Valdemar I the Great (1131-1182) was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. ... The Ghana Empire in Africa The Empire of Ghana (existed c. ... Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... The Fatimids or Fatimid Caliphate (Arabic الفاطميون) is the Ismaili Shiite dynasty that ruled much of North Africa from A.D. 5 January 910 to 1171. ... Artistic representation of Saladin. ... Though the details are largely legendary, the Kingdom of Navarre evolved from the county of Pamplona, its traditional capital, when the Vasconic leader Enneco Aresta (Iñigo Arista or Aiza in Spanish) was chosen King in Pamplona (traditionally in 824) and led a local revolt against the Franks. ... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 269 027  2,9%  26,59/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... To the north another group of people, the Burmese began infiltrating the area as well. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Chola dynasty (Tamil: , IPA: Chola pronounced Sola) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. ... The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... The Manchu (manju in Manchu; 滿族 (pinyin: mǎnzú) in Chinese, often shortened to 滿 (pinyin: mǎn) are an ethnic group who originated in northeastern Manchuria. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The city of León was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las Médulas... A former kingdom of Spain, Castile comprises the two regions of Old Castile in north-western Spain, and New Castile in the centre of the country. ... The Angevin Empire is a modern term applied retrospectively to the lands of Henry II of England, consisting of at their largest extent, the Kingdom of England and duchies or counties of Normandy, Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Gascony, Touraine, Béarn and Aquitaine; with Brittany, Wales, Toulouse, and Ireland held in... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... The Fourth Crusade (1201–1204), originally designed to conquer Jerusalem through an invasion of Egypt, instead, in 1204, invaded and conquered the Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. ... The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... The Empire of Trebizond and other states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The Empire of Trebizond was a Pontic Greek successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 immediately before the fall of Constantinople. ... The Despotate of Epirus was one of the medieval Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire, founded in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ... The Angevin Empire is a modern term applied retrospectively to the lands of Henry II of England, consisting of at their largest extent, the Kingdom of England and duchies or counties of Normandy, Anjou, Poitou, Maine, Gascony, Touraine, Béarn and Aquitaine; with Brittany, Wales, Toulouse, and Ireland held in... Motto: (Welsh for Wales for ever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff Largest city Cardiff Official language(s) English, Welsh Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification    - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056  Area    - Total 20,779 km² (3rd... The Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 were a series of parliamentary measures by which the legal system of Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced in order to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction, which is frequently referred to as England... This article is becoming very long. ... The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic descent[1][2][3][4] that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Diyar Bakr, Mecca, Hejaz and northern Iraq or Iraqi Kurdistan in the 12th and 13th centuries. ... A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), owned; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid during the Middle Ages. ... Country Italy Region Toscana Province Pisa (PI) Mayor Paolo Fontanelli (since May 25, 2003) Elevation 4 m Area 185 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2005) 90,482  - Density 462/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Pisani Dialing code 050 Postal code 56100 Frazioni Marina di Pisa... Capital Ajaccio Land area¹ 8,680 km² President of the Executive Council Ange Santini (UMP) (since 2004) Population   - Jan. ... Sardinia (Sardegna in Italian, Sardigna or Sardinna in the Sardinian language, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (Sicily is the largest), between Italy, Spain and Tunisia, south of Corsica. ... Country Italy Region Liguria Province Genoa (GE) Mayor Giuseppe Pericu (since 2005-05-30) Elevation 20 m Area 243 km² Population  - Total (as of 2006) 620,316  - Density 2,553/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Genovesi Dialing code 010 Postal code 16100 Frazioni Acquasanta, Vesima Patron St. ... Country Italy Region Tuscany Province Florence (FI) Mayor Leonardo Domenici Elevation 50 m Area 102 km² Population  - Total (as of 2006-06-02) 366,488  - Density 3,593/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Fiorentini Dialing code 055 Postal code 50100 Frazioni Galluzzo, Settignano Patron St. ... Combatants Genoa Pisa Commanders Oberto Doria Benedetto Zaccaria Alberto Morosini Ugolino della Gherardesca Andreotto Saraceno Strength 78 galleys and 8 panfili Unknown The Battle of Meloria was fought on Sunday August 6, 1284 near the Meloria islet, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification    - by... The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. ... The Tui Tonga Empire was a powerful Oceanian empire. ... The Kingdom of Naples was born out of the division of the Kingdom of Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers rebellion of 1282. ... The following is a list of monarchs of Naples and Sicily: See also: List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria Hauteville Counts of Sicily, 1071-1130 Roger I 1071-1101 Simon 1101-1105 Roger II 1105-1130 Hauteville Kings of Sicily, 1130-1198 Roger II 1130-1154 William I 1154... Capital Zaragoza Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47 719 km²  9,4% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 11th  1 269 027  2,9%  26,59/km² Demonym  â€“ English  â€“ Spanish  Aragonese  aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation  â€“ Congress seats  â€“ Senate... The War of the Sicilian Vespers started with the insurrection of the Sicilian Vespers against Charles of Anjou in 1282 and finally ended with the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302. ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1100 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... Nasrid is the name referring to the royal dynasty that ruled the kingdom of Granada in southern Spain from the mid 13th century to the 15th century, which is considered to be one of the longest Islamic dynasties in the history of Islamic Spain. ... Granada (Arabic: غرناطة) is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ... Prussian Silesia, 1871, outlined in yellow; Silesia at the close of the Seven Years War in 1763, outlined in cyan (areas now in the Czech Republic were Austrian-ruled at that time) Silesia (Czech: ; German: ; Polish: ; Silesian: Åšlonsk / Åšlónsk) is a historical region in central Europe. ... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Combatants England Burgundy Brittany Portugal Navarre Flanders Hainault Aquitaine Luxembourg France Castile Scotland Genoa Majorca Bohemia Aragon The Hundred Years War was a conflict between England and France, lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. ... The term Flemings (Dutch: Vlamingen) is currently mostly used to refer to the ethnic group native to Flanders (the northern half of Belgium), which in total numbers about 6 million people in Belgium (the majority of all Belgians) . The term also designates, not only the native inhabitants of that Flemish... The Basques are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of Spain and France. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... Serbia was formerly a principality (1817-1882), kingdom (1882-1918) and part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1945, until 1929 the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). ... Tsar Stefan Uroš IV Dušan Silni (the mighty) (Цар Стефан Душан Силни) (around 1308-December 20, 1355) was a Serb king (September 8, 1331-1346) and tsar (1346-December 5, 1355). ... now. ... The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Yuáncháo; Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus) lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. ... Ming redirects here. ... The Golden Horde (Turkish: Altın Ordu, Russian: Золотая Орда) was a Tatar-Mongol state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... now. ... The Mali Empire, c. ... The Songhai Empire, c. ... The Delhi Sultanate, or Sulthanath-e-Hind/Sulthanath-e-Dilli refers to the various dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. ... Statue of Timur in Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan TÄ«mÅ«r bin Taraghay Barlas (Chagatai Turkic: تیمور, iron) (1336 – February 1405) was a 14th century warlord of Turco-Mongol descent[1][2][3], conqueror of much of Western and central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) in Central Asia and... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: - Basileia tōn Romaiōn) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... now. ... Albus rex Ivan III Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич) (January 22, 1440 – October 27, 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a grand duke of Muscovy who first adopted a more pretentious title of the grand duke of all the Russias. Sometimes referred to as the gatherer of the Russian... Flag of Bohemia Bohemia (Czech: ; German: ) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western and middle thirds of the Czech Republic. ... Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states) and lies in the east of the country. ... The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) The Thirty Years War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire, but also involving most of the major continental powers. ... Scanderbeg and the people, sculpture by Janaq Paço and Genc Hajdari in the National Museum, Kruje, Albania George Kastrioti (Gjergj Kastrioti) (1405 - January 17, 1468), better known as Skanderbeg, is the most prominent figure in the history of Albania. ... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic peoples, most importantly the Burgundians and the Franks. ... In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area, as well as Luxembourg and northern France from 1384 to 1477. ... Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Royal and Ducal Prussia in the second half of 16th century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with its major subdivisions as of 1619, superimposed on present-day national borders Ducal Prussia, or the Duchy of Prussia (German: ; Polish: ), was a duchy established in 1525 in the eastern part of Prussia, as western... This article needs to be wikified. ... The Second Treaty of ToruÅ„, (also Peace of ToruÅ„ 1466; German: , Polish: ) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of ToruÅ„ (Thorn) on October 19, 1466 between the Polish king, the Prussian cities, and the duke of Pomerania on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... Brandenburg (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states) and lies in the east of the country. ... The Thirteen Years War (also called the War of the Cities) started out as an uprising by Prussian cities and the local nobility with the goal of gaining independence from the Teutonic Knights. ...

Early Modern

• Hungary in the 16th century until its Ottoman conquest. [66]
• The Jaffna Kingdom of Sri Lanka due to Portuguese aggression from 1505 until its conquest in 1621.
• The Munhumutapa Empire of present-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique from 1505 until its Portuguese conquest in 1629.
• The Sultanate of Malacca from the Portuguese capture of Malacca in 1511, and the Sultanate of Johor as its successor from 1528 until the complete Dutch conquest in 1641.
• Saudi Arabia from the 16th century until World War I, while the Ottoman Empire controlled its Red Sea and Persian Gulf coasts. [67][68]
• Denmark-Norway after Sweden broke away from the Kalmar Union in 1521. [69]
• The Inca state of Tawantinsuyu which survived the initial Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in the Vilcabamba area from 1532 until the final Spanish conquest in 1572.
• Poland-Lithuania [70], Russia, and Austria [71] at times during the height of Ottoman and Crimean Tatar [72] advances. See also Russo-Crimean Wars, Siege of Vienna, and Battle of Vienna.
• The Livonian Confederation during the Livonian War, from the Russian invasion of 1558 to its liquidation by Poland-Lithuania and Sweden in 1561 [73], and then the Duchy of Courland as its successor under Polish suzerainty until its Russian conquest in 1795 [74].
• The Netherlands during its struggle against Spanish rule in the Eighty Years' War (1566–1648.) [75]
• Korea due to the Japanese aggression of Hideyoshi's invasions, from 1592 to 1598.
• Russia during the Time of Troubles, due to aggression from Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. [76]
• Mongolia from the rise of the Qing Manchus in the early 17th century until its conquest in 1634.
• Denmark-Norway during the occupation of Jutland by Austria and its Catholic League allies in the Thirty Years War from 1627 to 1629, as well as by Sweden in the Hannibal War of 1644.
• China due to Manchu aggression from 1630 until its conquest and resultant formation of the Qing Dynasty in 1644.
• Poland-Lithuania during its struggle for survival in the war of The Deluge against Ukrainian Cossack insurgents and Russian, Swedish, Turkic, Transylvanian [77], and German invaders. [78][79]
• Poland-Lithuania from 1701 to 1711 and Russia in 1708 and 1709, during the Swedish occupation of large areas in the Great Northern War. [80]
• The Mughal Empire in the 18th century, after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. [81]
• Sweden after its defeat and loss of Baltic hegemony in the Great Northern War in 1721 [82], and more so after the Russian seizure of Finland in the Finnish War of 1809.
• Safavid Persia from 1722 to 1738 due to Afghan and Ottoman aggression.
• The Sultanate of Mataram in Java from 1749 to its Dutch conquest in 1816.
• Prussia from 1758 to 1762 during the Seven Years' War.
• Siam due to Burmese aggression from 1766 to 1802.
• Poland-Lithuania, progressively after the first two Partitions of Poland in 1772 and 1793 until its liquidation in 1795. [83]
• Durrani Afghanistan after its loss of the Punjab following the death of Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1773.
• The Maratha Empire due to British aggression from 1775 to its conquest in 1818. [84][85]
• The Iroquois Confederacy from 1779 to its annexation by the United States in the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua.
• The Republic of Venice after its partition between France, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire in 1797, and the inclusion of Venice proper into the Austrian-ruled Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia [86] by the Congress of Vienna until 1866. See also Cisalpine Republic.
• Serbia from its initial autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in 1804 until the creation of Yugoslavia after World War I. [87][88]
• Austria, The Netherlands, and Prussia under Napoleonic occupation. [89]
• The Duchy of Warsaw [90] and Congress Poland [91], from 1807 to 1831 under French and Russian hegemony, respectively.
• Denmark after its loss of Norway to Sweden in 1814 [92]. See also Norway in 1814.
• The Kingdom of Saxony after its loss of 40% of its area to Prussia in the Congress of Vienna [93], until its 1871 incorporation into the German Empire.
• Myanmar due to British aggression from 1824 until its conquest in 1886 [94]. See also First Anglo-Burmese War, Second Anglo-Burmese War, and Third Anglo-Burmese War.
• Morocco due to French aggression from 1830 until its conquest in 1912. [95]
• The Netherlands from 1831, after Belgium won its independence in the Belgian Revolution. [96]
• Colombia after Venezuela and Ecuador seceded from Greater Colombia in 1831, and more so after Panama seceded in 1904. [97]
• Mexico after the progressive loss of almost half of its area to United States interests from 1836 to 1848 [98][99] and during the French invasion of the Pastry War in 1838 and early 1839. See also Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and the Gadsden Purchase of 1854.
• Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842 during the First Anglo-Afghan War, and from 1845 after the loss of its Turkistani lands to Russia.
• Haiti after the secession of the Dominican Republic in 1844, and particularly during its occupation by the United States from 1915 to 1934. [100]
• The Khanate of Khiva from the mid-19th century until its Russian conquest in 1873. [101]
• The Papal States [102] from 1860, and particularly Vatican City as their successor after the Unification of Italy in 1871.
• Mexico from 1862 to 1867 during its struggle for survival against French intervention.
• The Confederate States of America from 1863 until its surrender in 1865 during the American Civil War. [103]
• The Dominican Republic from 1863 to 1865, during its struggle against renewed Spanish rule, and during its occupation by the United States from 1916 to 1922.
• Denmark after its loss of Schleswig-Holstein to the Prussian (later German) Empire after the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. [104][105]
• Siam from 1867, due to progressive territorial losses in Cambodia and Laos to the French. [106]
• Afghanistan due to British aggression from 1878 to the recognition of its independence by the Treaty of Rawalpindi in 1921. [107] See also European influence in Afghanistan.
• Iran from the late 19th century to 1946, due to British and Russian aggression. Map of the partition plan of the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 used during World War I [108] See also Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (WWII.)
• Paraguay, after losing vital territory to Argentina and Brazil, as well as having lost the majority of its population, in the War of the Triple Alliance in 1870 until winning the Chaco War in 1935. [109]
• Romania from its independence in 1878 until its addition of Transylvania from the Treaty of Trianon in 1919. [110]
• The Ottoman Empire after the loss of most of its African and European lands in the late 19th century [111], and of Libya to Italy in 1911 [112].
• Bolivia, after losing its nitrate deposits and access to the Pacific to Chile during the War of the Pacific in 1879, and more so after losing most of the Gran Chaco to Paraguay in the Chaco War in 1935. [113]
• Hawaii from 1887 to its annexation by the United States in 1898. See also Kingdom of Hawaii, Republic of Hawaii, and Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy.
• Korea due to Japanese aggression, including the murder of Empress Myeongseong, from 1895 until its conquest in 1910.
• Sweden after the Independence of Norway from Sweden in 1905. [114]

To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Empire of Great Zimbabwe also called Mwene Mutapa or Manhumutapa or Mhunhumutapa or Monomotapa or Mutapa or Mwanamutapa was a medieval kingdom (400-1629) located in Southern Africa covering mainly the modern states of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Malacca Town (Malay: Bandar Melaka) is the capital of the Malaysian state of Malacca. ... The Sultanate of Johor (or sometimes Johor-Riau) was founded by Malaccan Sultan Mahmud Shahs son, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah in 1528. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand... now. ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ... It has been suggested that Persian Gulf States be merged into this article or section. ... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... The Kalmar Union flag. ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... For other meanings of Inca, see Inca (disambiguation). ... There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. ... Last refuge of the Inca Empire, Vilcabamba was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and fell to the Spaniards in 1572, signalling the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. ... Crimean Tatars invasions of Russian State (Muscovy) have begun in 1507, after death of the Moscow grand duke Ivan III when Crimean Khanate attacked on Russian towns of Belev and Kozelsk. ... Combatants Austria with Bohemian, German & Spanish mercenaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Nicholas, Graf von Salm Suleiman I Strength 20,000 and 72 guns 120,000 (108,000 ottoman infantry and cavalry, 12,000 janissaries) and 300 guns Casualties Unknown 20,000-25,000 The Siege of Vienna of 1529, as distinct... Combatants Holy League: Habsburgs, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Saxony, Bavaria, Other allies Ottoman Empire, Khanate of Crimea, Central Hungary, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia Commanders John III Sobieski, Charles V of Lorraine Kara Mustafa Pasha Strength 70,000, (10,000 during siege) 138,000, (200,000 during siege) Casualties 4,000 killed 15... The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized alliance in present-day Estonia and Latvia that existed from 1228 to 1560s. ... The Reformation reached Livonia in the 1520s. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... coat of arms of Courland Courland (Latvian: Kurzeme, German: Kurland, Polish: Kurlandia, Latin: Curonia / Couronia) is a historical Baltic province now part of Latvia. ... Combatants Dutch rebels Spanish Empire The Eighty Years War, or Dutch Revolt (1566–1648), was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish king. ... Korea (Korean: (ì¡°ì„  or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Combatants Joseon Dynasty Korea, Ming Dynasty China Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: Yi Sun-sin, Gwon Yul, Won Gyun, Kim Myung Won, Yi Il, Sin Lip, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-min China: Li Rusong , Li Rubai, Ma Gui , Qian Shi-zhen, Ren Ziqiang, Yang Yuan, Zhang Shijue, Chen... The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of Moscow Rurikids, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... The Qing Dynasty (Manchu: daicing gurun; Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: qīng cháo; Wade-Giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the Manchu Dynasty, was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what is today northeast China expanded into China proper and the surrounding territories of... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: Jütland; Frisian Jutlân; Low German Jötlann) is a peninsula in northern Europe that forms the only non-insular part of Denmark and also the northernmost part of Germany, dividing the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. ... This article is about the 17th century German union. ... The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) The Thirty Years War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire, but also involving most of the major continental powers. ... The Hannibal war, Hannibal controversy or Torstenson War was a short period of conflict between Sweden and Denmark/Norway which occurred in 1643 to 1645 during the waning days of the Thirty Years’ War. ... The Manchu (Manchu: Manju; Simplified Chinese: 满族; Traditional Chinese: 滿族; pinyin: MÇŽnzú) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (todays Northeast China). ... The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: QÄ«ng cháo; Wade-Giles: Ching chao; Manchu: daicing gurun), occasionally known as the Manchu Dynasty, is a Chinese term for the Empire of the Great Qing (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: dàqÄ«ngguó), founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro, in what... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... Combatants Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and allies Sweden and allies Commanders Jan Kazimierz of Poland Charles X of Sweden Strength Casualties This article is about the history of Poland. ... Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Ottoman Empire. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ердељ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire Russia Denmark Norway Poland Saxony later also Prussia Hannover (England) Commanders Karl XII of Sweden Ahmed III Peter the Great August II Frederik VI of Denmark Battle of Poltava as painted by Denis Martens the Younger in 1726 The Great Northern War was the war fought... The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent. ... Aurangzeb (borrowed from early Persian, اورنگ‌زیب Awrang throne and Zayb beauty, ornament),(November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707, also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. ... Combatants Sweden Ottoman Empire Russia Denmark Norway Poland Saxony later also Prussia Hannover (England) Commanders Karl XII of Sweden Ahmed III Peter the Great August II Frederik VI of Denmark Battle of Poltava as painted by Denis Martens the Younger in 1726 The Great Northern War was the war fought... The Finnish War was fought between Sweden and Russia from February 1808 to September 1809. ... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... Mataram was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch. ... Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Combatants Prussia Great Britain Hanover Ireland Portugal Brunswick Hesse-Kassel Austria France Russia Sweden Spain Saxony The Seven Years War (1754 and 1756–1763), some of the theatres of which are called the Pomeranian War and the French and Indian War (see below), was a war in the mid-18th... Anthem: Phleng Chat Royal anthem: Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami Capital Bangkok Largest city Bangkok Official language(s) Thai Government Military junta under Constitutional monarchy  - King HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej  - Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont  - President of the Council of National Security Gen. ... The Commonwealth around 1619 Official languages Polish, Latin Established church Roman Catholic Capital Cracow (until 1596) Warsaw (from 1596) Largest City Gdańsk, later Warsaw Head of state King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania Area about 1 million km² Population about 11 million Existed 1569 - 1795 The Polish... The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... The Durrani Empire was a state in present day Afghanistan. ... Punjab, 1903 Punjab Province, 1909 Punjab (meaning: Land of five Rivers (c. ... Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shah Abdali (c. ... Extent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. ... The Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee, also known as the League of Peace and Power, Five Nations, or Six Nations) is a group of First Nations/Native Americans. ... The Treaty of Canandaigua, a treaty establishing peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Six Nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), and affirming Haudenosaunee land rights in New York State, was the first diplomatic agreement entered into by the United States of America under its current Constitution. ... Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000 CE. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red. ... now. ... Country Italy Region Veneto Province Venice (VE) Mayor Massimo Cacciari (since April 18, 2005) Elevation m Area 412 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 271,251  - Density 646/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Veneziani Dialing code 041 Postal code 30100 Frazioni Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre... The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Italian: ; German: ) (1815 - 1866) was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna (9 June 1815). ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... The flag of the Cisalpine Republic was the Transpadane Republic vertical Italian tricolour, with the square shape of the Cispadane Republic The Cisalpine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... now. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all South Slavic languages, Југославија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for the three separate political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... Location Official languages Polish Established church Roman Catholic Capital Warsaw Largest City Warsaw Head of state Duke of Warsaw Area about 155,000 km² Population about 4,3 million Existed 1806–1814 The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: KsiÄ™stwo Warszawskie, Latin: Ducatus Varsoviae, French: Duche de Varsovie) was a Polish... Kingdom of Poland 1815-31 The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European powers reorganised Europe following the Napoleonic wars. ... The Kingdom of Saxony, lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Germany, finally being absorbed into the Weimar Republic in 1918. ... Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: PrÅ«sa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819. ... Motto: Gott mit Uns (German: God with us”) Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz (unofficial) Territory of the German Empire in 1914, prior to World War I   Capital Berlin Official language(s) German Minor language(s) Polish (Posen, Upper Silesia, Masuria) French (Elsass-Lothringen) Government Constitutional Monarchy  - First Kaiser Wilhelm I... The First Anglo-Burmese War lasted from 1823 to 1826. ... The Second Anglo-Burmese War took place in 1852. ... The Third Anglo-Burmese War or just The Third Burmese war lasted from 1885 to 1887. ... Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Musée dArt Ancien, Brussels The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of... Capital Bogotá Created December 1819 Dissolved November 1831 Demonym Colombian Departments of the Republic Greater Colombia (Gran Colombia in Spanish) is the name given to the Republic of Colombia of 1819-1830, which was a short-lived republic in South America consisting of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. ... The Pastry War (Spanish: Guerra de los pasteles) was an invasion of Mexico by French forces in 1838. ... The Texas Revolution was fought from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836 between Mexico and the Tejas portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. ... Combatants United States Mexico Commanders Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Stephen W. Kearney Antonio López de Santa Anna Mariano Arista Pedro de Ampudia Strength 7,000 - 43,000 18,000 - 40,000 Casualties KIA: 1,733 Total dead: 13,283 Wounded: 4,152 25,000 killed or wounded (Mexican government... The Gadsden Purchase (shown with present-day state boundaries and cities) The Gadsden Purchase is a 29,640 mi² (76,770 km2) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853. ... The First Anglo-Afghan War lasted from 1839 to 1842. ... Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people. ... Khiva (alternative names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chiwa and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia, which lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan. ... The Papal States (Gli Stati della Chiesa or Stati Pontificii, States of the Church) was one of the major historical states of Italy before the boot-shaped peninsula was unified under the Piedmontese crown of Savoy (later a republic). ... Italian unification, also known as Risorgimento (resurrection), was a historical process by which the Kingdom of Sardinia (ruled by the Savoy dynasty with Turin as its capital) gradually conquered the Italian peninsula, including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Duchy of Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy... Emperor Maximilian Napoleon III of France Juárez, republican leader and President The French intervention in Mexico was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Second French Empire, and supported in the beginning by the British and Spanish. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama (February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861) Richmond, Virginia (May 29, 1861–April 2, 1865) Danville, Virginia (April 3–April 10, 1865) Largest city New Orleans... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 Bundesländer in Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Anthem: Phleng Chat Royal anthem: Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami Capital Bangkok Largest city Bangkok Official language(s) Thai Government Military junta under Constitutional monarchy  - King HM The King Bhumibol Adulyadej  - Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont  - President of the Council of National Security Gen. ... The Treaty of Rawalpindi was (signed on August 8, 1919 and amended November 22, 1921) a treaty made between Britan and Afghanistan during the Third Anglo-Afghan War. ... // The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ... The blue areas were to be Russian controlled, while the southeast pink region was to be British. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand... Combatants Allies (UK, India and USSR) Persia/ Iran The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia was the invasion of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, codenamed Operation Countenance, from August 25 to September 17 of 1941. ... Combatants Paraguay Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil Commanders Francisco Solano López Bartolomé Mitre, Duke of Caxias Strength at the beginning of the war ca. ... Combatants Republic of Bolivia Republic of Paraguay Commanders Hans Kundt Strength Army of Bolivia Army of Paraguay Casualties The Chaco War (1932–1935) was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the arid Chaco Boreal region of South America, which was incorrectly thought to be rich in oil. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ердељ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ... now. ... An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan Buendía Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Arturo Prat Strength Peru-Bolivian Army Peruvian Navy Army of Chile Chilean Navy The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to... Landscape in the Gran Chaco, Paraguay The Gran Chaco (Quechua chaqu, hunting land), dubbed by some as the last South American frontier, is an arid, sparsely populated, very hot, semi-desertic, lowland region of the River Plate basin, divided between Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and a small portion in Brazil called... Combatants Republic of Bolivia Republic of Paraguay Commanders Hans Kundt Strength Army of Bolivia Army of Paraguay Casualties The Chaco War (1932–1935) was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the arid Chaco Boreal region of South America, which was incorrectly thought to be rich in oil. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii The Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i was established during 1795 - 1810 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of OÊ»ahu, Maui, MolokaÊ»i, LānaÊ»i and KauaÊ»i by the chiefdom of HawaiÊ»i (or the Big Island) into... Iolani Palace in Honolulu, formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii. ... // The Coup Main article: Provisional Government of Hawaii The coup détat that overthrew Queen Lili`uokalani was orchestrated primarily by European and American businessmen, many of whom were part of the Hawaiian Kingdom government. ... Korea (Korean: (ì¡°ì„  or 한국, see below) is a geographic area, civilization, and former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. ... Empress Myeongseong (October 19, 1851 – October 8, 1895) was one of the wives of King Gojong, the 26th king of the Joseon dynasty (朝鮮王朝; 조선왕조; joseonwangjo) of Korea. ... Postcard with photo of Prince Carl of Denmark, candidate for king. ...

World War I and aftermath

• France during the German occupation of its northeast. [115]
• Greece during the occupation of its north by the Central Powers. [116]
• Russia from 1917 to 1921, particularly under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk [117] and during the Western, Polish, Romanian, and Japanese intervention of the Russian Civil War (see also Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War.)
• Ukraine from 1917 to 1921. [118]
• The Democratic Republic of Armenia (from 1917 to 1922), since Turkey remained in control of the majority of its pre-World War I homeland. [119]
• The short-lived Belarusian National Republic (Poland regained control of the majority of the population of Belarus from 1919 until 1939.) [120]
• The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from 1918 to 1920, since Iran remained in control of the majority of the Azeri historic homeland. [121]
• Austria from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the Treaty of Saint-Germain until the Anschluss (its annexation by Nazi Germany) of 1938. [122]
• The Ottoman Empire as envisioned by the Treaty of Sevres [123], and then Turkey as recognized in the Treaty of Lausanne [124] after becoming a republic. See also Turkish War of Independence.
• Germany under the Treaty of Versailles, particularly during the French occupation of the Rhineland from late 1918 until 1930. [125]
• The First Republic of Czechoslovakia during the brief recapture of Slovakia by the Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919. [126]
• Hungary under the Treaty of Trianon [127], particularly during intervention by Romania and Czechoslovakia against the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919 [128].
• Lithuania from 1919 until its liquidation in 1940, because Poland controlled its eastern region, including its historical capital of Vilnius. [129] See also Polish-Lithuanian War.
• Bulgaria under the Treaty of Neuilly, when it lost Macedonia to Yugoslavia and Thrace to Greece. [130]
• Poland during the summer of 1920, while Soviet Russia occupied the majority of its area in the Polish-Soviet War. [131][132]

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ... The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief... Combatants Red Army (Bolsheviks) German Empire? White Army (Monarchists, SRs, Anti-Communists) Commanders Leon Trotsky, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny Lavr Kornilov, Alexander Kolchak, Anton Denikin, Pyotr Wrangel The Russian Civil War was fought from 1917 to 1922. ... Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a military intervention into the Russian Civil War during the period of 1918 through 1920. ... National motto: n/a Language Armenian (official) Capital Yerevan Independence From Imperial Russia, 1918 Currency Armenian dram National anthem Mer Hayrenik The Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA; Armenian: Ô´Õ¥Õ´Õ¸Õ¯Ö€Õ¡Õ¿Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun; also known as the First Republic of Armenia), 1918–1922, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand... National motto: None Official language Belarusian Capital Minsk, Currently in Exile National anthem Vajacki marÅ¡ Chairperson of the Rada Ivonka Survilla Independence  - Declared  - Forced into Exile Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 25, 1918 January 5, 1919 The Belarusian Peoples Republic (Belarusian: Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка, eng. ... Motto: Odlar Yurdu Land of the Eternal Fire Anthem: AzÉ™rbaycan Respublikasının DövlÉ™t Himni March of Azerbaijan Capital Baku Largest city Baku Official language(s) Azerbaijani Government President Prime Minister Representative democracy Mammed Amin Rasulzade Fatali Khan Khoyski Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Russian Empire May... Official languages Latin, German, Hungarian Established church Roman Catholic Capital & Largest City Vienna pop. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... now. ... The Treaty of Sèvres of August 10, 1920, made peace between the Allied and Associated Powers1 and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI who was trying to save his throne but was rejected by the independence movement in... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Conference of Lausanne. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners For other treaties with this name, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and the German Empire. ... The Rhineland (Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany, although some consider the lands to the east of the river culturally distinct, jovially referring to them as Schäl Sick; the bad or wrong side... Czechoslovakia in 1928 The independence of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed on October 28, 1918, by the Czechoslovak National Council in Prague. ... The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement imposed on Hungary after World War I by the victorious powers. ... The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Elderate Number of elderates 20 Coordinates General information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population (rank) 540,318 in 2005 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Vilnius ( (help· info), see also... Combatants Poland Lithuania and Soviet Union Commanders Adam Nieniewski  ? Strength  ? ca. ... The Treaty of Neuilly, dealing with Bulgaria for its role as one of the Central Powers in World War I, was signed on the November 27, 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all South Slavic languages, Југославија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for the three separate political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Thrace (Bulgarian: Тракия, Trakiya; Greek: Θράκη, ThrákÄ“; Latin: Thracia or Threcia, Turkish: Trakya, Macedonian: Тракија) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... Combatants Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Second Polish Republic Commanders Mikhail Tukhachevsky Semyon Budyonny Joseph Stalin Józef PiÅ‚sudski Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Strength 950,000 including reserves 5 million 360,000 including reserves 738,000 Casualties Unknown, dead estimated at 100,000 - 150,000 Unknown, dead estimated at...

World War II

• Czechoslovakia from the German annexation of the Sudetenland in October 1938 [133] and the loss of additional territory in southern Slovakia to Hungary in November to its liquidation the following March [134]. See also Munich Agreement and First Vienna Award.
• China during the Japanese occupation of most of its eastern lands (including the majority of the 1939 population.) [135]
• The Slovak Republic, from 1939 until late 1944 (Hungary controlled one-third of Slovakia's area.) [136][137]
• Finland during and after the Winter War with the USSR, from December 1939 to the June 1941 Axis invasion of the USSR [138], and from September 1944 with renewed territorial losses to the USSR [139].
• The Italian Social Republic, 23 September 1943 - 25 April 1945, established in Northern Italy by Nazi Germany to rescue Benito Mussolini from the Grand Fascist Council and keep that government from joining the Allies.
• Vichy France after the French surrender in June 1940 during World War II. [140]
• Romania from July 1940 to June 1941, during the loss of part of Transylvania to Hungary and of Bessarabia and Bukovina to the USSR. [141][142] See also Second Vienna Award.
• Serbia after the temporary dissolution of Yugoslavia during World War II. [143]
• Greece under Axis occupation during World War II. [144]
• The USSR from June 1941 to the summer of 1944, during the Siege of Leningrad and Axis occupation of large European areas. [145] See also Operation Barbarossa.
• Hungary from late 1944, after the seizure of territory by the USSR and Romania [146], and Hitler's replacement and house arrest of Hungarian leader Miklós Horthy.

Map of the Sudetenland Gau. ... Chamberlain holds the paper containing the resolution to commit to peaceful methods signed by both Hitler and himself on his return from Germany in September 1938. ... Image:Firstviennaaward. ... Combatants  Finland  USSR Commanders Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Kliment Voroshilov, later Semyon Timoshenko Strength 250,000 men 30 tanks 130 aircraft 1,000,000 men 3,000 tanks 3,800 aircraft[1][2] Casualties 22,830 dead 43,557 wounded 1,000 captured (at least) 126,875 dead or missing... The word axis has several meanings: In mathematics, axis can mean: A straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated. ... War flag of the Italian Social Republic. ... Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945) was the Prime-Minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until his overthrow in 1943. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... France under German occupation 1940-44 Presidential flag of Vichy France For other uses of Vichy, see Vichy (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: or Erdelj / Ердељ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. ... 1927 map of Bessarabia from Charles Upson Clarks book Bessarabia or Bessarabiya (Basarabia in Romanian, Besarabya in Turkish) was the name by which the Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the principality of Moldavia ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish... Bukovina (Ukrainian: Буковина, Bukovyna; Romanian: Bucovina; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the northern slopes of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the adjoining plains. ... The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all South Slavic languages, Југославија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for the three separate political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead... The word axis has several meanings: In mathematics, axis can mean: A straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead... Combatants Axis Powers, Spanish Blue Division Soviet Union Commanders Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb Georg von Kuechler Kliment Voroshilov Georgy Zhukov Strength 725,000 930,000 Casualties Unknown 300,000 military, 16,470 civilians from bombings and estimated 1 million civilians from starvation The Siege of Leningrad (Russian: блокада Ленинграда) was the German... Combatants Axis Powers Soviet Union Commanders Supreme commander: Adolf Hitler Supreme commander: Josef Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya, Duke of Szeged and Otranto (Hungarian: Vitéz* nagybányai Horthy Miklós, Szeged és Otranto hercege; Kenderes, June 18, 1868 – Estoril, February 9, 1957) was a Hungarian Admiral and statesman and served as the Regent of Hungary from March 1, 1920 until October...

Later 20th century

• Germany [147] and Japan [148] after World War II, with Germany divided into two nations of opposing blocs until 1990.
• The Republic of China (now Taiwan) after the Chinese Civil War in 1950. [149] See also Political status of Taiwan.
• South Korea from June to September 1950 and January to April 1951, and North Korea from September to December 1950, during the Korean War. [150]
• Egypt during the Suez Crisis of 1956 [151] and the occupation of the Sinai Peninsula by Israel from 1967 to 1979 [152].
• Pakistan after the loss of more than half of its population with the secession of Bangladesh in 1972 [153]. See also Bangladesh Liberation War.
• Cyprus following the Turkish invasion of 1974 and the resultant Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983. [154]
• Lebanon since 1976, due to the compromise of its sovereignty by Israel and Syria.
• Afghanistan from the Soviet invasion of 1979 to 1987 and since the United States' occupation in 2001.
• Chad from late 1980 to 1987, due to the intervention of Libya in the Chadian Civil War.
• Iraq since its 1991 defeat in the Gulf War, with harsh United Nations sanctions including the no-fly zones [155] over the majority of its own area, and the Iraq War occupation by the United States since spring 2003.
• Yugoslavia after the secession of Slovenia and Croatia in 1991, then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as its successor following its dissolution in 1992, Serbia and Montenegro as its successor from 2002, and Serbia after the independence of Montenegro in 2006. [156][157]
• Croatia from 1991 to 1995, during the Croatian War of Independence and the existence of the Republic of Serbian Krajina. [158][159]
• The Republic of Serbian Krajina from 1995 to 1998, after Croatia seized most of its territory in Operation Storm and Operation Flash; the rump was adminstered by the United Nations until its annexation by Croatia.
• Russia after the dissolution of the USSR on December 25, 1991. [160]
• Armenia [161] and Azerbaijan [162] after the dissolution of the USSR, for the same reasons as after World War I. Also, two-thirds of the Azeri population lives in Iran, accounting for one of the most extreme cases of irredenta in the world. See also Azerbaijan (Iran).
• Moldova due to the secession of Transnistria, with over 10% of its area, 1/7 of its population, and much of its industry. [163] See also War of Transnistria and Disputed status of Transnistria.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War from 1992 to late 1995. [164][165]
• The Czech Republic as the successor of Czechoslovakia after the independence of Slovakia in 1993. [166] See also Velvet Divorce.
• Ethiopia after the secession of Eritrea in 1993 and the resultant landlocking. [167] See also Eritrean War of Independence.

Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead... Motto: None Anthem(s): National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei City (de facto) Nanjing (de jure)1 Largest city Taipei City Official language(s) Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai Revolution   - Declared... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 (circa June 1948) 2,800,000 (circa June 1948) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: guógòng neìzhàn; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between... Taiwan Strait area The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of... Combatants UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States Britain Communist combatants: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea People’s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung Il Kwon Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Kim Il-sung Choi Yong-kun Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All figures may... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses of the word Sinai, please see: Sinai (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mukti Bahini India Pakistan Commanders • General M A G Osmani • General Jagjit Singh Aurora General A. A. K. Niazi Strength India: 500,000+ Mukti Bahini: 100,000[1] Pakistan Army: 365,000 Paramilitary: 280,000 [1] Casualties India: 1,426 KIA 3,611 Wounded (Official) Mukti Bahini: NA* ~8... In 1974, a coup detat by Greek Army officers stationed on the Mediterranian island of Cyprus, tried to overthrow the then-President Makarios. ... Anthem: Ä°stiklâl Marşı1 (Turkish: Independence March) Capital LefkoÅŸa (Nicosia) Largest city LefkoÅŸa (Nicosia) Official language(s) Turkish Government Representative democratic republic  - President Mehmet Ali Talat  - Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer Independence2 From the Republic of Cyprus   - Declared 15 November 1983  Area    - Total 3,355 km² (not... Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ... A Soviet soldier on guard in Afghanistan in 1988. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... From 1979 to 1982, Chad experienced unprecedented change and spiraling violence. ... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam Hussein Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War (1990–1991) (also called the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, or Operation Desert Storm) was a conflict between... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... No-fly zone detail The Iraqi no-fly zones (NFZs) were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom and France after the Gulf War of 1991 to protect Kurds in the north and Shiite Muslims in the south. ... For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in all South Slavic languages, Југославија in Serbian and Macedonian Cyrillic) is a term used for the three separate political entities that existed during most of the 20th century on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe. ... Official language Serbian written in Cyrillic alphabet1 Capital Belgrade2 President3 Svetozar Marović Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 105th 102,350 km² 0. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Motto: None Anthem(s): Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Official language(s) Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area  - Total 14,026 km² (159th) 5... Croatian War of Independence (Croatian: Domovinski rat (Homeland war)), was a war in Croatia from 1991 to 1995, between the Croatian government and Croatian Serbs, backed up by Serbia-controlled Yugoslav Peoples Army. ... The borders of the RSK c. ... The borders of the RSK c. ... Combatants Croatia Republic of Serbian Krajina Commanders general Zvonimir ÄŒervenko general Mile MrkÅ¡ić Strength 150,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 800 artillery pieces, 50 rocket launchers, 30 aircraft and helicopters 40,000 soldiers, 200 tanks, 350 artillery pieces, 25 rocket launchers, 20 aircraft and helicopters Casualties 174 soldiers killed, 1... Combatants Croatia Republic of Serbian Krajina Commanders Croatian Military Command Strength 7,200 soldiers 5000 soldiers Casualties 55 killed, 162 wounded 250 killed, 1,500 POW Operation Flash (Croatian: ) was a brief and successful offensive conducted in the beginning of May 1995 by the the Croatian Army, which removed Serb... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Allied Powers: United Kingdom France Italy Russia United States Serbia Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von Hötzendorf Ä°smail Enver Ferdinand... Irredentism is an international relations term that involves advocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession, actual or alleged. ... Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan, also Iranian Azarbaijan, Iranian Azerbaijan, or Persian Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان ایران; Ä€zārbāijān-e Irān; Azarbaijani language: آذربایجان), is a region in northwestern Iran and south of the Republic of Azarbaijan. ... Motto: For the right to live on this land Anthem: Anthem of Transnistria Capital Tiraspol Largest city Tiraspol Official languages Moldovan, Russian and Ukrainian Government President Parliamentary Republic Igor Smirnov Recognition Independence Recognition From Moldova none September 2, 1990 none Area  â€¢ Water (%) 4,163 km²  1,607 sq mi 2. ... The War of Transnistria involved armed clashes on a limited scale that broke out between the Transnistrian separatists and the Moldovan police as early as November 1990 at Dubasari. ... The disputed status of Transnistria arose because of the Transnistrian declaration of independence on Sep. ... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija Izetbegović (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer Halilović (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim... The Velvet Divorce is a journalistic term for the dissolution of the former country of Czechoslovakia into the nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, effective January 1, 1993. ... The Eritrean War of Independence started in 1962 when Emperor Haile Sellassie of Ethiopia unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country. ...

See also

• Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia)
• Colonialism
• French client republic---during the reign of Napoleon, the Cisalpine Republic of northern Italy was just one and the most populous of a number of examples
• The Great Game---between the United Kingdom and Russia over Asian territory at the expense of Iran, Afghanistan, and the Khanate of Khiva
• History of Islam
• History of the Arab-Israeli conflict
• Imperialism
• Irredentism
• Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact---a rapprochement between Nazi Germany and the USSR that made rump states of Finland and Romania during early World War II, as well as liquidating Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia
• Mongol Empire
• Napoleonic Wars
• Reconquista
• Revanchism
• Viking Age
• Yugoslav wars---after the breakup of Yugoslavia