In baseball statistics, runs per nine innings (denoted by R/9) is a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness in preventing runs; calculated as: (9 x runs allowed) / (innings pitched).
The first averages were "runsper game" (which determined the first batting champions) and "catches missed per game" to judge fielding.
And "runsper game," taking errors out of the mix, became "earned runsper game," but it was still a batting stat, not a pitching stat.
Columns included "runs scored by opponents" and "average runsper game" plus "percentage of base hits made by opponents to times at bat," or what we today would call opponents' batting average.
The practice keeping of records of the achievements of the players was started in the 19th century by Henry Chadwick, who devised the predecessors of statistics like batting average, runs scored, and runs allowed based on his experience of cricket.
Traditionally, statistics like batting average for batters (the number of hits divided by the number of at bats) and earned run average (approximately the number of runs given up by a pitcherpernineinnings) have governed the statistical world of baseball.
WHIP (walks+hits perinning pitched) and OOPS (opponent on-base plus slugging) are popular statistics; however, if DIPS theory is correct, a pitcher has little control over these statistics.
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