The Russo-Turkish Wars were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Their conflict during World War I is often counted. It was one of the longest conflicts in European history, spanning 241 years, far longer than the Hundred Years' War between England and France. On average, only 19 years of peace separated two open conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Jump to: navigation, search Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (the Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Bursa (1335 - 1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (Constantinople) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli... Jump to: navigation, search World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of... Jump to: navigation, search A map of Europe in the 1430s, at the height of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War is the name modern historians have given to what was actually a series of related conflicts, fought over a 116-year period, between the Kingdom of England... Jump to: navigation, search Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK...

17th Century

After having captured the region of Podolia in the course of the Polish-Ottoman War (1633-1634), the Ottoman government strived to spread its rule over all of the Right-bank Ukraine with the support of its vassal, Petro Doroshenko (1665–1672). The latter’s pro-Ottoman policy caused discontent among many Ukrainian Cossacks, which would elect Ivan Samoilovich as a sole Hetman of all Ukraine in 1674. In 1679-1680, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and signed the Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty on January 3, 1681, which would establish the Russo-Turkish border by the Dnieper river. Russia had joined the European Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice) in 1686. During the war, the Russian army organized the Crimean campaigns of 1687-1689 and the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. The Russian involvement marked the beginning of the Russo-Turkish Wars. In light of Russia's preparations for the war with Sweden and other countries' signing the Treaty of Karlowitz with Turkey in 1699, the Russian government signed the Constantinople Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire in 1700. Jump to: navigation, search Polish-Ottoman War of 1633-1634 refers to one of the many conflicts between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman Empire and its vassals. ... Events January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes. ... Events First Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau The Swedish city Karlskrona was founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocated there. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar aka Qırımtürk, Pl. ... Jump to: navigation, search January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. ... Border has several different, but related meanings: // Generic borders A border can consist of a margin around the edge of something, such as a lawn, garden, photograph, or sheet of paper. ... Length 2,290 km Elevation of the source -  m Average discharge 1670  m³/s Area watershed 516,300  km² Origin  Russia Mouth  Black Sea Basin countries Russia, Belarus, Ukraine The Dnieper River (also: Dnepr, Dnyapro or Dnipro) is a river (2,290 km length) which flows from Russia through Belarus... Throughout history there have been many alliances and organizations known as the Catholic League, including: Catholic League (USA) - Civil rights group in the United States. ... Events The League of Augsburg is founded. ... Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 (Крымские походы in Russian), military campaigns of the Russian army against the Crimean Khanate. ... Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... Azov campaigns of 1695-1696 (Азовские походы in Russian), two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison - 7,000 men), which had been blocking Russias access to the Azov Sea... Events January 27 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II to Mustafa II (1695-1703) July 17 - The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. ... The year 1696 had the earliest equinoxes and solstices for 400 years in the Gregorian calendar, because this year is a leap year and the Gregorian calendar would have behaved like the Julian calendar since March 1500 had it have been in use that long. ... The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in 1699 in Sremski Karlovci (German: Karlowitz, Turkish:Karlofça, Serbian:Karlovci), in Vojvodina, concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman side was defeated. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ...

Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 (Крымские походы in Russian), military campaigns of the Russian army against the Crimean Khanate. ... Azov campaigns of 1695-1696 (Азовские походы in Russian), two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686-1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison - 7,000 men), which had been blocking Russias access to the Azov Sea...

18th Century

Russia had managed to secure a favorable international situation by signing a few treaties with Iran in 1732-1735 (which was at war with Ottoman Empire in 1730-1736) and supporting the accession to the Poland|Polish throne of Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III in 1735 instead of the France|French protégé Stanislaw I Leszczynski, nominated by pro-Turkish France. Austria was Russia's ally since 1726.

The casus belli was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on Ukraine in the end of 1735 and the Crimean khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimea.

On June 19, the Russian Don army (28,000 men) under the command of General Peter Lacy with the support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl seized the fortress of Azov. In July of 1737, the Munnich army took by storm the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. The Lacy army (already 40,000 men strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting a number of defeats on the army of the Crimean khan and capturing Karasubazar. However, Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea due to lack of supplies.

In July of 1737, Austria entered the war against Turkey, but was defeated a number of times. In August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to the plague outbreak.

In 1739, the Munich army crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Ottoman Empire at Stavuchany and occupied the fortress of Khotin (August 19) and Jassy. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a separate peace treaty on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of the Sweden|Swedish invasion, forced Russia to sign the Belgrade Peace Treaty with Turkey on September 18, which ended the war.

After the Russians had defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava. With the help from Austrian and France|French diplomats, Charles XII of Sweden managed to persuade the Turkey|Turkish Sultan to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. The war followed the internal tensions within Poland where there was the strife between the nobility and the king Stanislaus II of Poland|Stanilaus Augustus Poniatowski, former favorite of the Russian Empress Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II. The king was dependent on the support from the Imperial Russia|Russian troops.

Following this border incident at Balta, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on September 25 1768. The Turks formed the alliance with the Polish oppositionary forces of Bar Confederation, while Russia was supported by the United Kingdom, who offered naval advisers to the Russian navy.

The Polish opposition was defeated by Aleksandr Vasilievich Suvorov who was then transferred to the Turkish theatre of operations where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal Count Rumyantsev|Peter Rumiantsev at Larga and Kagula.

The naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov. In 1771, Egypt and Syria rebelled against the Ottoman rule while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the Turkish Navy.

On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji according to which the Crimean Khanate formally gained its independence, but in reality became dependent on Russia. Russia received the contribution of 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the Black Sea.

In 1786 Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal progress through the Crimea in company with her ally, Emperor Joseph II. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in Istanbul, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.

In 1788 war was declared, but Turkey's preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact of which Turkey became aware only when the horse tails were planted for the campaign. The Turks drove back the Austrians from Mehadia and overran the Banat (1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Rumyantsev was successful and captured Jassy and Khotin.

Turkish generals were incompetent and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of Bender and Akerman failed, Belgrade was taken by the Austrians, the impenetrable fortress of Izmail was captured by the brilliant Suvorov, and the fall of Anapa completed the series of Turkey's disasters.

Sultan Selim III was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his troops rendered this hope unavailing; while Prussia, though on the 31st of January 1790 she had signed an offensive treaty with Turkey, gave her no help during the war. Accordingly a treaty was signed with Russia at Jassy (Jan. 9, 1792) by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the Dniester was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.

Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1713, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which started after the Russians had defeated the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava. ... Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by intensified contradictions over the results of the Russo-Polish War of 1733-1735 and endless raids by the Crimean Tatars. ... The Confederation of Bar (1768–1776), a grouping of Polish szlachta, formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of Poland against the aggressions of the Russian government as represented by her representative at Warsaw, Prince Nikolai Repnin. ... The Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792 was a futile attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774. ...

The 19th Century

Fringe territories were lost to Russia in the north. but more importantly the Empire began to fall behind technologically compared to the west. The outside world was still mostly unaware of the extent of the Empire's decline until the 1820s, when it became clear that the Ottoman armies had no way to put down the Russian backed revolt in southern Greece. The great powers of Europe decided to intervene to give Greece its independence. Thus Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the Ottoman Empire. Russian aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked British fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to India. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

Main article: Crimean War

When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at Sinop, Britain and France concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion, on the grounds that the Ottoman armies could do nothing to stop a Russian march on Constantinople. The Crimean War illustrated how modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army, and a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the Piedmontese, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind. It is not surprising then that at the mid point of the 19th century the Ottoman Empire was at the mercy of the Russians until outside forces intervened. Things began to change after the Crimean war. Another change was that Serbia was permanently granted its independent status. This pleased both Austria, who feared a Serbian revolt on its borders, and Russia who long supported the Slavic nation's independence. Other changes began to occur as Europeans for the first time saw the trading opportunity of Turkey. The amount of money entering the nation through trade was soon dramatically increased. As well the government received a great deal of extra money from a uniform tax system with little corruption. The Sultan also managed to get a tighter grip on the provincial beys and increased the tribute they had to pay. Regrettably Abd-ul-Aziz, the Sultan at the time, used much of this money on furnishing and creating great palaces to rival the great ones in England and France, which he had visited. The Empire was undergoing a revolution, throughout Anatolia a new Ottoman nationalism was appearing, and for the first time the Empire had a middle class. It seemed as though it might be possible for the Empire to turn its decline around. Jump to: navigation, search The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... For other meanings of Sinop/Sinope, see Sinope Sinop (also Sinope) is a city with a population of 47,000 on the coast of the Black Sea, in the modern region of Galatia in modern-day northern Turkey, historically known as Sinope. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856. ... Piedmont is a region of northwestern Italy. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Slavic peoples are defined by their linguistic attainment of the Slavic languages. ... Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz Abd-ul-aziz (February 9, 1830 – 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to May 30, 1876. ...

Ottoman losses in the Balkans after the Crimean War, from Literary and Historical Atlas of Europe, by J.G. Bartholomew, 1912

The monetary and governmental collapse combined with a new threat from Russia began the final stages of the Empire's collapse. Russia had been forced by the Crimean War to give up its ambitions of owning Istanbul and controlling the Bosphorus. Instead it decided to focus on gaining power in the Balkans. The population of much of the Balkans were Slavs, as were the Russians. They also mainly followed the Eastern Orthodox Church, as did the Russians. When new movements in Russia, such as that of the Slavophiles, started to enter the area, it became agitated and prone to revolution. When the government in Istanbul tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire it touched off a revolt in Herzegovina. The revolt in Herzegovina, quickly spread to Bosnia and then Bulgaria. Soon Serbian armies also entered the war against the Turks. These revolts were the first test of the new Ottoman armies. Even though they were not up to western European standards the army fought effectively and brutally. Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In Europe, however, a new problem was developing. The papers of Russia were filled with reports of Turkish soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Soon more than Russian propaganda was moving southwards and a new Russo-Turkish war had begun. Despite fighting better than they ever had before the advanced Ottoman armies still were not equal to the Russian forces. This time there was no help from abroad, in truth many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Istanbul. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. The Ottomans had fought well, the new navy of Ironclads had won the battle for the Black Sea, and Russian advances in the Caucasus had been kept minimal. In the Balkans, however, the Russian army, supported by rebels, had pushed the Ottoman army out of Bulgaria, Walachia, Romania, and much of East Rumelia and by the end of the war the artillery firing in Thrace could be heard in Istanbul. Download high resolution version (809x1322, 200 KB)Balkan changes after the Crimean War, from Literary and Historical Atlas of Europe, by J.G. Bartholomew, 1912 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a... Download high resolution version (809x1322, 200 KB)Balkan changes after the Crimean War, from Literary and Historical Atlas of Europe, by J.G. Bartholomew, 1912 The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a... Fatih Sultan Mehmed Bridge over the Bosporus seen from over Rumelihisarı This article is about the strait; Bosphorus is also a Turkish Boğaziçi or İstanbul Boğazı) is a strait that separates the European part (Rumeli) of Turkey from its Asian part (Anadolu), connecting the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizi) with... Jump to: navigation, search The Vladimir Icon, one of the most venerated of Orthodox Christian icons of Mary. ... A Slavophile was an advocate of the supremacy of Slavic culture over that of others, especially Western European culture. ... Herzegovina (natively Hercegovina/Херцеговина) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (officially Bosna i Hercegovina, shortened to BiH, also in English variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of the Black Sea. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Caucasus , a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Flag of Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia was a province of the Ottoman Empire that achieved a semi-autonomous status under the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, which revised the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottomans a few months earlier. ... Thrace (Greek Θρᾴκη ThrákÄ“, Bulgarian Тракия Trakija, Turkish Trakya) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe spread over southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey. ...

In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the Sultan, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of Marmara and anchored in view of both the royal palace and the Russian army. The British may have saved the Ottoman empire once again, but it ended the rosy relations between the two powers that had endured since the Crimean War. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The treaty of San Stephano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy. The hope of the Sultan was that the other great powers would oppose such a one-sided resolution and a conference would be held to revise it. His desire became reality and in 1878 the Congress of Berlin was held where Germany promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the new treaty Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. The conference also again hurt Anglo-Turkish relations by giving the British the island of Cyprus. While annoyed at British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, the Sultan had nothing but praise for Otto von Bismarck who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. These close Germano-Turkish relations would persist until both empires' very end. Map of the Sea of Marmara Satellite view of the Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara (Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Modern Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίδα) (also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea) is an inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating the... The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the last Russo-Turkish War. ... Jump to: navigation, search Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck, after having been demanded by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, a number of the nations of Europe met to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and to attend to other pressing matters. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Right Honourable Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman and literary figure. ... Jump to: navigation, search Count Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (April 1, 1815 – July 30, 1898) was one of the most prominent European aristocrats and statesmen of the nineteenth century. ...

The Russion extension in this century developed with the main theme of supporting independence of Ottomans' former provinces and than bring all of the Slav peoples of the balkans under Bulgaria or using Ermenians in the east sets the stage. At the end of the century From Russion perspective; Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. That alarmed the Great Powers. After the Congress of Berlin the Russion expension was controlled through stopping the expansion of Bulgaria. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing. Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ... In the context of international relations and diplomacy, power (sometimes clarified as international power, national power, or state power) is the ability of one state to influence or control other states. ... Hosted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck, after having been demanded by the rivals of the Russian Empire, particularly by Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, a number of the nations of Europe met to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and to attend to other pressing matters. ...

One important event durig this period is Crimean War. Even though Ottomans and Russions were on the opposing sides, the roots of the war were due to the rivalry between the British and the Russians. The war ended unfavorably for the Russians, with the Paris peace of 1856. Crimean war brought a decline in Ottoman morale and a feeling of helplessness. Jump to: navigation, search The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856. ...

The Balkans

There were two main movement for the west side. The first one was performed while Ottomans were dealing with the Greek uprising.

Main article: Greek War of Independence

The Greeks' independence war led to the Russian forces advancing into Bulgaria before the Turks sued for peace. Jump to: navigation, search The Declaration of the War by Bishop Germanos at St Lavra on March 25, 1821 The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a war against the Ottoman Empire for independence, which started that year. ...

The resulting Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne) in September 14, 1829 gave Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. The 1829 peace treaty of Adrianople (called also Treaty of Edirne), was settled between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of the Black Sea. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Danube (Donau in German; Dunaj in Slovak; Donava in Slovene; Duna in Hungarian; Dunav in Croatian and Serbian; Dunav or Дунав in Bulgarian; Dunăre in Romanian; Дунай (Dunay) in Ukrainian; Danuvius in Latin) is Europes second-longest river (after the Volga). ...

The second movement happenned under the ... uprisings

Main article: History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#19th_and_20th_century

Main article: Romanian War of Independence

Serbia achieved autonomy and Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity. The uprisings raised a chance for the Russian (Prince Gorchakov) and Austria-Hungary (Count Andrássy), who made the secret Reichstadt Agreement in July 8, on partitioning the Balkan peninsula depending on the outcome. One of the historical events during this time is the Siege of Pleven Jump to: navigation, search This is the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Pushkins portrait of Alexander Gorchakov Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (1798-1883) was a Russian statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Gyula, Count Andrássy (Andrássy Gyula in Hungarian) (March 8, 1823 - February 18, 1890) was a Hungarian statesman. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 8 is the 189th day of the year (190th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 176 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ...

In February 1878 the Russian army had almost reached Istanbul, but scared the city might fall, the British sent a fleet of battle-ships to intimidate Russia from entering the city. Under pressure from the fleet to negotiate and having suffered enormous losses (by some estimates about 200,000 men) Russia agreed a settlement under the Treaty of San Stefano (Ayastefanos Anlaşması in Turkish) on March 3, by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of its former provinces Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and autonomy of Bulgaria. 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire at the conclusion of the last Russo-Turkish War. ... Jump to: navigation, search March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Jump to: navigation, search Serbia and Montenegro  â€“ Serbia    â€“ Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    â€“ Vojvodina  â€“ Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  â€“ Total (2003)  â€“ Density  616,258  48. ...

The Caucasus

During the Greek uprising, the Russian empire reached the Caucasus and northeastern Anatolia. Under the terms of the Treaty of Adrianople, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia. Jump to: navigation, search The Caucasus , a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ... Jump to: navigation, search Asia Minor lies east of the Bosporus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. ... The 1829 peace treaty of Adrianople (called also Treaty of Edirne), was settled between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. ...

Jump to: navigation, search The Crimean War lasted from 28 March 1854 until 1856. ... Jump to: navigation, search Army camp at Balaklava The Battle of Balaclava, fought on 25 October 1854, was a key battle during the Crimean War, fought between the allied forces of Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire on one side and Russia on the other. ... The Battle of Inkermann, a battle of the Crimean War, was fought on November 5, 1854 and resulted in a British and French victory under General Bosquet against the Russian forces under General Menshikov. ... The Siege of Sebastapol (or Sevastapol, more correctly), was a major siege during the Crimean War, from 1854- 1855. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ... The Battle of Kars was a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. ...

The 20th Century

During the early months of the WWI The Kars was a key military objective for Turkey. Ismail Enver who pushed the Ottoman Empire into WWI, needed a victory against the Russians to defend his position. He collected an army on the eastern border. The army was badly defeated under Enver's command at the battle of Battle of Sarikamis January 2 1915 against Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich. {{main|Battle of Sarikamis]] This defeat was due more to the winter weather and bad planning, given the fact that Russions were actually preparing to evacuate Kars. With the lost of the eastern army, Ottoman defenses crumbled with further small battles, given the Armenian revolt during that time, Russian forces succeeded in advancing as far west as Erzincan. Ismail Enver Ismail Enver, known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey (Istanbul, November 22, 1881 - August 4, 1922) was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution in the closing days of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Battle of Sarikamis, sometimes spelled Sarikamish, was a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus region during World War I. // Background Russia viewed the Caucasus Front as secondary to the Eastern Front where most of their manpower and resources had been concentrated up to this point. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Николай Николаевич Юденич) (1862–1933), Infantry General (1915), leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ...

The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Turkish counter-attack. Before the end of the WWI by 1918 the Turkish army reformed with what was left from the middle-east branch and tried to build a line between whatever seems to be left on their east border. The newly declared Republic of Armenia, capturing Kars in April 1918 and reaching Baku on the Caspian sea. Defeat on other fronts caused Turkey to surrender and withdraw to the pre-war borders. The Battle of Sarikamis, sometimes spelled Sarikamish, was a decisive Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus region during World War I. // Background Russia viewed the Caucasus Front as secondary to the Eastern Front where most of their manpower and resources had been concentrated up to this point. ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Николай Николаевич Юденич) (1862–1933), Infantry General (1915), leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Ismail Enver Ismail Enver, known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey (Istanbul, November 22, 1881 - August 4, 1922) was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution in the closing days of the Ottoman Empire. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Erzurum was a decisive Russian victory over the Turks along the Caucasus Front during World War I. Backgound Russia had won significant battles at Sarikamis and Kara Killisse but lacked the resources to exploit their victories. ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Николай Николаевич Юденич) (1862–1933), Infantry General (1915), leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Николай Николаевич Юденич) (1862–1933), Infantry General (1915), leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ... Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Николай Николаевич Юденич) (1862–1933), Infantry General (1915), leader of the counterrevolution in Northwestern Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...

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The Russo-Turkish wars were one of the main causes for the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

External link

• - The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78