NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Russian Federal Space Agency

The Russian Federal Space Agency (Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство России, commonly known as "Roskosmos") or RKA, formerly the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Russian: Российское авиационно-космическое агентство, commonly known as "Rosaviakosmos"), is the government agency responsible for Russia's space science programme and general aerospace research. Roskosmos' headquarters are located in Moscow and its main operational center is located in a town nearby known as Star City. Since his appointment as General Director in March, 2004, Anatoly Perminov has led Russia's efforts to consolidate its space program. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Establishment is a slang term (chiefly in British and Commonwealth English) for a traditional conservative ruling class and its institutions. ... Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. ... A spaceport is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with airport for aircraft. ... Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ... Cyclone-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 satellite (Plesetsk, August 15, 1991) Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport, located about 800 km north of Moscow and south of Arkhangelsk (coordinates vary in different sources, but 62Â°08â€² N 41Â°01â€² E seems plausible). ... Look up budget in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... Space science is an all-encompassing term that describes most all of the various science fields that are concerned with the study of the Universe, generally also meaning excluding the Earth and outside of the Earths atmosphere. Originally, all of these fields were considered part of astronomy. ... Look up aerospace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Statue of Yuri Gagarin in Star City Star City (Russian: , Zvyozdny gorodok; lit. ...

History

The RKA was formed after the breakup of the former Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Soviet space program. The RKA uses the technology and launch sites that belonged to the former Soviet space program. The launch sites are located mostly in the country of Kazakhstan and are maintained and utilized in cooperation with the government of Kazakhstan. The RKA has centralized control of Russia's civilian space program, including all manned and unmanned non-military space flights. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2730x2400, 1858 KB) Atlantis Docked to Mir Description: This view of the Space Shuttle Atlantis still connected to Russias Mir Space Station was photographed by the Mir-19 crew on July 4, 1995. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2730x2400, 1858 KB) Atlantis Docked to Mir Description: This view of the Space Shuttle Atlantis still connected to Russias Mir Space Station was photographed by the Mir-19 crew on July 4, 1995. ... Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ...

Initial progress

Like the Soviet space program before it, the Russian Space Agency has constantly had a lack of funding. This complicated efforts, such as the Soviet attempt at a moon mission, and later cooperation with the International Space Station. The 1990's saw a decreased cash flow, which encouraged Roskosmos to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in Roskosmos' leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism. While scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, Roskosmos managed to operate the space station Mir well past its lifetime, contribute to the International Space Station, and continue to fly additional Soyuz and Progress missions. Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. ... â€œISSâ€ redirects here. ... The curvature of Earth seen from orbit provides one of the main attractions for tourists paying to go into space Space tourism is the recent phenomenon of individuals paying for space travel, primarily for personal satisfaction. ... For other uses, see Mir (disambiguation). ... â€œISSâ€ redirects here. ... Soyuz (Russian: Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, pronounced sah-YOUS, meaning union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Unions space program. ... ISS Progress cargo spacecraft The Progress is a Russian expendable freighter spacecraft. ...

Renewed activity in 2005-2006

The Russian economy boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion rubles (about 11 billion USD) for the Space Agency from 2006-2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period.^[1] The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about 900 million USD), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10 year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5-10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roskosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. The economy of Russia experienced a dramatic transformation in the 1990s. ... ISO 4217 Code RUB User(s) Russia and self-proclaimed Abkhazia and South Ossetia Inflation 7% Source Rosstat, 2007 Subunit 1/100 kopek (ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ°) Symbol Ñ€ÑƒÐ± kopek (ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ°) Ðº Plural The language(s) of this currency is of the Slavic languages. ...

Current programs

ISS involvement

The Russian Space Agency is one of the partners in the International Space Station (ISS) program, it contributed the core space modules Zarya and Zvezda, which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module. Roskosmos is furthermore responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecrafts and resupplies the space station with Progress space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, RKA and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roskosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecrafts for approximately $21 million per person each way (thus $42 million to and back from the ISS per person) as well as provide Progress transport flights ($50 million per progress as oultined in the ESAS study [1]). RKA has announced that according to this arrangement, manned Soyuz flights will be doubled to 4 per year and Progress flights also doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008. ISS Zarya module as seen from STS-88 (NASA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ISS Zarya module as seen from STS-88 (NASA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Zarya module as seen from STS-88 (NASA) Zarya (meaning sunrise), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or the FGB (the Russian Acronym), was the first module launched of the International Space Station. ... â€œISSâ€ redirects here. ... Zarya module as seen from STS-88 (NASA) Zarya (meaning sunrise), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or the FGB (the Russian Acronym), was the first module launched of the International Space Station. ... Zvezda service module with a Progress docked on the right and the Zarya FGB docked on the left. ... The Proton (ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ½) rocket (formal designation: UR-500, also known as D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design, first launched in 1965. ... ISS Unity module (NASA) The first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station , a cylinder shaped connecting module with six passageways, or nodes, named Unity, was the primary cargo of Space Shuttle mission STS-88, launched in December 1998 as the first mission dedicated to assembly of the... Soyuz (Russian: Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, pronounced sah-YOUS, meaning union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Unions space program. ... ISS Progress cargo spacecraft The Progress is a Russian expendable freighter spacecraft. ... The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to President George W. Bushs announcement on January 14, 2004 to return astronauts to the Moon... Soyuz (Russian: Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, pronounced sah-YOUS, meaning union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Unions space program. ... ISS Progress cargo spacecraft The Progress is a Russian expendable freighter spacecraft. ...

RKA also provides space tourism for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the Space Adventures company. Currently three space tourists have contracted with Roskosmos and have flown into space, each for an announced fee of $20 million. Despite the price, the space tourism venture has proven to be very popular and all tourism flights are fully booked until 2009.^[2] The curvature of Earth seen from orbit provides one of the main attractions for tourists paying to go into space Space tourism is the recent phenomenon of individuals paying for space travel, primarily for personal satisfaction. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Roskosmos has committed itself to further provide two additional modules to the ISS. The first, the Multipurpose Laboratory Module, would launch aboard a Proton Rocket in 2009, and the second, the Docking Cargo Module (which replaces the Russian Research Module), following in 2010 aboard the STS-131 Shuttle mission. MLM docked to the ISS The Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) will be a component of the International Space Station funded by the Russian Federal Space Agency. ... Concept for the Docking Cargo Module. ... The Russian Research Module (RM) is a Russian element of the International Space Station (ISS) that provides facilities for Russian experiments and research. ...

Science programs

RKA operates a number of other programs for earth science, communication, and scientific research. Future projects include the Soyuz successor, the shuttle Kliper, scientific robotic missions to one of the Mars moons as well as an increase in Earth orbit research satellites. Soyuz (Russian: Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, pronounced sah-YOUS, meaning union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Unions space program. ... Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ... Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ...

Luna-Glob is an unmanned mission to the Moon planned by Russia including an orbiter aswell as a landing module with 12 ground penetrating sensors. ... The Venera-D (Russian: Ð’ÐµÐ½ÐµÑ€Ð°-Ð”;) probe is a proposed Russian space probe to Venus to be launch around 2013, whose prime purpose is to make remote-sensing observations around the planet Venus in a manner similar to that of the U.S. Magellan spacecraft in the 1990s, but with the... Phobos-Grunt (rus. ...

Rockets

Roskosmos is using a launch family of several rockets, the most famous of them is the R-7, commonly known as the Soyuz rocket, capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UK-500) also developed in the 60s but still flying, has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Cosmos-3M, the German-Russian cooperation Rockot and other launchers. Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... The Proton (ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ½) rocket (formal designation: UR-500, also known as D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design, first launched in 1965. ... The Cosmos-3M (11K65M) (Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ-3Ðœ) is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... Rockot The Rockot is a Russian space launch vehicle. ...

Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2 and Soyuz-3. One modification of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2a has already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8 tons to LEO, with the Soyuz-2b to follow this year with a launch capacity from Baikonur of 8.5 tons. The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit. ... Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ... Soyuz 2 was an unpiloted spacecraft in the Soyuz family intended to perform a docking manoeuvre with Soyuz 3. ... Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ...

RKA manages by far the most commercial launches per year, in 2005 it performed nearly 50 % of all commercial satellite launches into space. ^{[citation needed]}

Kliper

One of RKA's projects that has made a large impact on the media in 2005 is Kliper, a small lifting body reusable spacecraft. While Roskosmos has reached out to ESA and JAXA as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also has stated that it will go forward with the project even without support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the above-described approval of its budget for 2006-2015 which includes the necessary funding of Kliper. Image File history File links Kliper mochup at le-beourget Credits: ESA / CNES / Copyright Â© 2005 ESA This image was originally published within the ESA multimedia gallery (on their web site). ... Image File history File links Kliper mochup at le-beourget Credits: ESA / CNES / Copyright Â© 2005 ESA This image was originally published within the ESA multimedia gallery (on their web site). ... A Mirage 2000-5 at the Paris Air Show The Paris Air Show (Salon International de lAÃ©ronautique et de lEspace, Paris-Le Bourget) is an international trade fair for the aerospace business. ... Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ... This article is about the European Space Agency. ... The Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is Japans aerospace agency. ... Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ...

Information on Kliper's entry into service and development status vary. Some sources state 2010 as the target year of first orbital test flight, others, 2012. In January, 2006, the final decision on Kliper was anticipated to be made from among three proposals from several Russian contractors with a decision to be announced in February. Later, the result of formal bidding on the project was expected to be revealed in July. However, RKA reportedly issued a statement in late July that bidding for the Kliper program had been cancelled due to the insufficiency of the bids tendered. It was believed that there would a two-year period within which the future direction of the program would be determined.

Russian spacecraft upgrade program

It has recently been reported that Kliper and Parom will be developed as part of Russian manned and cargo spacecraft "overhaul". It also appears that the joint spacecraft development study with ESA will be the inaugural stage of this overhaul program. According to the article, the spacecraft upgrade program stages are: ^[3] Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ... Kliper utilizing Parom Space Tug The Parom (ferry in Russian) is a space tug that has been proposed by RKK Energia. ... ESA redirects here. ...

ESA redirects here. ... For the trade union, see Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions CSTS or ACTS (Crew Space Transportation System and Advanced Crew Transportation System respectively) is a crew transportation system which is jointly studied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (Roskosmos) with the objective to design a...

Launch control

The military counterpart of the RKA is the Military Space Forces (VKS). The VKS controls Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome launch facility. The RKA and VKS share control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where the RKA reimburses the VKS for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. The RKA and VKS also share control of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Cyclone-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 satellite (Plesetsk, August 15, 1991) Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport, located about 800 km north of Moscow and south of Arkhangelsk (coordinates vary in different sources, but 62Â°08â€² N 41Â°01â€² E seems plausible). ... Map showing the location of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakh: Ð‘Ð°Ð¹Ò›Ð¾Ò£Ñ‹Ñ€ Ò“Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹Ñˆ Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð°Ò“Ñ‹, BayqoÃ±Ä±r ÄŸarÄ±ÅŸ aylaÄŸÄ±; Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð´Ñ€Ð¾Ð¼ Ð‘Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑƒÑ€, Kosmodrom Baykonur), also called Tyuratam, is the worlds oldest and largest operational space launch facility. ... The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre was inaugurated on January 11, 1960 in Star City outside Moscow. ...

Historic Russian space gallery

People

Spacecraft

Launch vehicles

References

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External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Space agencies | Science and technology in Russia | Russian space program This is a timeline of first orbital launches by nationality. ... From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space. ... Soyuz spacecraft from the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project The Soyuz human spaceflight programme was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the manned lunar programme that was intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. ... â€œISSâ€ redirects here. ... Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ... Vostok spacecraft model The Vostok programme (Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾ÌÐº, translated as East) was a Soviet human spaceflight project that succeeded in putting a person into Earth orbit for the first time. ... Image:Woschod 1 Montage. ... The Salyut (Russian: Ð¡Ð°Ð»ÑŽÑ‚, Salute or Firework) program was a series of space stations launched by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the U.S. and Soviet space programs. ... For other uses, see Mir (disambiguation). ... The Shuttleâ€“Mir Program was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States, which involved American Space Shuttles visiting the Russian space station Mir, Russian cosmonauts flying on the shuttle and American astronauts engaging in long-duration expeditions aboard Mir. ... The name Zond (meaning probe in Russian) is the name given to two series of Soviet unmanned space missions from 1964 to 1970 to gather information about nearby planets and test spacecraft. ... Proton-K rocket with Zond (7K-L1) circumlunar spacecraft (Baikonur) Details of the Soviet Moonshot were kept intensely secret until the arrival of glasnost. ... TMK was the designation of a Soviet Union space exploration project to send a manned flight to Mars (without landing). ... Spiral 50 / 50. ... The Almaz (ÐÐ»Ð¼Ð°Ð· - Diamond) program was a series of military space stations launched by the Soviet Union under cover of the Salyut program. ... The TKS spacecraft was first designed as a Proton rocket launched manned spacecraft, with the VA (Vozvrashaemiy Apparat) capsule on top for the crew, where they would enter the lower portion of the TKS, the FGB (the Functional Cargo Block), through a hatch cut in the heat shield. ... An artists conception of a Soviet Buran space shuttle lifting off atop the Energia booster. ... Model of Energia rocket with Buran shuttle The Soviet reusable spacecraft program Buran (Ð‘ÑƒÑ€Ð°ÌÐ½ meaning snowstorm or blizzard in Russian) began in 1976 at TsAGI as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program. ... The Cosmos-3M (11K65M) (Russian: ÐšÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ-3Ðœ) is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... The Dnepr rocket (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) is a space launch vehicle named after the Dnieper River. ... The Proton (ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾ÌÐ½) rocket (formal designation: UR-500, also known as D-1/ D-1e or SL-12/SL-13) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design, first launched in 1965. ... Rockot The Rockot is a Russian space launch vehicle. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Volna. ... Soyuz rocket on launch pad. ... The Soyuz-U or 11A511U rocket in the Soviet rocket designation series was a version of the Soyuz launch vehicle first introduced in 1973. ... The Soyuz-FG launch vehicle is an improved version of Soyuz-U LV in R-7 family of rockets, designed and constructed by TsSKB-Progress in Samara. ... This article is about the carrier rocket. ... START-1 is a Russian orbital (or satellite) launch vehicle based on RT-2PM Topol, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile developed by Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology. ... The UR-100 was an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed and deployed by the Soviet Union from 1966 to 1996. ... Tsyklon-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 weather observation satellite (Plesetsk, Aug. ... Space launch vehicle Volna (wave in Russian), is a converted SLBM used for launching artificial satellites into Orbit. ... The Zenit rocket (Ukrainian: Ð—ÐµÐ½Ñ–Ñ‚, Russian: Ð—ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÌÑ‚; meaning Zenith) is a space launch vehicle manufactured by the Yuzhnoe Design Bureau of Ukraine. ... The Angara rocket is a planned space-launch vehicle, designed to place heavy payloads into orbit. ... The Soyuz launch vehicle is an expendable launch system designed by the Korolev Design Bureau (Soviet Union) and used as the launcher for the manned Soyuz spacecraft, as part of the Soyuz program. ... An artists conception of a Soviet Buran space shuttle lifting off atop the Energia booster. ... Molniya 8K78 is a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and has four stages. ... The Molniya-M (8K78M) is a Russian (previously Soviet) carrier rocket, derived from the R-7 Semyorka. ... Two N1 Moon rockets appear on the pads at Baikonur Cosmodrome in early July 1969. ... The Polyot was an interim orbital carrier rocket, built to test ASAT spacecraft. ... R-7 with Sputnik 2 The R-7 Semyorka was the worlds first intercontinental ballistic missile and was deployed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War from 1959 to 1968. ... The Voskhod rocket (Russian: Восход, translated as Sunrise) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for launching Zenit reconnaissance satellites. ... The Vostok rocket (Russian Ð’Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ðº, translated as East) was a derivative of the Soviet R-7 ICBM designed for the human spaceflight programme but later used for other satellite launches. ...

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