Saint Basil's Cathedral (1555-61) is a showcase of medieval Russian architecture.

Russian architecture follows a tradition whose roots were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. After the fall of Kiev, Russian architectural history continued in the principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, and Novgorod, and the succeeding states of Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the modern Russian Federation. Download high resolution version (500x630, 175 KB)Saint Basils Cathedral, 2004-07. ... Download high resolution version (500x630, 175 KB)Saint Basils Cathedral, 2004-07. ... St. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... The Mongol Invasion of Rus was an invasion of the medieval state of Kievan Rus by a large army of nomadic Mongols, starting in 1223. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (Владимирско-Суздальская Русь), or Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy (Влади́миро-Су&#769... Medieval walls of Novgorod City The Novgorod Feudal Republic (Новгородская феодальная республика or Novgorodskaya feodalnaya respublika in Russian) was a powerful medieval state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th century. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Official language Russian Official Religion Russian Orthodox Christianity Capital Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 1914-1924) Area Approx. ...

Medieval Rus' (988–1230)

Main article: Architecture of Kievan Rus

The city of Novgorod boasts the largest number of pre-Mongolian churches.

The medieval state of Kievan Rus' was the predecessor of modern states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine and their respective cultures, including architecture. The medieval state of Kievan Rus incorporated parts of what is now Belarus, Russia and Ukraine and was centered around Kiev and Novgorod. ... Image File history File links Photo of the Saviour church at Nereditsa near Novgorod (1198), as taken in the 1960s. ... Image File history File links Photo of the Saviour church at Nereditsa near Novgorod (1198), as taken in the 1960s. ... Velikiy Novgorod (Russian: ) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia, situated on the M10(E95) federal highway connecting Moscow and St. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ...

The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state which quickly established itself was strongly influenced by the Byzantine. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood with the simplest form of church becoming known as a cell church. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of what the pagan Slavic temples should have looked like. The tenth-century Church of the Tithes was the first prominent building to be made of stone, located in Kiev. The medieval state of Kievan Rus incorporated parts of what is now Belarus, Russia and Ukraine and was centered around Kiev and Novgorod. ... Clandestine Christian communities existed in Kiev for decades before the official baptism. ... Events Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... Cell church refers to a church structure based on the regular gathering of small groups. ... The ruined Church of the Tithes in the 1650s, drawn by Abraham van Westerfeld. ...

Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1044-52), on the other hand, expressed a new style that exerted a strong influence on Russian church architecture. Its austere thick walls, small narrow windows, and helmeted cupolas have much in common with the Romanesque architecture of Western Europe. Even further departure from Byzantine models is evident in succeeding cathedrals of Novgorod: St Nicholas's (1113), St Anthony's (1117-19), and St George's (1119). The Cathedral of St Sophia in Novgorod is the oldest preserved church in Russia. ... Interior of the Saint-Saturnin church St-Sernin basilica, Toulouse, 1080 – 1120: elevation of the east end Romanesque sculpture, cloister of St. ...

Secular architecture of Kievan Rus' has scarcely survived. Up to the twentieth century, only the Golden Gates of Vladimir, despite much eighteenth-century restoration, could be regarded as an authentic monument of the pre-Mongolian period. In the 1940s, the archaeologist Nikolai Voronin discovered the well-preserved remains of Andrei Bogolyubsky's palace in Bogolyubovo, dating from 1158-65. Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... Golden Gate The Golden Gate of Vladimir (Zolotye Vorota, Russian Золотые ворота), originally a tower over the citys main gate, was built in 1158-64. ... Population 315,954 (2002) Time zone Moscow (MSK/MSD), UTC +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD) Latitude/Longitude 56°09´N 40°25´E Vladimir (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, an administrative center of Vladimir Oblast. ... Andrei Bogolyubsky (Андрей Боголюбский) (ca. ... Bogolyubovo (Russian: Боголюбово) is an urban type settlement in the Vladimir Oblast in Russia, located some 10 km northeast of Vladimir. ...

Early Muscovite period (1230–1530)

Andronikov Monastery Cathedral (1420-27).

The Mongols looted the country so thoroughly that even capitals (such as Moscow or Tver) couldn't afford new stone churches for more than half a century. Novgorod and Pskov however managed to escape the Mongol yoke, and evolved into successful commercial republics. Many dozens of medieval churches, from the twelfth century on, have been preserved in these towns. Andronnikov Minster in Moscow, now the Andrei Rublev Museum of Old Russian Art (early 15th century) The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... Andronnikov Minster in Moscow, now the Andrei Rublev Museum of Old Russian Art (early 15th century) The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... Saviour Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ... Tvers coat of arms depicts grand ducal crown placed on a throne. ... The Trinity Cathedral (1682-99) is a symbol of Pskovs former might and independence. ...

The churches of Novgorod, such as the Saviour-on-the-Ilyina-Street (1374), are steep-roofed and carved in a rough manner. Some of them contain magnificent medieval frescoes. The tiny and picturesque churches of Pskov feature many novel elements - corbel arches, church porches, exterior galleries, and bell towers. All these features were introduced by Pskov masons to Muscovy where they built numerous edifices during the fifteenth century, including the Deposition Church of the Moscow Kremlin (1462) and the Holy Spirit Church of the Holy Trinity Lavra (1476). A XIV Century fresco featuring Saint Sebastian Note: Fresco is the NATO reporting name of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. ... A traditional head-dress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan. ... A porch is an architectural feature relating to a floor-like platform structure attached to the front or back entrance of a residence. ... The Belltower at University of California, Riverside, a center piece of the campus at UC Riverside. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... The Moscow Kremlin, as seen from the Balchug. ... View of the lavra in the 1890s. ...

The fourteenth-century churches of Muscovy are sparse, and their dating is disputed. Typical monuments—found in Nikolskoe village near Ruza (1320s?) and Kolomna (1310s?)—are diminutive single-domed fortified churches built of roughly-hewn ("wild") stone and capable of withstanding brief sieges. By the time of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Zvenigorod (1399?), the Muscovite masons managed to regain the mastership of the pre-Mongolian builders and solved some of the construction problems that had puzzled their ancestors. Signature monuments of early Muscovite architecture are to be found in the Holy Trinity Lavra (1423), Savvin Monastery of Zvenigorod (1405?), and St. Andronik Monastery in Moscow (1427). Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... Ruza (Руза in Russian) is an administrative center of the Ruzsky District of the Moscow Oblast in Russia. ... Kolomna (Russian: Коломна) is an ancient Russian city, founded in 1177 on the Moskva River and Oka River. ... One of Rublevs icons from Zvenigorod. ... View of the lavra in the 1890s. ... Saviour Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ...

By the end of the fifteenth century Muscovy was so powerful a state that its prestige badly needed magnificent multi-domed buildings, on the par with pre-Mongolian cathedrals of Novgorod and Vladimir. As Russian masters were unable to build anything like it, Ivan III invited Italian masters from Florence and Venice. They reproduced ancient Vladimir structures in three large cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin, and decorated them with Italian Renaissance motives. These ambitious Kremlin cathedrals—the Dormition Cathedral, the Archangel Cathedral, and the Annunciation Cathedral—were imitated throughout Russia during the sixteenth century, with new edifices tending to be larger and more ornate than their predecessors (for example, the Hodegetria Cathedral of Novodevichy Convent, 1520s). Albus rex Ivan III Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич) (January 22, 1440 - October 27, 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a grand duke of Muscovy who first adopted a more pretentious title of the grand... Florences skyline Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) is the capital of the region of Veneto and the province of the same name in Italy. ... The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. ... Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow, in winter The Cathedral of the Dormition or Cathedral of the Assumption (in Russian, Uspensky Sobor (Успенский Собор)) is the name of several cathedrals in the world. ... The Cathedral of the Archangel (Russian: Архангельский собор, or Arkhangelsky sobor) is the name of several cathedrals in Russia. ... The Cathedral of the Annunciation (Благовещенский собор in Russian, or Blagoveschensky sobor) is a cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. ... Novodevichy convent in summer Novodevichy Convent, also known as Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery (Новодевичий монастырь, Богородице-Смоленс&#1082...

Apart from churches, many other structures date from Ivan III's reign. These include fortifications (Kitai-gorod, Kremlin towers, Ivangorod), towers (Ivan the Great Bell Tower), and palaces (the Palace of Facets, the Uglich Palace). The number and variety of extant constructions may be attributed to the fact that Italian architects persuaded Muscovites to abandon prestigious, expensive and unwieldy limestone for much cheaper and lighter brick as the principal construction material. Iverskiye Gates leading to Red Square are the only extant gates of the Kitai-gorod wall. ... The following is a list of towers of Moscow Kremlin Borovitskaya The Borovitskya Tower (Russian: Боровицкая башня) is a corner tower with a through-passage on the west side of the Kremlin. ... The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right). ... Ivan the Great Bell Tower, with Assumption Belfry on the left The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is the tallest bell tower of the Kremlin in Moscow, with a total height of 81 meters (266 feet). ... The Palace of the Facets (Грановитая Палата) is part of what is now known as the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia. ... Transfiguration cathedral in the kremlin Uglich (Russian: У́глич, pronounced ooglitch) is a historic town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, on the Volga River. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of headers and Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm and sunny countries, by sun-drying. ...

Middle Muscovite period (1530–1630)

This tent-like church at Ostrov near Moscow is considered typical for Boris Godunov's reign.

In the sixteenth century, the key development was the introduction of tented roof into brick architecture. Tent-like roof construction is thought to have originated in the Russian North, as it prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. In wooden churches (even modern ones) this type of roof has been very popular. 16th-century phallic church at Boris Godunovs estate near Moscow. ... 16th-century phallic church at Boris Godunovs estate near Moscow. ... Tsar Boris I Boris Feodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в) (c. ... The rocket-like church at Ostrov near Moscow is considered typical for Boris Godunovs reign. ...

The first ever tent-like church built in brick is the Ascension church of Kolomenskoe (1531), designed to commemorate the birth of Ivan the Terrible. Its design was prone to most unusual interpretations. Some scholars argue that tent-like roofs have something common with European gothic styles of architecture, and even tend to call this style Russian Gothic. It is likely this type of design, never found in other Orthodox countries, symbolised high ambitions of the nascent Russian state and liberation of Russian art from Byzantine canons after Constantinople's fall to the Turks. Kolomenskoye (Коломенское) is a former royal estate situated several miles to the south-east of Moscow downtown, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name). ... Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... See also Gothic art. ... Map of Constantinople. ...

Tented churches were exceedingly popular during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Two prime examples dating from his reign employ several tents of exotic shapes and colours arranged in a complicated design. These are the Church of St John the Baptist in Kolomenskoye (1547) and Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square (1561). The latter church unites nine hipped roofs in a striking circular composition. About that time, the onion domes of various shapes started to replace traditional helmet domes even on the ancient churches. Ivan IV (August 25, 1530–March 18, 1584) was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. ... Kolomenskoye (Russian/Cyrillic: Коломенское) is a former royal estate situated several miles to the south-east of Moscow downtown, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name). ... St. ... For other uses, see Red Square (disambiguation). ... Onion dome - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Late Muscovite period (1612–1712)

Patriarch Nikon's residence, the New Jerusalem Cloister, is representative of his conservative aesthetic views.

After the Time of Troubles the state and the church were bankrupt, and could not finance any construction works. The initiative was taken by rich merchants of the city Yaroslavl-on-the-Volga. In the course of the seventeenth century, they built numerous large churches of cathedral type, with five onion-like cupolas, and surrounded them with tents of bell towers and aisles. At first the churches' composition was sharply asymmetrical, with different parts balancing each other on the "scale-beam" principle (e.g., the Church of Elijah the Prophet, 1647-50). Subsequently the Yaroslavl churches were strictly symmetrical, with cupolas taller than the building itself, and amply decorated with polychrome tiles (e.g., the Church of John the Chrysostom on the Volga, 1649-54). A zenith of Volga architecture was attained in the Church of St John the Baptist (built 1671-87), the largest in Yaroslavl, with fifteen cupolas and more than five hundred magnificent frescoes. All the brick exterior of the church, from the cupolas down to the tall porches, was elaborately carved and decorated with tiles. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3268x2336, 4941 KB) Новоиерусалимский монастырь. Фото User:Unwrecker, февраль 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3268x2336, 4941 KB) Новоиерусалимский монастырь. Фото User:Unwrecker, февраль 2005. ... Nikon (Ни́кон), born Nikita Minin (1605-1681), was patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658. ... The Time of Troubles (Russian: Смутное время, Smutnoye Vremya) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last of Moscow Rurikids, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. ... A public building in Yaroslavl Yaroslavl (Russian: ) is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located 250 km north-east of Moscow at . ... For other meanings of the word Volga see Volga (disambiguation) Волга Length 3,690 km Elevation of the source 225 m Average discharge  ? m³/s Area watershed 1. ... For other uses, see cupola (disambiguation) Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and remove stale air. ... A tower containing one or more bells, typically part of a church, is a bell tower; attached to a city hall or other civil building, it is usually named belfry; the occasional free standing one may be referred to by its Italian name, campanile. ... In a modern church an aisle is thought of as a row down the middle of the church with a set of pews on each side. ... Polychrome is one of the terms used to describe the use of multiple colors in one entity. ...

The seventeenth-century Moscow churches are also profusely decorated, but their size is much smaller. Earlier in the century, the Muscovites still favoured the tent-like constructions. The chief object of their admiration was the "Miraculous" Assumption Church in Uglich (1627): it had three graceful tents placed in a row, reminiscent of three burning candles. This composition was extravagantly employed in the Hodegetria Church of Vyazma (1638) and the Nativity Church at Putinki, Moscow (1652). Assuming that such constructions ran counter with the traditional Byzantine type, the Patriarch Nikon declared them uncanonical. He encouraged building of fairy-like ecclesiatical residences, such as the Rostov Kremlin on the Nero Lake, with five tall churches, innumerable towers, palaces, and chambers. Nikon personally designed his new residence at the New Jerusalem Monastery which was dominated by a rotunda-like cathedral, the first of its type in Russia. Transfiguration cathedral in the kremlin Uglich (Russian: У́глич, pronounced ooglitch) is a historic town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, on the Volga River. ... Vyazma (Russian: ) is a town in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Vyazma River, about halfway between Smolensk and Mozhaysk, at , . Throughout its turbulent history, the city defended western approaches to the city of Moscow. ... The snow-white church with its multiple tents and azure-and-gold domes resembles a daintily carved piece of ivory. ... Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden ring. ... Nero (Не́ро) — lake in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. ... EXTERNAL LINKS Photo of New Jerusalem in May ...

One of Naryshkin churches in Moscow.

Since the tents were banned, the Muscovite architects had to replace them with successive rows of corbel arches ("kokoshniki"), and this decorative element was to become a hallmark of the seventeenth-century Moscow "fiery" style. An early example of the fiery style is the Kazan Cathedral on Red Square (1633-36). By the end of the century, more than a hundred churches in the fiery style were erected in Moscow, and perhaps as many again in the neighbouring region. Among the more splendid specimens are the Moscow churches of the Holy Trinity at Nikitniki (1653), St Nicholas at Khamovniki (1682), and the Holy Trinity at Ostankino (1692). Probably the most representative fiery style structure was the Church of St Nicholas "the Grand Cross" in the Kitai-gorod, brutally destroyed at the behest of Stalin. The church of Intercession at Fili, Moscow. ... The church of Intercession at Fili, Moscow. ... The Assumption church in Pokrovka Street, Moscow (1696-99) Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. ... Elaborately decorated classical-style stone corbels support balconies on a building in Indianapolis. ... Kazan Cathedral before its destruction in 1936 Kazan Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox church at the north east corner of Red Square in Moscow. ... The church in 1883. ... Iverskiye Gates leading to Red Square are the only extant gates of the Kitai-gorod wall. ...

As Russian architecture degenerated into pure decoration, it was also influenced by the Polish and Ukrainian Baroque. The first baroque churches were small chapels built on the Naryshkin family estates near Moscow, hence the name of Naryshkin baroque often applied to this style. Some of these churches are tower-like, with cubic and octagonal floors placed on top of each other (the Saviour Church at Ubory, 1697); others have a ladder-like composition, with a bell tower rising above church itself (the Intercession Church at Fili, 1695). The baroque and fiery style decoration is often so profuse that the church seems to be the work of jeweller and not of mason (e.g., the Trinity Church at Lykovo, 1696). Perhaps the most delightful jewel of the Naryshkin baroque was the multi-domed Assumption Church on the Pokrovka Street in Moscow (built 1696-99, demolished 1929). Its architect was also responsible for the "red and white" reconstruction of several Moscow monastic structures, notably the Novodevichy Convent and the Donskoy Monastery. The Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev is an example of Ukrainian Baroque architecture. ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... The Assumption church in Pokrovka Street, Moscow (1696-99) Naryshkin Baroque, also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. ... The Fili chuch is a prime example of the Muscovite baroque. ... Novodevichy convent in summer Novodevichy Convent, also known as Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery (Новодевичий монастырь, Богородице-Смоленс&#1082... Our Lady of the Don, by Theophanes the Greek. ...

Intercession Church at Vytegra. Fine examples of Russian wooden architecture survive on the shores of the Lake Onega, notably in Kizhi and Kondopoga.

The Baroque style quickly spread throughout Russia, gradually replacing more traditional and canonical architecture. The Stroganov merchants sponsored construction of majestic Baroque structures in Nizhny Novgorod (the Nativity Church, 1703) and in the remote tundra region (the Presentation Cathedral in Solvychegodsk, 1693). During the first decades of the eighteenth century, some remarkable Baroque cathedrals were built in the eastern towns of Kazan, Solikamsk, Verkhoturye, Tobolsk, Irkutsk, and elsewhere. Image File history File links 24-domed Intercession church on the Vytegra River was built in wood in 1708 and burnt down to the ground by accident in 1963. ... Image File history File links 24-domed Intercession church on the Vytegra River was built in wood in 1708 and burnt down to the ground by accident in 1963. ... Wooden miracle in Kizhi. ... View from space Kondopoga is a town in Karelia, Russia. ... Stroganovs or Strogonovs (Строгановы, Строгоновы in Russian), also spelled in French manner as Stroganoffs, was a family of highly successful Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, and statesmen of the 16th - 20th centuries that eventually earned nobility. ... Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: ), colloquially shortened as Nizhny and also transliterated into English as Nizhniy Novgorod or Nizhni Novgorod or Nizhnii Novgorod, is the fourth largest city of Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. ... Solvychegodsk (Сольвычегодск in Russian; literally means salt on the Vychegda River) is a small town in the Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia, located on the right bank of the Vychegda River some 25 km northeast of Kotlas. ... Kazan (Russian: ; Tatar: Qazan, Казан) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russias largest cities. ... Solikamsk is a city in Perm Oblast, Russia. ... Verkhoturye (Russian: ) is town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Tura River some 306 km north of Yekaterinburg. ... View of Tobolsk in the 1910s. ... Irkutsks location Irkutsk (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, one of the largest cities in Siberia. ...

It is also interesting traditional wooden churches by carpenters of the Russian North. Working without hammer and nails, they constructed such bizarre structures as the twenty-four-domed Intercession Church at Vytegra (1708, burnt down 1963) and twenty-two-domed Transfiguration Church at Kizhi (1714). Wooden miracle in Kizhi. ...

Imperial Russia (1712–1917)

In 1712, Peter I of Russia moved the capital from Moscow to St Petersburg, which he planned to design in the Dutch style usually called Petrine baroque. Its major monuments include the Peter and Paul Cathedral, Menshikov Palace, and the Menshikov Tower. // Events Treaty of Aargau signed between Catholic and Protestants. ... Peter was a tall figure, with an extremely striking build of 2. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Kikin Hall (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter Is reign. ... The Peter and Paul Cathedral is located inside the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. ... Menshikov in Exile Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (Александр Данилович Меншиков) (1673 – 1729) was a Russian statesman, whose official titles included Generalissimo, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire... Picture of the Menshikov Tower taken in 1882 Menshikov tower (Ìåíøèêîâà áàøíÿ) is the name given by Muscovites to the church of St. ...

During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna, the Russian architecture was dominated by a luxurious Baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli whose signature buildings include the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace, and the Smolny Cathedral. Other distinctive monuments of the Elizabethan Baroque are the bell tower of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra and the Red Gate. H.I.M. Anna Ioannovna, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias, Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna (In Russian: Анна Иоанновна) (February 7, 1693 - October 28, 1740) reigned as Duchess of Courland from 1711 to 1730 and as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. ... Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-62) Yelizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) (December 29, 1709 - January 5, 1762) was an Empress of Russia (1741 - 1762) who took the country into the War of Austrian succession (1740... Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-71) was the most important baroque architect working in Russia. ... Located between the Palace Embankment and the Palace Square, the Winter Palace (Russian: Зимний Дворец) in Saint Petersburg, Russia was built between 1754 and 1762 as the winter residence of the Russian tsars. ... This article is actively undergoing a major edit for a short while. ... View of the lavra in the 1890s. ... Red Gate in Moscow used to be a rare (admittedly the only) example of the triumphal arch built to an exuberantly baroque design. ...

Catherine the Great dismissed Rastrelli and patronized neoclassical architects invited from Scotland and Italy. Some of the most representative buildings from her reign are the Alexander Palace by Giacomo Quarenghi and the Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra by Ivan Starov. During Catherine's reign, the Russian Gothic Revival style was developed by Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov in Moscow. Catherine II (Екатерина II Алексеевна: Yekaterína II Alekséyevna, April 21, 1729 - November 6, 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka, known as Catherine the Great, reigned as empress of Russia from... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy  - Queen of the UK Queen Elizabeth II  - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP  - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification... View of the corps de logis from the cour dhonneur. ... It has been said that Quarenghi, due to his somewhat droll appearance, was the most frequently painted of architects. ... View of the monastery in the early 19th century Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the southern end of the Nevsky Prospect in St Petersburg to house the relics of Alexander Nevsky, patron saint of the newly-founded Russian capital. ... Demidov chateau in Taitsy near Gatchina, 1770s. ... Pashkov House in Moscow was designed by Vasily Bazhenov Vasili Ivanovich Bazhenov (Василий Иванович Баженов in Russian) (March 1(12), 1737 or 1738 - August 2(13), 1799) was a famous Russian architect, graphic artist, architectural theorist, and teacher. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ...

Pashkov House in Moscow typifies an urban residence of the eighteenth-century Russian nobility.

Alexander I of Russia favoured the Empire Style, as evidenced by the Kazan Cathedral, the Admiralty, the Bolshoi Theatre, St Isaac's Cathedral, and the Narva Triumphal Gates. Later, the nineteenth century saw a revival of traditional Russian architecture. The redevelopment of the centre of Moscow saw the Neo-Byzantine construction of the Great Kremlin Palace (1838-49), the Kremlin Armoury (1844-1851) and the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (1832-1883), all designed by Konstantin Ton. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x762, 169 KB) 19th-century postcard of Pashkov House overlooking the Moscow Kremlin. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x762, 169 KB) 19th-century postcard of Pashkov House overlooking the Moscow Kremlin. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ... Aleksandr I Pavlovich (Russian: Александр I Павлович) (December 23, 1777–December 1, 1825), was Emperor of Russia from March 23, 1801–December 1, 1825 and King of Poland from 1815–1825, as well as the first Grand Duke of Finland. ... 19th-century view of the Kazan Cathedral in St. ... Old Admiralty House, Whitehall, London, Thomas Ripley, architect, 1723-26, was not admired by his contemporaries and earned him some scathing couplets from Alexander Pope The Admiralty was historically the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. ... Theatre Square in Moscow. ... Saint Isaacs Cathedral - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Narva Triumphal Arch, in St Petersburg, commemorates the Russian victory over Napoleon (from a postcard). ... Grand Kremlin Palace is famous for its obscenely lavish interiors. ... The Armory (Оружейная палата in Russian), one of the oldest museums of Moscow, located in the Kremlin. ... View of the cathedral in 1905 The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Russian: Храм Христа Спасителя) is the largest Orthodox church in the world. ... Annunciation church in St. ...

Post Revolution (1917-1932)

Main article: Constructivist architecture

In the first year of Soviet Power, all of the architects who refused to emigrate as well as the new generation denounced any features of classical heritage in their works and started to propagate formalism. The most influential of all Revivalist themes. Giant plans were drawn for massive cities with technical advances. The most ambitious of all was Tower of the Third Internationale planned in 1919 by Vladimir Yevgrafovich Tatlin (1885-1953). Which was to be a construction around a tilted central axis with rotating glass chambers. Although the idea was indeed engineeringly impossible, it was set as a basis for future architects of the new Constructivist architecture in Russia and indeed abroad. Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... It has been suggested that Great Awakening be merged into this article or section. ... Model of the Monument to the Third International Tatlin’s Tower, or the Monument to the Third International, was a grand monumental building envisioned and blueprinted by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, but never built. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ...

One of the most important priorities in post-revolutionary period was a mass reconstruction of cities. In 1918 Alexey Shchusev (1873-1949) founded the Architectural Workshop for the Moscow Soviet (VKhUTEMAS), where the complex planning of Moscow's reconstruction as a new Soviet capital took place. In 1919 Petrograd saw a similar Soviet set up and headed by the famous architect Ivan Fomin (1872-1936). Other cities followed suit, and the results of the work carried out there were to make dramatic changes in tradition Russian city layout. The first large scale development templates generalny plan were drawn there. Effectively the whole city was planned as a series of new wide avenues, massive public structures, liquidation of worker quarters and turning them into proper housing with heating and sanitation. Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Russian: ) (September 26, 1873, Kishinev—May 24, 1949, Moscow) was an acclaimed Russian architect whose works may be regarded as a bridge connecting Revivalist architecture of Imperial Russia with Stalins Empire Style. ... VKhUTEMAS (Russian acronym for Higher State Art and Technical Workshops) was the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, and dissolved in 1930. ...

Lenin's Mausoleum remains the best example of post revolution architecture in Russia

It was in Petrograd that in 1917-19 the first example of the new style was erected on the Field of Mars consisting of a monument designed by Lev Rudnev (1886-1956) Strugglers of the Revolution. This complex consisted of a series of laconic and expressive granite monoliths, and became the focal point of further development in Soviet sculptural and memorial architecture. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x800, 480 KB) Summary Lenins tomb, Red Square, Moscow, 2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1200x800, 480 KB) Summary Lenins tomb, Red Square, Moscow, 2005. ... Rumyantsev Obelisk used to grace the Field of Mars until 1818, when it was moved to its present location on Vasilievsky Island. ... Lev Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev (Russian: ; 13 March 1885 [O.S. 1 March]-November 19, 1956) was a Russian architect, representant of the Stalinist architecture. ...

However the most famous construction of this time was indeed Lenin's Mausoleum the author of which was Alexey Shchusev. Originally a temporary wooden structure stood, topped with a pyramid, with two attachments for entrance and departure. However in 1930 the present building was erected with the monolithic composition. The combination of dark red and black labradorite punctuated the slenderness and precision of the construction. Lenins Tomb, with wall of the Kremlin and the former Soviet Parliament building behind An entrance to Lenins Mausoleum Lenins Mausoleum, also known as Lenins Tomb, situated in Red Square in Moscow, is the mausoleum that serves as the final resting place of Vladimir Lenin. ... Labradorite, a feldspar mineral, is a member of the plagioclase series. ...

The massive development of technological processes and materials also influenced on the constuctivist elements in structure design. During the erection of the Volkhov Hydroelectric Station (1918-26, architects O.Munts and V.Pokrovsky), the traditional outlines on the window arches is still used (despite concrete being employed in construction). However the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (1927-32) which was built by the collective of architects headed by Viktor Vesnin (1882-1950) took an innovative decision that had a curved dam with a rhythmic pattern of foundations. The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DnieproGES) is the largest hydroelectric power station in Ukraine and one of the largest in Europe. ...

Zuyev Club in Moscow

A large role in the architectural life of 1920s Russia was played by creative unions, one of which that was formed in 1923, was the Association of New Architects (Asnova), which put forward an idea of synthesisng architecture and other creative arts in the way that building gained an almost sculptural external impression, these were to serve as visual points for orientation of a human in space. Members of Asnova also developed the first designs of Moscow's skyscrapers, none of which were realised at the time (1923-1926). Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (949x1381, 212 KB) Uploaded from ru-wiki [1]. Originally uploaded by Zina Korzina. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (949x1381, 212 KB) Uploaded from ru-wiki [1]. Originally uploaded by Zina Korzina. ...

Another new creation that came from post-revolutionary Russia was a new type of public buildings such as Worker's club or Palace of Culture. These became a new focus for architects, who used the visual expression of large elements blended with industrial motifs. The most famous of these was the Zuyev Club (1927-29) in Moscow. Designed by Ilya Golosov (1883-1945), whose composition relied on the dynamical contrast of simple shapes, planes, complete walls and glazed surfaces. Palace of Culture was the name for major club-houses in the former Soviet Union. ... Zuev Workers Club, 1926 Ilya Alexandrovich Golosov (born 1883, Moscow - died 1945, Moscow) was a Russian Constructivist architect and brother of Panteleimon Golosov. ...

The symbolical expression of construction became the showpiece in works designed by Konstantin Melnikov (1890-1974), and in particular was the Rusakov Workers' Club in Moscow. Visually the building resembles resembles a part of a gear and each of the three cantilevered concrete "teeth" is an individual balcony hall that could be used individually, yet when necessary, would open into a larger central auditorium. The sharpness of the volumetric composition and the "transition" of internal space (often called by Melnikov himself as a "tensed muscle" made it one of the most important structures of Soviet Architecture. One of buildings designed by Melnikov Konstantin Stepanovitch Melnikov (Russian Константин Степанович Мельников; July 22 (August 3) 1890, Moscow - November 28, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian architect and major figure member of the Constructivist avant-garde in the early 20th century. ... Rusakov club by Konstantin Melnikov The Rusakov Workers Club in Moscow is a notable example of constructivist architecture. ...

Post-war Soviet Union

Main article: Stalinist Architecture

When completed, the Moscow State University was the tallest building in Europe.

Stalinist architecture put a premium on conservative monumentalism. In the 1930's, there was rapid urbanisation as a result of Stalin's policies. There was an international competition to build the Palace of the Soviets in Moscow in that decade. Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 170 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and arguably the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ...

After 1945, the focus was on rebuilding the buildings destroyed in World War II but also erecting new ones: seven high-rise buildings were built at symbolic points in Moscow's space. The building of Moscow University (1948-1953) by Lev Rudnev and associates is particularly notable for its use of space. Another notable example is the Exhibition Centre in Moscow which was built for the second All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) in 1954, that featured a series of pavilions each decorated in the style of the feature that they represent. The other famous examples are the stations of the Moscow Metro and Saint Petersburg Metro's that were built during the 1940s and 1950s are world famous for their extravagant designs and vivid decorations. In general the Stalinist architecture completely changed the way many post-war cities look, and mostly survive to this day in central avenues and public buildings. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... The apartment building on Kotyelnicheskaya Nabyerezhnaya (Котельническая набережная) in Moscow. ... Moscow State University campus M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Московский Государственный Университет име&#1085... Lev Rudnev Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev (Russian: ; 13 March 1885 [O.S. 1 March]-November 19, 1956) was a Russian architect, representant of the Stalinist architecture. ... Exhibition grounds feature numerous fountains. ... A current official map of the Moscow Metro. ... Official map The Saint Petersburg Metro (Russian: ) is an underground rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ...

However after the death of Stalin in 1953, the social and political changes literally turned the country over. The construction priorities were too affected and as were the architecture. In 1955, Nikita Khrushchev faced with the problem of the slow paced construction of housing, called for drastic measures to accelarate the process, and this involved developing new more mass-productive technologies and removing "decorative extras" from the buildings. 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (Russian: ; IPA: ); surname more accurately romanized as Khrushchyov; April 17, 1894 [O.S. April 5]–September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ...

Compare the two towers of the Gagarin Square intersection, the orginal project was to have them be identical, but note how the "struggle with decorative extras" affected the one on the right

Effectively this put an end to the Stalinist Architecture, however as the transition was slow, most of the existing projects, that were in plan or even started to be built by 1955 were directly affected, the result was at times complete squares becoming unsymmetric. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1134 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Russian architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1134 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Russian architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to...

The most famous of which took place in the post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian capital Kiev where the planned Kreschatik avenue along with its central square Ploschad Kalinina were to form a single rich space enclosed by Stalinist constructions. However, as the buildings enclosing the latter were in process of completion, under direct orders, the architects were forced to alter them, and as a result the whole ensemble was left unfinished until only the early 1980s. In particular was Hotel Ukrayina, that was to crown the square which was originally to look similar to one of Moscow's "Seven sisters", was left as a solid shape without the top spire or any of the rich external decoration. Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... Kreschatyk in the early 1980s Khreschatyk (Ukrainian: , Russian: ) is probably the best-known street in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. ... Maidan Nezalezhnosti (literally: Independence Square ) is a main square in Kyiv, capital city of Ukraine. ... Hotel Ukrayina (Ukrainian: , Russian: ) is a three-star Hotel in central Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. ... The apartment building on Kotyelnicheskaya Nabyerezhnaya (Котельническая набережная) in Moscow. ...

Nevertheless, as the buildings became more square and simple, they brought with them a new style fueled by the Space Age- functionality. The State Kremlin Palace is a merit to an earlier attempt to make a bridge between the rapidly changing styles as dictated by the state. The Ostankino Tower is more of symbolism of technological advances and future. Frontal Façade The State Kremlin Palace (Russian: ), formerly and unofficially still better known as the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (Кремлёвский Дворец съездов), is a large modern building inside the Moscow Kremlin. ... The Ostankino tower seen from a distance. ...

White House in Moscow

In terms of simpler buildings, then 1960s are mostly remembered for their massive housing plans. A new typical project was developed using nothing but concrete panels to make a simple 5-storey house. These Pyatietazhki became the most dominant housing constructions. Although rapidelly built, the quality was in nothing compared to earlier housing and their almost identical look contributed to the grey and dull stereotype of socialist cities. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 560 KB) Image restored at en (deleted per copyvio, then cleared via OTRS ticket 2006101110004721 and released under CC-by-sa since its free, I decided to move it to commons as well White House, Moscow Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x768, 560 KB) Image restored at en (deleted per copyvio, then cleared via OTRS ticket 2006101110004721 and released under CC-by-sa since its free, I decided to move it to commons as well White House, Moscow Source: http://www. ...

As the 1970s opened, Leonid Brezhnev allowed more choice to the architects, soon housing of varying calibres were opened. Slowly the flat blocks gained height in floors and in external decoration, large mosaics on their side became a feature. In almost all cases these were built not as standalone constructions, but part of a large estate (housing massif) that soon became a central feature of Socialist cities. Public buildings were built with varying themes. Some, like the White House of Russia made direct connections with earlier 1950s architecture, with white marble faced exterior and large bas-reliefs on the wings. 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1970 calendar). ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Russian: ; January 1, 1907 [O.S. December 19, 1906] – November 10, 1982) was the effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, at first in partnership with others. ... White house of Russia under siege The White House of Russia, also known as the Russian White House, is a government building in Moscow that housed the Soviet Unions Congress of Peoples Deputies and Supreme Soviet until the crisis of 3 October 1993 when an uprising lead to...

The rising skyscrapers of Moscow-City framed against the Stalinist Seven Sisters form todays skyline of the capital

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x647, 187 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Russian architecture Moscow-City Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1000x647, 187 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Russian architecture Moscow-City Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner... The planned Moscow-City. ... The apartment building on Kotyelnicheskaya Nabyerezhnaya (Котельническая набережная) in Moscow. ...

Modern Russia

As the Soviet Union fell apart many of its projects were put on hold, and some cancelled altogether. However for the first time, there was no longer any control over what theme or how high a building should be. As a result, and with generally improving financial conditions, architecture blossomed in unbelieving rates. For the first time modern methods of skyscraper buildings were implemented and resulted in an ambitious business centre being built in Moscow Moscow-City. In other cases architects returned to the most successful designs, particularly Stalinist architecture which resulted in buildings like Triumph Palace in Moscow. The planned Moscow-City. ... Triumph palace and the typical Soviet block of flats Triumph-Palace, view from Peschanaya Street Triumph-Palace is the name of an apartment building in Moscow. ...

See also

• Stalinist architecture
• Constructivist architecture
• Palace of Soviets
• Latvian Academy of Sciences
• Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw
• Warsaw Palace of Culture and Science

Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... Categories: Buildings in Moscow | Soviet Union | Stub ... Latvian Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the countrys foremost scientists. ... Photograph of Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Warsaw shortly after completion in 1912. ... Palace of Culture and Science The Palace of Culture and Science (Pałac Kultury i Nauki, PKiN) in Warsaw (geographical coordinates: 52°1354N and 21°0023E) is a controversial gift from the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to the people of Warsaw in Poland. ...

References

• "Architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia" in Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropedia) vol. 13, 15th ed., 2003, p. 921.
• William Craft Brumfield, Landmarks of Russian Architecture: A Photographic Survey. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1997
• John Fleming, Hugh Honour, Nikolaus Pevsner. "Russian Architecture" in The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 5th ed., [1966] 1998, pp. 493–498, London: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-88017-5.
• Russian art and architecture, in The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–05.
• Encyclopædia BritannicaWestern architecture retrieved 12 August 2005
• About.com feature on Russian architecture retrieved 12 August 2005
• Grove Art Online articles on Russian architecture Oxford University Press 2005 retrieved 12 August
• Russian Life July/August 2000 Volume 43 Issue 4 "Faithful Reproduction" an interview with Russian architecture expert William Brumfield on the rebuilding of Christ the Saviour Cathedral

Further reading

• William Craft Brumfield, A History of Russian Architecture. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, [1993] 2004. ISBN 0-295-98393-0

External links

• (Russian) Russian photosite of Orthodox architecture
• (Russian) Russian society of arhitects
• (English) The William C. Brumfield Collection, part of Meeting of Frontiers: Siberia, Alaska, and the American West
• (Ukrainian) "Architectural links between Ukraine and Russia" by Igor Grabar