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The Nazi inscription reads: "The Russian must die so that we may live" (1941)

Anti-Russian sentiment covers a wide spectrum of dislikes or fears of Russia, Russians, or Russian culture, including Russophobia. In modern international politics the term "Russophobia"^{[citation needed]} is also used more specifically to describe clichés preserved from the times of the Cold War. ^[1] Many prejudices, often introduced as elements of political war against the Soviet Union, are still observed in the discussions of the relations with Russia. The Russian culture is rooted in the early East Slavic culture. ... International relations (IR) is an academic and public policy field, a branch of political science, dealing with the foreign policy of states within the international system, including the roles of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... For with(out) prejudice in law, see Prejudice (law). ...

History

Dislike of Russians is sometimes a backlash of the policy of Russification in the times of Imperial Russia and Soviet Union and, a backlash of the policies of modern Russian government^{[citation needed]}. However, some authors assert^{[citation needed]} that Russophobia has a long tradition and already existed many centuries before Russia became one of the major powers in Europe. Backlash has meaning in both socio-political and engineering contexts. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in a framework of a federal presidential republic, whereby the President of Russia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Some^{[attribution needed]} even find Russophobic motivations in the concept of Prometheism, brought by Polish chief of state Józef Piłsudski.^{[citation needed]} Prometheism (Polish: Prometeizm) was a political project initiated by Polands Józef PiÅ‚sudski. ... Office Chief of State, Marshal of Poland Term of office from November 14, 1918 until December 9, 1922 Profession Statesman Political party none (see Sanacja for details), formerly PPS Spouse Maria PiÅ‚sudska Aleksandra PiÅ‚sudska Date of birth December 5, 1867 Place of birth Zułów, in todays...

During the 19th century the competition with Russia for the spheres of influence and colonies (see e.g. The Great Game and Berlin Congress) was a possible reason for the Russophobia in Great Britain where British propaganda of the time portrayed Russians as uncultivated Asiatic barbarians. ^[2] These views spread to other parts of the world and are frequently reflected in literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^{[citation needed]} Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Central Asia, circa 1848. ... Prompted in 1878 by Otto von Bismarck to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, the Congress of Berlin proposed and ratified the Treaty of Berlin. ... Soviet Propaganda Poster during the World War II. The text reads Red Army Fighter, SAVE US! Chinese propaganda poster from during the Cultural Revolution. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

Although Russia had no interest in the dissolution of Austria-Hungary^{[citation needed]}, as confirmed by the decisive Russian action during of the Hungarian uprising of 1849^{[citation needed]}, it promoted the idea of Pan-Slavism for its political purposes. This resulted in enmity of Austria-Hungary towards eastern orientation of many of its Slavic constituents in the second half of the 19th century. The elites began to see Russia as a threat and an enemy of Austro-Hungarian multi-ethnic empire. The public opinion became even more radicalised and Russophobic, as the common anti-Russian stereotypes fell onto a fertile ground.^{[citation needed]} Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic people. ...

In the 1930s, Adolf Hitler attempted to strengthen the Russophobe stereotypes with his racial theory of subhumans, in part to rationalize and justify the German invasion of Russia and the atrocities committed against its populace. Year 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hitler redirects here. ... For the 1996 Blur single, see Stereotypes (song). ... Untermensch (German for under man, sub-man, sub-human; plural: Untermenschen) is a term from Nazi racial ideology used to describe inferior people, especially the masses from the East, that is Jews, Gypsies, Soviet Bolshevists, and anyone else who was not an Aryan (i. ...

"Need, hunger, lack of comfort have been a lot of Russians for centuries. No false compassion, as their stomaches are perfectly extensible. Don't try to impose the German standards and to change their style of life. Their only wish is to be ruled by the Germans. Help yourselves, and the God will help you!" ("12 precepts for the German officer in the East", 1941) ^[3]

The history of the domination or direct control of the USSR over Eastern European countries has often contributed to Russophobia there^{[citation needed]}. Some people of Eastern Europe blame the repression during the Stalin era and economy stagnation afterwards on Russians in general and often on the local Russian population. That, according to the multiple decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, causes violations of the human rights of the Russian minorities residing in those countries. Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by... When a government violates national or international law related to the protection of human rights, this is termed a human rights violation. ...

It is difficult to draw a distinction from a casual xenophobia, observable for any two peoples living side by side or even intermixed and historically involved in armed conflicts.^{[citation needed]} Also it might not be always easy to separate actions unpopular in Russia caused by rational political concerns of its neighbors from the actions caused by an irrational Russophobia. The opinions on these matters are highly subjective and may vary a great deal between different historians. Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Religious aspects

One of the sources of alleged Russophobia in the West is associated with religious aspects^{[citation needed]}. The Roman Catholic Church has led a number of efforts aimed at gaining control of East European territory and converting its inhabitants to Roman Catholicism for many centuries since the East-West Schism (1054) (see the Northern Crusades of the Teutonic Knights and Polonization for example). Eastern Orthodox Christians were sometimes vilified as heathens and heretics, and Orthodoxy itself labeled backwards and barbarian^[4]. In fact, Constantinople, the seat of Christian Orthodoxy, was mercilessly sacked by fellow Christians, soldiers of the Fourth Crusade on April 13, 1204. The legacy of the Fourth Crusade was the deep sense of betrayal the Latins had instilled in their Greek co-religionists. With the events of 1204, the schism between the Catholic West and Orthodox East was complete. As an epilogue to the event, Pope Innocent III, the man who had launched the expedition, thundered against the crusaders thus: "You vowed to liberate the Holy Land but you rashly turned away from the purity of your vow when you took up arms not against Saracens but Christians… The Greek Church has seen in the Latins nothing other than an example of affliction and the works of Hell, so that now it rightly detests them more than dogs". Various Religious symbols, including (first row) Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Bahai, (second row) Islamic, tribal, Taoist, Shinto (third row) Buddhist, Sikh, Hindu, Jain, (fourth row) Ayyavazhi, Triple Goddess, Maltese cross, pre-Christian Slavonic Religion is the adherence to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      As a Christian ecclesiastical... For the later Papal Schism in Avignon, see Western Schism. ... Events Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each others excommunication. ... The Teutonic knights in Pskov in 1240. ... For the historical novel, see The Teutonic Knights (novel). ... Polonization (Polish: ) is the assumption (complete or partial), of the Polish language or another real or supposed Polish attribute. ... ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... Pope Innocent III (c. ...

Anti-Orthodox attitudes are still prevalent today^{[citation needed]} among some believers of the Our Lady of Fatima miracle of 1917, according to which an apparition of the Virgin Mary instructed: "If my requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred; the Holy Father will have much to suffer; various nations will be annihilated." Our Lady of Fatima Our Lady of Fatima (pron. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar (see: 1917 Julian calendar). ... The term Virgin Mary has several different meanings: Mary, the mother of Jesus, the historical and multi-denominational concept of Mary Blessed Virgin Mary, the Roman Catholic theological and doctrinal concept of Mary Marian apparitions shrines to the Virgin Mary Virgin Mary in Islam, the Islamic theological and doctrinal concept...

Northern Caucasus

Russophobia in the North Caucasus traces its roots to the 17th century when the Terek Cossacks first came in contact with the local natives, followed by the prolonged conquest of the region by the Russian Empire during the 19th century and then the Stalinist deportations of the indigenous peoples. However in the late 20th century, with the collapse of Russian authority, the Russophobia resulted in incidents of persecution and ethnic cleansing of against the ethnic Russian population.^{[citation needed]} North Caucasus in Russia The North Caucasus (sometimes referred to as Ciscaucasia or Ciscaucasus) is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Terek Cossack Host (Russian: ) was a cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks resettled from Volga to Terek River. ... Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success A Scene from the Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of... Anthem God Save the Tsar! The Russian Empire in 1914 Capital Moscow Language(s) Russian Religion Russian Orthodoxy Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1721–1725 Peter the Great  - 1894–1917 Nicholas II History  - Accession of Peter I May 7, 1682 NS, April 27, 1682 OS²  - Empire proclaimed October 22, 1721 NS, October... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... Look up Persecution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ethnic cleansing refers to various policies or practices aimed at the displacement of an ethnic group from a particular territory in order to create a supposedly ethnically pure society. ...

Worst affected was the Russian minority of Chechnya: in the 1989 census, the Russians accounted for approximately a quarter of the population,^[5] and from 1989 to 1994, as many as 300,000 people of non-Chechen ethnicity (mostly Russians, but also a notable Armenian and Ukrainian minority) were forcefully evicted from Chechnya, and an unknown number were murdered or disappeared.^[6] Many were also kidnapped, and even slave-trade was reported (the earliest known example was Vladimir Yepishin held since 1989).^[7] The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... Year 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic group, not Chechen meaning citizens of Chechnya. ... The Chechen Republic (IPA: ; Russian: , Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: , Noxçiyn Respublika), or, informally, Chechnya (; Russian: ; Chechen: , Noxçiyçö), sometimes referred to as Ichkeria, Chechnia, Chechenia or Noxçiyn, is a federal subject of Russia. ... Slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...

It is however difficult to say which of the acts of murder or kidnapping were examples of Russophobia and which were cases of crimes with no ideological background. Some observers also argue that most of anti-Russian sentiments should be seen in the wider context of the Chechen conflict, at the same time there has been a general emigration from all the North Caucasus republics, although none have shown such a drastic drop in the ethnic Russian population as do figures for Chechnya and neighbouring Ingushetia. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

At the same time, the approach to the ethnic Russian problem by the North Caucasus republics is indeed very different. The official Republic of Chechnya chooses to bypass the question altogether. However, the neighbouring Republic of Ingushetia, has a completely different approach. The impoverished republic actively encouraged people to return and help rebuild the infrastructure damaged by the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in 1992 and more than a decade of disrepair. However, as the security situation remains tight, so far little progress took place; on June 9, 2006 Galina Gubina, Ingushetian administrator in charge of a programme to encourage the return of ethnic Russians, died after she was attacked by a group of armed men. The Chechen Republic (Russian: Чеченская Республика; Chechen: Нохчийн Республика/Noxçiyn Respublika), also known as Chechnya (Russian: &#1063... The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия; Ingush: Гiалгiай Мохк) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Ossetian-Ingush conflict - armed conflict between Ossetian and Ingush people in Prigorodny District, region of North Ossetia-Alania, started in 1992. ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

Attitude towards Russia and Russians by countries

The attitude towards Russia and Russians in many former Soviet countries remains negative. Political blocks such as GUAM were created to limit Russian influence in the ex-Soviet republics.^{[citation needed]} Experts estimate that more than 4 million ethnic Russians have immigrated to Russia from other former Soviet republics in 1990s.^[8] For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

In the October of 2004, the International Gallup Organization announced that according to its poll,^[9] anti-Russian sentiment remained fairly strong throughout Europe and the West in general. It found that Russia was the least popular G-8 country globally. The percentage of population with a negative perception of Russia was 62% in Finland, 42% in the Czech Republic and Switzerland, 37% in Germany, 32% in Denmark and Poland, 23% in Estonia. However, according to the poll, the people of Kosovo had the lowest opinion of Russia: 73% of Kosovar respondents said their opinion was "very negative" or "fairly negative". Overall, the percentage of respondents with a positive view of Russia was only 31%. shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Gallup poll is an opinion poll frequently used by the mass media for representing public opinion. ... The percent sign. ... Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë or Kosova, Serbian: Косово и Метохија, transliterated Kosovo i Metohija; also Космет, transliterated Kosmet) is a province in southern Serbia which has been under United Nations administration since 1999. ...

Azerbaijan

Many Azerbaijanis resent Russians because of Russia's support for Armenians during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.^{[citation needed]} This further fueled by the systematic persecution of Caucasus-originated migrants in Moscow and other Russian cities.[1], [2], [3], [4] Combatants Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh1 Republic of Armenia 2 CIS mercenaries Republic of Azerbaijan Afghan Mujahideen 3 Chechen Volunteers 4 CIS mercenaries Commanders Samvel Babayan, Hemayag Haroyan, Monte Melkonian, Vazgen Sarkisyan, Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan Ä°sgandar Hamidov, Suret Huseynov, Rahim Gaziev, Shamil Basayev Casualties ~6,000 dead, 20,000 wounded ~17...

Baltic States

Main article: Baltic Russians

All Baltic States consider their past annexation by the Soviet Union to be an act of illegal occupation,^[10][11] while the Russian government considers it to have been neither illegal nor an occupation.^[12] Baltic Russians are ethnic Russians who live in the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The Baltic states refer to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ...

The consequences of World War II for the Baltic countries has been a very controversial issue and one that remains a high point in the society of the Baltic states^{[citation needed]}. It could be summarised by the Latvian president Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, who, in a televised interview, when questioned about the Soviet World War II veterans, remarked: "Of course we cannot change the opinion of those elderly Russians, who on May 9 [(see Victory in Europe Day#Red Army and Eastern Europe)] will strip vobla on a newspaper, drink vodka and sing chastushki, whilst recalling how they heroically conquered the Baltic countries."^[13] Vaira VÄ«Ä·e-Freiberga (left) with Condoleezza Rice Dr. Vaira VÄ«Ä·e-Freiberga (born December 1, 1937 in Riga, Latvia) is the current and first female President of Latvia. ... Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall on the day he broadcast to the nation that the war with Germany had been won, 8 May 1945. ... Vobla (also spelt vobbla, wobla, or wobbla) is a Russian food made of fish which has been salt-dried for several weeks. ... Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka Shatsk, Russia Vodka is one of the worlds most consumed distilled beverages. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

On September 30, 2004 the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation published a report, which contended, that Russia, as the legal successor to the Soviet Union, is entitled to compensation for having vacated the three Baltic states. The compensation claim extend to military property that remained there after Russian troops withdrew. ^[14][15] In turn, Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus claimed conversely that "we can submit claims for the broken lives, the destroyed state, the material losses we suffered . . . . If anyone were to make compensation claims, it would be us presenting a bill for the entire occupation period."^[15] The compensation claims were also discussed in Latvia^[16], however, no claims are presented. is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... President Valdas Adamkus Valdas Adamkus (born Valdemaras Adamkevičius on November 3, 1926) is the current President of the Republic of Lithuania. ...

Estonia and Latvia denied automatic citizenship to Soviet-time migrants upon the break-up of the Soviet Union and restoring their independence. They passed citizenship laws on the basis of legal continuity of statehood of the Baltic States, thus granting automatic acquisition of citizenship only according to the principle of jus sanguinis for the persons who held citizenship before 16 June 1940 and their descendants. Although this included several minorities, it left a great number of Soviet-time migrants, mostly ethnic Russians, without automatic citizenship. Such immigrants generally can naturalise, though, provided they pass tests on important republic laws and local language. Some Russians see this as an act of discrimination, likening it to apartheid.^[17][18] Several bills viewed as unfavourable to the ethnic Russian minority passed in Latvia, including a 2004 law restricting the teaching in Russian language in Russian-language state-funded schools to only 40% of the curriculum time, despite wide public protests.^[19] Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ... -1... The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 treaty establishing the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Russian School Defense Staff or Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools (Russian: Штаб защиты русских школ; Latvian Krievu skolu aizstāvÄ«bas Å¡tābs) — movement in Latvia for protection of public secondary education in Russian. ...

Georgia

Main article: Georgian-Russian relations

Many Georgians^{[citation needed]} see the Russian government as the ultimate culprit behind the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict‎ and the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, where Russians, albeit indirectly, backed the separatist regimes.^[20] In this case frequent scandals have arisen at the international level. Recently this attitude towards Russians was further fueled in 2006 after Russia broke diplomatic relations with Georgia and started deporting Georgian citizens. On 27 March 2007, Georgia filed an interstate lawsuit with the European Court of Human Rights over the alleged cases of violations of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the course of the deportation of Georgian citizens from Russia in autumn of 2006. Russia described this as a "new unfriendly step taken against Russia".^[21] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Abkhaz separatists Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Russian Cossacks Russian Forces1 Georgian Interior and Defense Ministry forces Paramilitary groups and volunteer batallions Commanders Iysuph Soslanbekov, Musa Shanibov, Shamil Basaev, Beslan Barghandjia, Anri Djergenia Geno Adamia, Guram Gubelashvili, Gia Kharkharashvili, Davit Tevzadze, Soso Akhalaia Casualties ~2,500-4... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Separatism is a term usually applied to describe the attitudes or motivations of those seeking independence or separation of their land or region from the country that governs them. ... Russian officers arrested on charges of espionage paraded in Tbilisi before being handed over to the OSCE The 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy began when the Government of Georgia arrested four Russian officers on charges of espionage, on September 27, 2006. ... March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... European Court of Human Rights building in Strasbourg The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the Strasbourg Court, was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by... The European Convention on Human Rights (1950) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe† to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. ...

Ukraine

Modern Anti-Russian poster in Lviv, Western Ukraine. The Ukrainian text reads: "Remember! Profanity turns you into a Moskal. In Russia, they do not use profanity for cursing, they use profanity for speaking." The usage of the term Moskal in Ukraine in modern context is an ethnic slur referring to the Russians in general. The poster was issued by a marginal political party "SVOBODA", that gained only 0.36% of electoral support in the last elections. ^[22]

According to a long-term survey by Institute of Sociology of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, the overall population of the country, excluding the Ukrainians from diaspora, has a similar attitude towards Russians as towards ethnic Ukrainians.^[23] On the other hand, the 2000 survey of the Lviv Oblast showed that the population of the region has a more negative attitude towards Russia (20%) (cf. 23% of negative attitude towards Ukraine in Russia ^[24]) and Belarus (12%) than to other countries.^[25] Another survey showed that in 2005, compared to the rest of the population, the the population of Western Ukraine, Kiev and Kiev Oblast had a less positive attitude towards Russia. ^[26] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 426 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (568 × 800 pixel, file size: 107 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Modern Anti-Russian poster in Lviv, Western Ukraine. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 426 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (568 × 800 pixel, file size: 107 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)Modern Anti-Russian poster in Lviv, Western Ukraine. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Moskal is a common surname in Central and Eastern Europe. ... The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are, or have been, used to refer to members of a given ethnicity (or in some cases, nationality, region, or religion) in a derogatory or pejorative manner. ... The National Academy of Science of Ukraine is the highest state research organization in Ukraine. ... Lviv Oblast is an oblast of western Ukraine, created on December 4, 1939. ... Western Ukraine (Західно-українська Народна Республіка, West-Ukrainian Peoples Republic) was a short-lived republic that existed in late... Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted Coordinates: , Country Ukraine Oblast Kiev City Municipality Raion Municipality Government  - Mayor Leonid Chernovetskyi Elevation 179 m (587 ft) Population (2005)  - City 3,950,968  - Density 3,299/km² (8,544. ... Kiev Oblast (also Kyiv Oblast, Ukrainian: ) is an oblast (province) in central Ukraine. ...

Vandalized house of Russian Cultural Center in Lviv

After Viktor Yanukovych in the 2004 presidential campaign promised to make Russian an official language of Ukraine, a group of twelve Ukrainophone writers supporting Viktor Yushchenko wrote an open letter claiming that "Yanukovych promises to give the language of low-standard pop music and thieves' cant the absurd status of a 'second official language'".^{[27] [28]} Later, one of the writers explained that the phrase "the language of low-standard pop music and thieves' cant" does not refer to Russian language, but rather to the slang spoken by "a certain political force". He also pointed out that they were trying to defend the rights of Russian-speaking people in Ukraine to have a "true Russian culture".^[29] However, Yanukovych never mentioned any intentions to give official status to thieves' cant, so the clarification does not explain the initial statement. Viktor Yushchenko expressed his gratitude and respect to this group of writers.^[30] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... St. ... Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) (born on July 9, 1950 in Yenakiieve, Donetsk Oblast) is the Prime Minister of Ukraine. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ukrainian is an East Slavic language, one of three members of this language group, the other two being Russian and Belarusian. ... Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian:  ) (born February 23, 1954) is the current President of Ukraine. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Fenya or Fenka is a Russian cant language used among criminals. ...

According to the Kiev Institute of Sociological Research and Conflictology, whose director Mykhailo Pohrebynskyi supported Viktor Yanukovych during the presidential elections in 2004^[31], "Our Ukraine", "Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc", and other Ukrainian right-wing parties (i.e. the rivals of Yanukovych's Party of Regions) struggle for the support of "anti-Russian attitude" voters.^[32] Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) (born on July 9, 1950 in Yenakiieve, Donetsk Oblast) is the Prime Minister of Ukraine. ... Bloc logo in the 2006 campaign. ... Ukrainian Party of Regions emblem The Party of Regions ( Ukrainian: , Russian: ) is a Ukrainian political party created in March 2001. ...

At the same time some Ukrainian citizens, mostly in the East and South of the country, would like to a see a more Russophile attitude of the government, ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union.^[33] Russophilia is the love of Russia and/or Russians. ...

Turkmenistan

Main article: Human rights in Turkmenistan

The Turkmen government's decision to cancel a dual-citizenship agreement with Russia in 2003 caused thousands of ethnic Russians to leave Turkmenistan, or to face losing property.^[34] Many of those fleeing reportedly feared being trapped in a state which has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens. According to reports, those who did get out, were regarded as "lucky".^[35] Those without Russian passports may be forced to become Turkmens, and fear that they may never be able to come back to Russia again.^[35] The human rights situation in Turkmenistan, an authoritarian state, remains extremely poor. ... Multiple citizenship is simultaneous citizenship in two or more countries (whether it is recognized by all countries or not). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... For other types of travel document, see Travel document. ...

For these who remained, estimated at around 100,000, all Soviet-time diplomas, certificates and other official documents that were issued outside the Turkmen SSR had their status nullified, effectively limiting drastically the people's access to work. At the same time, universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians.^[36] Russian television is difficult to receive in Turkmenistan, the Russian-language radio station Mayak was taken off the air^[37] and Russian newspapers were banned earlier.^[38] State motto: Turkmen: Әхли юртларың пролетарлары, бирлешиң! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Ashgabat Official language Turkmen and Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until August 7, 1921 May 30, 1925 October 27, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 4th in the USSR 488,100 km² 4. ... Mayak is the name of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant between the towns of Kasli and Kyshtym (also transliterated Kishtym or Kishtim) 150 km northwest of Chelyabinsk in Russia. ...

United Kingdom

An estimated 400,000 Russians live in the United Kingdom and over 170,000 Russian tourists visit the country every year. In a July, 2007 interview with The Sunday Times, the Russian ambassador to the United Kingdom, Yuri Fedotov, accused the British police of treating Russian nationals like the mafia. He said he can "quote examples where Russians were beaten by youngsters in London. Tourists, visitors, businessmen. They were severely beaten and and the police did not open any investigation on these particular incidents." At the same time, according to Yuri Fedotov, offences committed by Russians were dealt with swiftly and disproportionately. He also complained that some Russians are being refused service in shops, restaurants, and taxis. He said that concerns about the developing Russophobia had been raised with senior figures in the British government.^[39] The Sunday Times is a Sunday broadsheet newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News International which is in turn owned by News Corporation. ... ‹ The template below (Expand) is being considered for deletion. ...

United States

Most anti-Russian attitudes in the United States and in American media had almost chiefly been as a result of the Cold War and the conflation of the Soviet Union with Russia^{[citation needed]}. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

While Russophobia was prevalent in the United States during much of the Cold War, it was argued that it may have been at its hottest after the shootdown of KAL 007 and the death of 63 Americans at the hands of a Soviet fighter pilot. While South Korea had led most anti-Soviet protests in the wake of the shootdown, some protests were seen in the US as well with some Americans picketing holding signs reading "FUCK USSR" or "Kill Yuri Andropov",^{[citation needed]} and later criticized President Ronald Reagan for being too forgiving to the Soviets about the affair. Many films and TV shows had played out this attitude, such as Red Dawn, Rocky IV, Red Scorpion, Rambo: First Blood Part II, Rambo III and Amerika. American media had either sought to portray Soviet government officials as bent on world communism, and the Soviet military as soulless brutes seeking to kill anything and anyone that was non-communist^{[citation needed]}. Korean Air Flight 7 (KAL007, KE007) was the flight number of a civilian airliner shot down by Soviet fighters on September 1, 1983, over Soviet territorial waters just west of Sakhalin island, killing all 269 passengers and crew. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 – February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ... Red Dawn is a 1984 film by John Milius about an invasion of the United States by the Soviet Union, and the resulting guerrilla actions of a group of American high school students in the fictional town of Calumet, Colorado. ... Rocky IV is the fourth and most successful movie, in terms of box office gross, of the Rocky franchise. ... Red Scorpion is a 1989 film starring Dolph Lundgren. ... Released on Friday, May 24, 1985, the second movie of Rambo, Rambo: First Blood Part II, has Rambo (Sylvester Stallone) released from prison by Federal order to document the possible existence of POWs in Vietnam, under the belief that he will find nothing and the government can sweep the issue... Rambo III, the third film in the Rambo series and the sequel to Rambo: First Blood Part II, is an American action film released on May 25, 1988. ... oeh, America is a great country! I love America! ...

Business

In May and June 2006, Russian media cited discrimination against Russian companies as one possible reason why the contemplated merger between the Luxembourg-based steelmaker Arcelor and Russia's Severstal did not finalize. According to the Russian daily Izvestiya, those opposing the merge "exploited the 'Russian threat' myth during negotiations with shareholders and, apparently, found common ground with the Europeans",^[40] while Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the State Duma observed that "recent events show that someone does not want to allow us to enter their markets."^[41] On 27 July 2006, the New York Times quoted the analysts as saying that many Western investors still think that anything to do with Russia is "a little bit doubtful and dubious" while others look at Russia in "comic book terms, as mysterious and mafya-run."^[42] Arcelor S.A. (Euronext: LOR) is the worlds largest steel producer in terms of turnover and the second largest in terms of steel output, with a turnover of 30. ... Severstal (Russian: Северсталь, literally: northern steel) is a Russian company mainly operating in the steel industry, centred in the northern city of Cherepovets. ... Izvestia (the name in Russian means news and is short for Izvestiya Sovetov Narodnykh Deputatov SSSR, Известия Советов народных депутатов С&#1057... Boris Gryzlov Boris Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov or Boris Grizlov (Russian: Борис Вячеславович Грызлов) (b. ... For other uses, see State Duma (disambiguation). ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

However, the same article also quoted Aleksandr Temerko, a former vice president of YUKOS, the company which was broken up and sold off by the Russian government, saying that Western investors should treat take-overs by Russian companies with suspicion: "What if tomorrow they decide to grab Mordashov [the oligarch in charge of Severstal] and force him to sell his stock to a state company?... Then some K.G.B. agent will show up at Arcelor and say, 'I'm your new partner'.... Political motives are real; they exist.... Investors are right to fear them." Arcelor shareholders themselves portrayed their doubts about Severstal's bid very differently, and completely unrelated to stereotypes of Russian business practice: they were worried about the manner in which the bid was being presented to them by the Arcelor management, who were in favour of the take-over, and the degree of personal control Mr. Mordashov would have over the new company.^[43] Yukos Oil Company (ОАО НК ЮКОС) is a petroleum company in Russia which, until recently, was controlled by Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a number of prominent Russian businessmen. ... (1966-). Boss of Severstal, Russias second largest steel company. ... Severstal (Russian: Северсталь, literally: northern steel) is a Russian company mainly operating in the steel industry, centred in the northern city of Cherepovets. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of КГБ) is the Russian-language acronym for the Committee for State Security, (Russian: Комите́т Госуда́рственной Безопа́сности ▶(?); transliteration: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti), and was the umbrella organisation name for (i) the principal Soviet internal Security Agency, (ii) the principal intelligence agency, and (iii...

See also

• List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms
• Russophilia

List of anti-ethnic and anti-national terms, where anti-ethnic refers to sentiments of hostility towards an ethnic group and anti-national refers to sentiments of hostility towards a particular state or other national administrative entity. ... Russophilia is the love of Russia and/or Russians. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ "The west's new Russophobia is hypocritical - and wrong", The Guardian, June 30, 2006
2. ^ Peter Hopkirk. The Great Game, Kodansha International, 1992, ISBN 4-7700-1703-0
3. ^ Russian: Политика геноцида, Государственный мемориальный комплекс «Хатынь»
4. ^ Reviewed by Rodney Bruce Hall Review of Uses of the Other: 'The East' in European Identity Formation by Iver B. Neumann University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999. 248 pages. ISBN 0816630828 International Studies Review Vol.3, Issue 1, Pages 101-111
5. ^ Soviet Census 1989, Chechno-Ingushetian ASSR, Demoscope.ru
6. ^ Sokolov-Mitrich, Dmitryi. Russian: "Забытый геноцид" Izvestia Retrieved on 2002, 7-17.
7. ^ Slave of the Caucasus. BBC. Retrieved on 2002, 7-16
8. ^ Citizenship bill becomes law, by RFE/RL Newsline 4 June 2002
9. ^ Helsingin Sanomat, October 11, 2004, International poll: Anti-Russian sentiment runs very strong in Finland. Only Kosovo has more negative attitude
10. ^ Declaration on condemnation of the totalitarian communist occupation regime implemented in Latvia by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, adopted by the Latvian Saeima on 12 May 2005
11. ^ See also Soviet occupation of Baltic states
12. ^ Russia denies it illegally annexed the Baltic republics in 1940. Associated Press (May 5, 2005).
13. ^ Russian: Вобла, водка и частушки website Compromat.ru, 2 February 2005
14. ^ Между Россией и странами Балтии до сих пор не решены финансовые и имущественные проблемы, Press release of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, September 30, 2004
15. ^ ^{a b} Eurasia Daily Monitor. “Moscow wants Baltic states to compensate occupation costs” 5 October 2004. retrieved on 19 April 2007
16. ^ Utro.ru "Latvia demands $100 million for occupation from Russia" 13 May 2005 retrieved on 18 April 2007
17. ^ The policy of discrimination of the national minorities in Latvia and Estonia - Retrieved on February 4
18. ^ Baltic Security and NATO Enlargement. Number 57, December 1995 - Retrieved on April 19, 2007
19. ^ Komsomolskaya Pravda - Hands off Russian Schools - Retrieved on 4 February 2007
20. ^ Patrick J. Buchanan, Georgia – on Moscow's mind, WorldNetDaily Commentary, October 24, 2006
21. ^ Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Regarding Georgia's Lawsuit Against Russia
22. ^ (Ukrainian) http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2006/W6P001
23. ^ Паніна Н. В. Українське суспільство 1994—2005: соціологічний моніторинг — Київ: ТОВ «Видавництво Софія», 2005. — с. 67.
24. ^ (Russian) http://www.korrespondent.net/main/192598
25. ^ Львівщина на порозі XXI століття. Соціальний портрет. (Колективна монографія). (С. А. Давимука, А. Ф. Колодій, Ю. А. Кужелюк, В. М. Подгорнов, Н. Й. Черниш) Львів. 2001. С. 228.
26. ^ (Russian) http://socreal.fom.ru/english/?link=ARTICLE&aid=39
27. ^ (Ukrainian) http://www.pravda.com.ua/ru/archive/2004/october/14/1.shtml
28. ^ (Russian) http://news.gala.net/?id=168242
29. ^ (Ukrainian) http://www.bezcenzury.com.ua/ua/archive/9775/society/9828.html
30. ^ (Ukrainian) http://www.yuschenko.com.ua/ukr/present/News/1338/
31. ^ (Russian) http://www.materik.ru/index.php?section=analitics&bulid=93&bulsectionid=8322
32. ^ (Russian) http://www.analitik.org.ua/current-comment/ext/462613f4d19e3/
33. ^ Yedinoye Otechestvo - United country
34. ^ Turkmenistan: Focus on ethnic minorities, by IRIN News.org 18 August 2005
35. ^ ^{a b} Russians 'flee' Turkmenistan. BBC News (June 20, 2003).
36. ^ Turkmenistan: Russian Students Targetedby the Institute for War and Peace Reporting16 July 2003
37. ^ Turkmenistan: OSCE Visit Briefly Highlights Plight Of Minorities, by RFE/RL's Turkmen Service 8 March 2006
38. ^ Assessment for Russians in Turkmenistan, by the Center for International Development and Conflict Management
39. ^ Winnett, Robert and Watt, Holly (July 8, 2007). We’re not all mafia - angry Russian envoy. The Sunday Times.
40. ^ Как закалялась "Северсталь", by Izvestija 26 June 2006
41. ^ Russian: Председатель Госдумы Борис Грызлов, комментируя пропагандистскую кампанию против слияния российской "Северстали" и европейской "Arcelor", заявил, что Россию не хотят пускать на мировые рынки, by Rossijskaya Gazeta 27 June 2006
42. ^ Russian Politicians See Russophobia in Arcelor's Decision to Go With Mittal Steel, by the New York Times 27 July 2006
43. ^ Rebel investors gear up to sink Russian takeover of Arcelor, by The Observer 18 June 2006

The Guardian is a British newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... Modern Izvestia logo Old Izvestia logo. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... July 17 is the 198th day of the year (199th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... July 26 is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Helsingin Sanomat is the biggest subscription newspaper in Finland. ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë or Kosova, Serbian: Косово и Метохија, transliterated Kosovo i Metohija; also Космет, transliterated Kosmet) is a province in southern Serbia which has been under United Nations administration since 1999. ... The occupation of Baltic states generally refers to the occupation of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) first by the Soviet Union, then Nazi Germany, and again by the Soviets during World War II, and to the Soviet presence in the Baltics from 1945 until the re-establishment of... is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• (Polish)/(Russian) ed. Jerzy Faryno, Roman Bobryk, "Polacy w oczach Rosjan - Rosjanie w oczach Polaków. Поляки глазами русских - русские глазами поляков. Zbiór studiów" - conference proceedings; in Studia Litteraria Polono-Slavica; Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2000, ISBN 83-86619-93-7.

Categories: PAN | PAU | Scientific societies | Polish scientific societies | Stub | Education in Poland | Polish institutions | National academies ...

External links

• The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain
• Anatol Lieven, "Against Russophobia", World Policy Journal, Volume XVII, No 4, Winter 2000/01; a review of a modern Russophobia in international politics.
• New York Times After Centuries of Enmity, Relations Between Poland and Russia Are as Bad as Ever, July 3, 2005 (subscription may be required for full text)
• Sergei Yastrzhembsky: Russophobia Still Rampant
• More Russophobia in International Press
• Corruption, Russophobia Weigh on Poland
• Finnish Russophobia: The Story of an Enemy Image