NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Rust Belt

The Rust Belt, a term coined from Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States of America. The Rust Belt can be broadly defined as the region beginning with the BosWash corridor and running west to eastern Wisconsin. The region extends southward to the beginnings of the coal mining regions of Appalachia, north to the Great Lakes and includes manufacturing regions of southern Ontario in Canada. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Midwest is a common name for a region of the United States of America. ... It has been suggested that Middle Atlantic States be merged into this article or section. ... The BosWash or Bosnywash or Boshington or simply Northeast megalopolis is the name for a group of metropolitan areas in the northeastern United States, extending from Boston, MA to Washington, D.C., including Providence, RI, Hartford, CT, New Haven, CT, New York, NY, Philadelphia, PA, and Baltimore, MD. The geographic... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area Ranked 23rd - Total 65,498 sq mi (169,790 kmÂ²) - Width 260 miles (420 km) - Length 310 miles (500 km) - % water 17 - Latitude 42Â°30N to 47Â°3N - Longitude 86Â°49W to 92Â°54W Population Ranked... It has been suggested that Poverty in Appalachia be merged into this article or section. ... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (de facto) Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation - House seats - Senate seats 106 24 Area Total - Land - Water (% of total) Ranked 4th 1,076...

Its economic activity forms a significant part of the wealth producing sectors of the American economy including heavy industry, manufacturing, and associated industries. It is also the focal point on the continent for the automobile industry. Emerging technologies in this region include hydrogen fuel cell development, nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognotechnology. The region is an important source of engineering jobs. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning compared to light industry. ... Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the worlds economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ... Automakers are companies that produce automobiles. ... A termite cathedral mound produced by a termite colony: a classic example of emergence. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. ... The structure of insulin Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. ... Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)is: the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. ... MRI scan displaying cross-section of the human brain Cognotechnology is an emerging field that is technology applied to the cognitive domain, and is the result of a convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology and information technology, according to Gerald Yonas, vice president and principal scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...

[edit] Geographic Definition

The region is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of Indiana and Ohio; the southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan; the Lake Michigan shoreline of Wisconsin, especially around Milwaukee; Chicago/northeastern Illinois; upstate New York; New York City and Northern New Jersey; most of Pennsylvania; and the northern part of West Virginia, particularly the Northern Panhandle. Other cities such as Baltimore, Maryland, Roanoke, Virginia, and Wilmington, Delaware which share important economic characteristics are sometimes included. Saint Louis, Missouri is usually considered to be a rust belt city, although the surrounding parts of Missouri and Illinois aren't part of the region.^[1] Cities that focus on wealth consuming activity such as service and government are usually excluded because of the insignificant production activity and fewer engineering jobs in these areas. Examples include Boston, Massachusetts and Washington, DC. Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area Ranked 38th - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 kmÂ²) - Width 140 miles (225 km) - Length 270 miles (435 km) - % water 1. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area Ranked 34th - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 kmÂ²) - Width 220 miles (355 km) - Length 220 miles (355 km) - % water 8. ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area Ranked 11th - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 kmÂ²) - Width 239 miles (385 km) - Length 491 miles (790 km) - % water 41. ... Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, and the only one in the group located entirely within the United States. ... This article is about Milwaukee in Wisconsin. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government... Official language(s) English Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Area Ranked 25th - Total 57,918 sq mi (149,998 kmÂ²) - Width 210 miles (340 km) - Length 390 miles (629 km) - % water 4. ... NY redirects here. ... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area... Official language(s) English, Pennsylvania Dutch Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area Ranked 33rd - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 kmÂ²) - Width 280 miles (455 km) - Length 160 miles (255 km) - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Area Ranked 41st - Total 24,244 sq mi (62,809 kmÂ²) - Width 130 miles (210 km) - Length 240 miles (385 km) - % water 0. ... The Northern Panhandle is a region in the U.S. state of West Virginia. ... Nickname: Monument City, Charm City, Mob Town[1][2], B-more Motto: The Greatest City in America,[3] Get in on it. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Nickname: Chemical Capital of the World Motto: A Place To Be Somebody Coordinates: County New Castle County incorporated 1739 Mayor James M. Baker (D) Area - City 44. ... Nickname: Gateway City, Gateway to the West, or Mound City Motto: Official website: http://stlouis. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, Athens of America, The Hub (of the Universe)1 Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County - Mayor Thomas M. Menino (D) Area - City 89. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United...

Sometimes, but not always, the adjacent portions of the Canadian province of Ontario (particularly the southern and southwestern parts) are included as well, giving the concept an international dimension. This portion includes heavily industrial centers such as Hamilton, St. Catharines and Windsor, all of which share some characteristics of rust belt cities across the border. Nickname: Ambitious City, Steeltown, The Hammer Motto: Together Aspire - Together Achieve Location in the province of Ontario, Canada Coordinates: Country Province Canada Ontario Incorporated June 9, 1846 [1] Mayor Fred Eisenberger City Council Hamilton City Council Representatives MPs and MPPs Area - City 1,138. ... Nickname: The Garden City Motto: Industry and Liberality Location of St. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

[edit] History

The area emerged as a center of manufacturing and heavy industry because of its location. Ready sources of coal just to the south in West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky as well as in western and northeastern Pennsylvania; an immigration-driven population boom in the late 19th century; and easy access to shipping on the Great Lakes, and to the East Coast via canals, and later railroads. The region was one of the first in the United States to see railroad service, with some of the earliest railroads such as the Allegheny Portage Railroad located within the region. Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions to cities such as Pittsburgh, which became a center of the steel industry. Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines. Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ... The Canal du Midi, Toulouse, France Canals are man-made channels for water. ... This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. ... The Allegheny Portage Railroad was the first railroad constructed through the Allegheny Mountains in central Pennsylvania in the United States. ... City nickname: The Steel City Location in the state of Pennsylvania Founded 1758 Mayor Tom Murphy (Dem) Area - Total - Water 151. ... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815 County Wayne County Mayor...

Since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in third world countries with cheap foreign labor. Beginning with the recession of 1970-71, a pattern emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing jobs suffer losses. These jobs were often replaced by much lower-paying service sector jobs when the economy recovered. A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985. In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the traditional manufacturing workers in economies of Rust Belt states have experienced upheaval as one factory after another has been driven out of business and closed. This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... The steel cable of a colliery winding tower. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Manufacturing, a branch of industry which accounts for about one-quarter of the worlds economic activity, is the application of tools and a processing medium to the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale. ... Wikibooks has more about this subject: Marketing In economics and marketing, a service is the non-material equivalent of a good. ...

Other types of advanced manufacturing have emerged in these states such as biotech, nanotech, infotech, and cognotech. Robotization has led to other types of manufacturing output which require fewer workers with varying skills. Moreover, job gains in these areas have not been nearly enough to keep pace with the devastation caused by the ill fated economic policy wrought by competitive devaluation, currency manipulation and currency pegs. As a result, middle class incomes and savings in the United States have been negatively impacted.

In recent years, many inner city populations in the region have shifted to the suburbs. Examples from the 2000 U.S. Census include Detroit, Flint, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie, Buffalo, Akron, Toledo, Syracuse, St. Louis, Milwaukee and many more, despite revitalized downtown areas.^[2] Northern states have mounted a "Cool Cities" initiative to reverse the trend. The 2004 population estimate showed Rust Belt states averaged less than 2% new growth. Nevertheless, the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Chicago, and New York City have experienced economic growth and urban renewal over the last 25 years. Nickname: The Vehicle City, Buick City, Flint Town, Bedrock, The 810 Location of Flint within Genesee County, Michigan. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area - City 369. ... Nickname: The Flagship City Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: County Erie County Founded 1795 - Mayor Joseph Sinnott Area - City 72. ... This article is becoming very long. ... Nickname: The Rubber Capital of the World Location within the state of Ohio Country United States State Ohio County Summit Founded 1825 Incorporated 1835 (village) - 1865 (city) - Mayor Don Plusquellic (D) Area - City 62. ... Nickname: The Glass City Location in the state of Ohio Country United States State Ohio County Lucas Mayor Carty Finkbeiner (D) Area - City 217. ... Nickname: The Salt City Location of Syracuse within the state of New York Coordinates: City - Mayor Matthew Driscoll Area - City 66. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815 County Wayne County Mayor... Nickname: The Windy City, The Second City, Chi Town, City of the Big Shoulders, The 312, The City that Works Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in Chicagoland and Illinois Coordinates: Country United States State Illinois County Cook & DuPage Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government... Nickname: Big Apple, Gotham, NYC, City That Never Sleeps, The Concrete Jungle, The City So Nice They Named It Twice Location in the state of New York Coordinates: Country United States State New York Boroughs The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Settled 1676 Government - Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Area...

The region is sometimes called the Frost Belt or the Snowbelt as a way to more directly contrast the term Sun Belt. The Frost Belt is a term in American English that refers to the Midwest and New England, that is often perceived as covered in frost. ... A snowbelt is a region, many of which lie downwind of the Great Lakes, where heavy snowfall is particularly common. ... The Sun Belt, highlighted in red This article is about the region of the United States. ...

The term "Rust Belt" is a neologism created by analogy to Sun Belt, Grain Belt and Bible Belt. A neologism (from Greek Î½ÎµÎ¿Î»Î¿Î³Î¹ÏƒÎ¼ÏŒÏ‚ Î½ÎÎ¿Ï‚ [neos] = new; Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ [logos] = word) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) â€” often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... The Sun Belt, highlighted in red This article is about the region of the United States. ... Categories: US geography stubs | Belt regions of the United States ... The approximate extent of the Bible Belt, indicated in red A Bible Belt is an area in which socially conservative Christian Evangelical Protestantism is a dominant or pervasive part of the culture. ...

[edit] See also

The ChiPitts, or Great Lakes megalopolis is the name for a group of metropolitan areas in the Great Lakes region or Midwest of the United States along with Western Pennsylvania and Western New York, extending from Pittsburgh to Chicago and linked by economics, transport, and communications. ... The United States has the largest national economy in the world, with a GDP for 2006 of 13. ... Henry Ford (1919) Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 â€“ April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. ... The Foundry, according to Joel Garreau, is a coherent nation made up of the eastern seaboard of the United States except New England, along with the Great Lakes region (including those parts of the Canadian province of Ontario which border the lakes) except for the Lake Superior shoreline, plus the...

[edit] Notes

May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 15 is the 319th day of the year (320th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 46 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Categories: Belt regions of the United States | Regions of the United States The belt regions of the United States originally referred to the growing regions of various crops, but usage has expanded to other climatic, economic and cultural concentrations. ... The approximate extent of the Bible Belt, indicated in red A Bible Belt is an area in which socially conservative Christian Evangelical Protestantism is a dominant or pervasive part of the culture. ... African-Americans as percent of population, 2000. ... Categories: US geography stubs | Belt regions of the United States ... The Frost Belt is a term in American English that refers to the Midwest and New England, that is often perceived as covered in frost. ... Categories: US geography stubs | Belt regions of the United States ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mormon Corridor. ... The Rice Belt of the United States includes Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, for southern U.S. states that grow the majority of the nations rice crop. ... The Sun Belt, highlighted in red This article is about the region of the United States. ... A snowbelt is a region, many of which lie downwind of the Great Lakes, where heavy snowfall is particularly common. ...

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