Rwanda

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Rwanda Image File history File links Rwandan_coat_of_arms. ... After its military victory in July 1994, the Rwandese Patriotic Front organized a coalition government similar to that established by President Juvénal Habyarimana in 1992. ...

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The Rwandese Patriotic Front or Rwandan Patriotic Front, abbreviated as RPF (also often referred to as FPR from French: Front patriotique rwandais), is the current ruling political party of Rwanda, led by President Paul Kagame. It governs in a coalition with other parties. This page contains a list of presidents of Rwanda. ... Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda. ... List of the Heads of Government of Rwanda See Also: List of incumbents, List of Presidents of Rwanda, List of Kings of Rwanda. ... Bernard Makuza (born 1961) is the current Prime Minister of Rwanda. ... The Parliament of Rwanda consists of two chambers: The Senate (Upper Chamber) The Chamber of Deputies (Lower Chamber) Categories: | | | ... The Parliament (Inteko Ishinga Amategeko or Parlement) has two chambers. ... The Chamber of Deputies (Umutwe wAbadepite or Chambre des Députés) is the lower house of the bicameral national legislature of Rwanda. ... Political parties in Rwanda lists political parties in Rwanda. ... Politics of Rwanda Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Rwanda ... The Provinces of Rwanda, called intara, are further divided into districts (akarere) and municipalities (umujyi). ... Wanted poster for the ICTR The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April, 1994, commencing on April 6. ... Rwanda has been the center of much international attention since the war and genocide of 1994. ... This article discusses the history of Rwanda. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda. ...

The RPF was founded in 1985 in Uganda. Tutsi refugees from Rwanda had helped overthrow the dictatorship of Milton Obote, but locals resented the presence of the Tutsis in the new Ugandan army. Many of them quit to join the RPF, dedicated to overthrowing the Hutu-led government in Rwanda. The Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. ... Obote pictured at the beginning of his second regime in 1980 Apollo Milton Obote (December 28, 1924, Apac, Uganda – October 10, 2005, Johannesburg, South Africa), Prime Minister of Uganda 1962-1966 and President of Uganda 1966-1971/1980-1985, was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence... Hutu is the name given to one of the three ethnic groups occupying Burundi and Rwanda. ...

At the last legislative elections, on 30 September 2003, the party won (as part of the ruling coalition) 33 out of 53 seats. A legislature is a governmental deliberative body with the power to adopt laws. ... Politics of Rwanda Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Rwanda ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The RPF as a military force 1990-1994

On 2 October 1990 the RPF launched an invasion of Rwanda from their bases in southern Uganda. Origanlly the 5000 men of the invading force made good progress against the numerically superior but poorly trained soldiers of the RAF (the Rwandan Armed Forces). However the RPF commander Fred Rwigema was killed by a stray bullet within a week of the war beginning and the rebel forces were thrown into confusion. On the 7th of October the government forces, launched a counter-offensive. The RPF who had only prepared for a short war began to fall back when it became clear that they did not have the heavy equipment needed to face the government forces in a conventional conflict. Major Paul Kagame, who was in the United States, was contacted and returned to take control of the rebel forces. To make matters worse, on 23 October two more RPF commanders, Maj. Peter Banyingana and Chris Bunyenyezi were killed in an ambush. By the end of the month the RPF had been pushed back into Uganda or had taken refuge in the Akagera national park. October 2 is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... The Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR, from French Force armée rwandais) was the national army of Rwanda until 1994, when the Hutu-dominated government collapsed in the aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide and the invasion by Paul Kagames Rwandan Patriotic Front. ... Fred Rwigema (10 April 1957—2 October 1990) was a founding member of the Rwandese Patriotic Front and is considered a hero in Rwandas history, though he spent most of his life outside Rwanda. ... Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the current President of Rwanda. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

On his arrival Paul Kagame began to reorganize his forces and decided to develop a guerrilla style war in the north of the country. He pulled his forces back into Uganda during the night and then moved them into the forested Virunga volcanoes. The RPF spent two months in this area, without engaging the government forces. This time was spent reorganising the army and rebuilding the leadership which had suffered so much during the fighting. During this time the RPF also benefited from the recruitment of men from the Tutsi diaspora. Therefore by early 1991 the RPF had grown to 5,000 men, by 1992 it had reached 12,000 and by the 1994 genocide numbered 25,000. Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from the Spanish guerrilla meaning little war, and used to describe small combat groups and the individual members of such groups (see Etymology). ... The Virunga Mountains are a chain of volcanoes in East Africa, along the northern border of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda. ... A volcano is a geological landform usually generated by the eruption through a planets surface of magma, molten rock welling up from the planets interior. ...

In order to kick start the guerilla war, Kagame planned an audacious attack on the northern town of Ruhengeri. This had the aim of targeting a city in the north, a stronghold of the Habyarimana regime, as well as spreading insecurity to other towns throughout the country. On 23 January 1991 the RPF captured Ruhengeri, freeing numerous political prisoners and capturing a large amount of weapons and equipment, before retreating back to the forests that evening. Ruhengeri Ruhengeri is a market town in north western Rwanda, lying near Lake Bulera and the Volcans National Park. ... January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following this action the RPF withdrew and began to carry out a classic hit and run style guerilla war. Low intensity fighting dragged on with neither side managing to inflict any major defeats on the other. Over the next few years there were numerous attempts at ceasefires, though they achieved little and the fighting continued until 13 July 1992 when a cease-fire was signed in Arusha. Over the course of the following months negotiations continued, though without any serious breakthroughs and with the tension on both sides mounting. Finally, following reports of massacres of Tutsis, the RPF launched a major offensive on 8 February 1993. A ceasefire is a temporary stoppage of a war, or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

This offensive forced the government forces back in disarray, allowing the RPF to quickly capture the town of Ruhengeri, and then to turn south and begin advancing on the capital. This caused panic in Paris (a long term supporter of the Habyarimana regime) which immediately sent several hundred French troops to the country along with large amounts of ammunition for the FAR artillery. The arrival of these French troops in Kigali seriously changed the military situation on the ground. Implicit in their support for the government and their rapid deployment was the threat that, should the RPF advance on the capital, then they may find themselves fighting French paratroopers as well as Rwandan government soldiers. On 20 February, with the RPF only 30 km north of Kigali, the rebels declared a unilateral ceasefire and over the following months pulled their forces back. The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Kigali, population 603,049 (2002 census), is the capital city of Rwanda and its largest city, lying in the centre of the nation. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Kigali, population 603,049 (2002 census), is the capital city of Rwanda and its largest city, lying in the centre of the nation. ... Unilateralism is an antonym for multilateralism. ...

An uneasy peace was once again entered into, which would last until 7 April of the following year. Over the following months the peace process developed. One of the stipulations of the agreement was that the RPF would station a number of diplomates in Kigali at the CND parliament building. These men were to be protected by between 600-1000 RPF soldiers. April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...

The Rwandan Genocide and Civil War

On 6 April 1994 president Habyarimana was returning from Arusha, where peace talks had been taking place, when his presidential jet was shot down, killing all inside. That night elements of the Interhamwe and the presidential guard began to kill opposition politicians and prominent Tutsis. Over the following days it became clear that the target of these killings was the entire Tutsi population along with certain moderate Hutus. The Rwandan Genocide had begun and would last three months, killing hundreds of thousands of people, about 937,000 according to the RPF. April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... The Interahamwe (Kinyarwanda meaning Those Who Stand Together or Those Who Fight Together) was the most important of the militias formed by the Hutu ethnic majority of Rwanda and, together with the smaller Impuzamugambi, was responsible for over 800,000 deaths in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. ... The Rwandan Genocide was the slaughter of an estimated 800,000 [1] to 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, mostly carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi, during a period of 100 days from April 6th through mid-July 1994. ...

By evening on 7 April with killings becoming widespread and the RPF battalion in the CND coming under attack, the RPF renewed its offensive south. The RPF troops within the CND building, having dug strong defences during the previous months, in case they were caught in the capital with their supply lines cut and under attack, were engaged by the Rwanda army in the nearby army camp at Kanombe, near the airport. The rebel forces within the parliament complex began to fight its way out of the CND buildings and began to attack the surrounding government held districts. Its main focus however was to move north and link up with the main rebel army. April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ...

The main RPF forces in the north began a three pronged attack on the morning of 8 April. One group moved west to Ruhengeri and engaged government forces there, although they would make little progress and were more likely a defensive force securing the right flank of the RPF advance south. The second group moved down the eastern border of the country towards Kibungo. The third and main RPF advance was towards the capital, which they managed to reach by the evening of 11 April. Both sides began to reinforce and strengthen their positions, with the RPF beginning a slow but effective encirclement of the city. On 12 April the provisional government fled to Gitarama to attempt to escape the fighting. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ...

In the east the RPF faced little government resistance and reached the Tanzanian border on 22 April. However, with almost all of the RPF's heavy equipment focused on the battle for Kigali, the advance on Ruhengeri stalemated. April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ...

In the capital, the RPF advance continued its slow yet methodical encirclement of the city, forcing the airport to close on 5 May due to intense shelling. A further sign of the success of Kagame's troops was the cutting of the Kigali-Gitaram road on 16 May. This was followed six days later by the capture of Kigali International Airport. In an attempt to reverse the defeats that it was suffering, the FAR launched a counter-attack on 6 June, although this was halted almost immediately and failed to achieve any significant gains. May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... May 16 is the 136th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (137th in leap years). ... Kigali International Airport (IATA: KGL, ICAO: HRYR), formerly known as Gregoire Kayibanda International Airport, is the primary airport serving Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. ...

The RPF forces, having control of the northern, eastern and southern suburbs, began to move north around the south-western edge of the city. This put further pressure on Gitarama which fell on 13 June. At this point the RPF began to close in on the center of the capital, hoping to defeat the government forces in the field. This took the form of putting pressure on three sides of the city with infantry and light artillery and mortars, allowing the defenders no respite. Heavy fighting continued through June and into the first week on July. However, on 3 July the government forces began to withdraw from the capital, taking with it the majority of the civilian population. According to UN sources they had almost completely run out of ammunition. The following day, after a three month long battle, the RPF moved in and captured the entire city. Gitarama is one of the 12 provinces (intara) of Rwanda and is situated in the centre of the country, to the west of the capital Kigali. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ...

In the mean time the RPF's eastern forces had reach the south eastern edge of the country and then swung on an axis, who's hinge was at Kigali, westward. Through June they push the government west through the southern region, along the border with Burundi. They finally stopped following their capture of Butare on 2 July and the arrival of the French, who blocked their path. July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ...

With the fall of Kigali the government forces began to disintegrate. The army lost cohesion and began to route, being closely pursued by the RPF. This made defending the last two northern towns of Ruhengeri and Gisenyi almost impossible. With his forces in the capital now freed up from the battle for Kigali, Kagame moved the bulk of his army north to capture the government's power base. On 13 July Ruhengeri finally capitulated, followed on 18 July by Gisenyi. Ruhengeri Ruhengeri is a market town in north western Rwanda, lying near Lake Bulera and the Volcans National Park. ... Gisenyi is a lake resort, lying on Lake Kivu in Rwanda. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ...

In the south-west of the country French forces from Operation Turquoise controlled a large area, which was given over to the RPF on 21 August 1994, thus giving the RPF complete control of the country. August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Existence after genocide and victory

After the successful conquest of Rwanda, the RPF was split into a political division which retained the RPF name, and a military one, called the Rwandan Patriotic Army (now the Rwandan Defence Forces). The RPF continues to be the dominant political party in Rwanda under now-President Paul Kagame. The Rwandan Defence Forces (RDF, in French Forces rwandaises de défense), formerly known as the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), is the national army of Rwanda. ...