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Encyclopedia > S. L. Wong (romanisation)
Chinese language romanization

Chinese language
   General Chinese
   Singapore Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... In linguistics, romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system. ... Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. ... General Chinese (GC) is a phonetic system invented by Yuen Ren Chao to represent the pronunciations of all major Chinese dialects. ...


Mandarin Mandarin, or Guanhua (Traditional: 官話; Simplified: 官话; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally official speech), or Beifanghua (Chinese: 北方方言; Pinyin: ; literally Northern Dialect(s)) is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. ...


For Standard Mandarin
    EFEO
    Gwoyeu Romatzyh
    Hanyu Pinyin
    Latinxua Sinwenz
    Lessing-Othmer
    Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
    Postal System Pinyin
    Tongyong Pinyin
    Wade-Giles
    Yale Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China on Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore. ... The École française dExtrême-Orient (EFEO) is a French institute dedicated to the study of Asian societies. ... Gwoyeu Romatzyh (國語羅馬字 Pinyin: Guóyǔ Luómǎzì), abbreviated GR, is a romanization (formerly used officially in the Republic of China) with complex spelling rules which allow for tonal distinctions (unlike most other Romanizations, which require additional diacritics or numerals). ... Pinyin (Chinese: 拼音, pÄ«nyÄ«n) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard... Latinxua Sinwenz (拉丁化新文字; also known as Sin Wenz, Latinxua Sinwenz, Zhongguo Latinxua Sin Wenz, Beifangxua Latinxua Sin Wenz or Latinxua) is a little-used romanization system for Mandarin Chinese. ... Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (國語注音符號第二式), abbreviated MPS II, is a romanization system formerly used in the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... In the early twentieth century, China (starting with the dying Qing Empire) used Postal (Office) System Pinyin (Traditional Chinese:郵政式拼音 Pinyin: Yóuzhèngshì PÄ«nyÄ«n) (unrelated to the modern Hanyu Pinyin), based on Wade-Giles (in particularly, Herbert Giless A Chinese-English Dictionary) for postal purposes, especially for... Tongyong Pinyin (Chinese: 通用拼音; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Universal/General Usage Sound-combining) is the current official romanization of the Chinese language adopted by the national government (although not all local governments) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since late 2000, announced by the Mandarin Promotion Council of the Ministry of Education. ... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... The Yale Romanizations are four systems created during World War II by the United States for its soldiers. ...

Cantonese Cantonese (Traditional Chinese: 粵語; Simplified Chinese: 粤语, Cantonese: Yuet6yue5; Mandarin pinyin: Yueyu, Yụet (Guangdong) language) is one of the major dialect groups or languages of the Chinese language or language family. ...


For Standard Cantonese
    Ball (Cantonese)
    Barnett-Chao
    Chalmers
    Canton
    Hong Kong Government
    Jyutping
    Meyer-Wempe
    Sidney Lau
    S. L. Wong (romanisation)
    Standard Cantonese Pinyin
    Standard Romanization
    Tipson
    Williams-Eitel
    Yale
Phonetic alphabets (Non-romanisation)
    Jones (Cantonese)
    S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) Standard Cantonese is a variant of Cantonese and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation (not an official title) is the method of romanisation used in Hong Kong. ... Jyutping (Traditional Chinese: 粵拼; Simplified Chinese: 粤拼; pinyin: yuèpÄ«n; Yale: yuhtpÄ«ng; sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993. ... The Meyer-Wempe romanisation system was developed by two Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernhard F. Meyer and Theodore F. Wempe, during the 1920s and 1930s. ... Sidney Lau is a system of romanisation for Standard Cantonese, developed by Sidney Lau for teaching Cantonese. ... Standard Cantonese Pinyin is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Yu Bingzhao (ch. ... Standard Romanization is a romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by Christian missionaries in South China in 1888. ... The Yale Romanizations are four systems created during World War II by the United States for its soldiers. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...

Min Nan Mǐn N n (Chinese: 閩南語), also spelt as Minnan or Min-nan; native name B ; literally means Southern Min or Southern Fujian and refers to the local language/dialect of southern Fujian province, China. ...


For Hainanese
    Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an
For Taiwanese
    Pe̍h-oē-jī
For Teochew
    Peng'im Hainanese is a dialect of the Min Nan group spoken in the southern Chinese province of Hainan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ... Taiwanese (Chinese: 台語, 台灣話 or 福佬話; Taiwanese Pe̍h-oÄ“-jÄ«: Tâi-oân-oÄ“ or Hō-ló-oÄ“; Hanyu Pinyin: TáiyÇ” or Táiwānhuà) is the primary spoken language of 70% of the Taiwanese population. ... Pe̍h-oÄ“-jÄ« (POJ) (Chinese: 白話字; pinyin: ) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet created and introduced to Taiwan by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. ... The Teochew dialect (Guangdong romanization: Dio7 Ziu1; Missionary romanization: Tiô-chiu-oē, Chinese:潮州话, Hanyu Pinyin: Cháozhōuhuà, Teochiu or Tiuchiu), is a Chinese language and dialect of Minnan spoken in a region of eastern Guangdong referred to as Chaoshan. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ...

Hakka Hakka (Simplified Chinese: 客家话, Traditional Chinese: 客家話, Hakka: Hak-ka-fa/-va, pinyin: Kèjiāhuà) is a Chinese dialect/language spoken predominantly in southern China by the Hakka ethnic group and descendants in diaspora throughout East and Southeast Asia and around the world. ...


For Moiyan dialect
    Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an Meixian (梅縣; Hakka: Moi-yen or Moi-yan) is a county in north eastern Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, and Hainanese spoken varieties of Chinese. ...

Wong Shik Ling (also known as S. L. Wong) published a romanisation scheme accompanying a set of phonetic symbol for Standard Cantonese based on International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) in the book A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Canton. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Phonetic (pho-NET-ic) is a nationwide voicemail-to-text messaging service available for most digital mobile phones in which a subscriber is provided a custom voice mailbox for the purpose of receiving all incoming voice messages as actual transcribed text for reading via short messaging (also known as SMS... Unicode is an industry standard whose goal is to provide the means by which text of all forms and languages can be encoded for use by computers. ... A romanization or latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original word or language used a different writing system. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ... Standard Cantonese is a variant of Cantonese and is generally considered the prestige dialect of Cantonese. ... This article is about the alphabet officially used in linguistics. ...

Contents


Phonology

Cantonese like other Chinese languages is monosyllabic. Each syllabus is divided into initial (consonant), final (vowel and following consonant) and tone.


Finals

Chinese phonology traditionally stresses on finals because it is related to rhymes in the composition of poems, proses and articles. There are 53 finals in Standard Cantonese.


Vowels

The 10 basic vowel phoneme symbols [a], [ɐ], [ei], [ɛ], [i], [ou], [ɔ], [œ], [u] and [y] in the scheme mean following: Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-07-18, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... In human language, a phoneme is a set of phones (speech sounds or sign elements) that are cognitively equivalent. ...

Internation phonetic alphabet [ɑ] [ɐ] [eː] [ɛ] [i] [oː] [ɔ] [œ] [u] [y]
S. L. Wong (phonetic symbol) [a] [ɐ] [ei] [ɛ] [i] [ou] [ɔ] [œ] [u] [y]
S. L. Wong (romanisation) aa a ei e i ou o eu u ue

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Vowel. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Falling diphthong finals

All vowel phonemes except a formed vowel 9 finals themselves.


Some vowel phonemes can followed by vowel phonemes -i, -u or -ue to form 8 falling diphthong finals:

aa a ei e i ou o eu u ue
- aa ei e i ou o oe u ue
-i aai ai oi ui
-u aau au iu
-ue eue[1]
  1. ^  The combination of eu and ue is euue. The double u is reduced to signal and the combination becomes eue.

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Falling diphthong finals. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Nasal phoneme finals

The nasal consonants [m], [n] and [ŋ] in finals can be written as:

Internation phonetic alphabet [m] [n] [ŋ]
S. L. Wong (phonetic symbol) [m] [n] [ŋ]
S. L. Wong (romanisation) m n ng

Some vowel phonemes can followed by nasal consonants -m, -n or -ng to form 17 nasal phoneme finals:

aa a ei e i ou o eu u ue
-m aam am im
-n aan an in on eun un uen
-ng aang ang eng ing ong eung ung

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Nasal phoneme finals. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Plosive phoneme finals

The plosive final can be written [p], [t] and [k] as:

Internation phonetic alphabet [p] [t] [k]
S. L. Wong (phonetic symbol) [p] [t] [k]
S. L. Wong (romanisation) p t k

Some vowel phonemes can followed by inaspirated plosive consonants -p, -t or -k to form 17 nasal phoneme finals:

aa a ei e i ou o eu u ue
-p aap ap ip
-t aat at it ot eut ut uet
-k aak ak ek ik ok euk uk

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Plosive phoneme finals. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Nasal consonantoids fully voiced finals

For the nasal consonantoids fully voiced finals


[m] and [ŋ] in voiced form [m̩] and [ŋ̩] are also 2 finals in Cantonese.

Internation phonetic alphabet [m̩] [ŋ̩]
S. L. Wong (phonetic symbol) [m̩] [ŋ̩]
S. L. Wong (romanisation) m ng

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Nasal consonantoids fully voiced finals. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Initials

Initials are made up of consonants. Most of characters are preceding finals with initials while some characters are pronouced without initials. There are 19 initials in total.

Internation phonetic alphabet [m] [n] [ŋ̩] [p] [t] [k] [kʷ] [pʰ] [tʰ] [kʰ] [kʷʰ] [ts] [tsʰ] [f] [s] [h] [j] [w] [l]
S. L. Wong (phonetic symbol) [m] [n] [ŋ̩] [b] [d] [g] [gw] [p] [t] [k] [kw] [dz] [ts] [f] [s] [h] [j] [w] [l]
S. L. Wong (romanisation) m n ng b d g gw p t k kw dz ts f s h y w l

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Initials. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Tones

There are basically 9 tones in Standard Cantonese. Tones play an important role to distinguish meanings in Cantonese. Tones also forms melodies in poem and prose composition.


There are two ways to mark tones in the scheme. One is by number and another by marks.


It is hard to type the tones by typewriters. It therefore simply uses the one in the phonetic symbols for reference.

level rising going entering
upper ˈx (1) ˈx (7) upper
ˊx (2) ˉx (3) ˉx (8) middle
lower ˏx (5) ˍx (6) ˍx (9) lower
ˌx (4)

For detail explanation of the phonetic system, see S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)#Tones. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into S. L. Wong (Cantonese). ...


Reference

  1. Wong, S. L. (1941) A CHINESE SYLLABARY PRONOUNCED ACCORDING TO THE DIALECT OF CANTON. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Co.,(H.K.) Ltd.


 

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