SAGE (Russian-American Gallium Experiment or Soviet-American Gallium Experiment) is a collaborative experiment devised by several prominent Physicists to measure the solar neutrino flux. Many famous physicists of the 20th and 21st century are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. ... Electron neutrinos are produced in the sun as a product of nuclear fusion. ... flux in science and mathematics. ...

The Experiment

SAGE was devised to measure the radio-chemical solar neutrino flux based on the inverse beta decay reaction, . The target for the reaction was 55-57 tonnes of liquid gallium metal stored deep underground at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory in the Caucasus mountains in Russia. About once a month, the neutrino induced Ge is extracted from the Ga. ⁷¹Ge is unstable with respect to electron capture (t_{1 / 2} = 11.43 days) and, therefore, the amount of extracted Ge can be determined from its activity as measured in small proportional counters. The experiment has measured the solar neutrino flux in 31 extractions between January 1990 and October 1993. The result of these experiments was 73 +16/-18 (statistical) +5/-7 (systematic) SNU. This represents only 56%-60% of the capture rate predicted by different Standard Solar Models, which predict 138 SNU. Additional extractions through the end of 1994 are awaiting analysis. Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron... A reaction is the following: In physics, a reaction (physics) is defined by Newtons third law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The idea that any given force has a pair or opposite force. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gallium, Ga, 31 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 4, p Appearance silvery white   Standard atomic weight 69. ... The Baksan Neutrino Observatory (BNO) is a neutrino observatory located in the Baksan gorge in the Caucasus. ... The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas in the Caucasus region, usually considered the southeastern limit of Europe. ... Ge may refer to: Gê, a group of indigenous Brazilian tribes and their Ge languages Ge (Cyrillic) (Г, г), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet Ge with upturn (Ґ, Ò‘), a letter of the Ukrainian alphabet Nikolai Ge, a Russian painter GÄ“, an ancient Chinese dagger-axe Ge (genus), a genus of butterflies Also... GA ... e- redirects here. ... The word proportionality may have one of a number of meanings: In mathematics, proportionality is a mathematical relation between two quantities. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... For Wikipedia statistics, see m:Statistics Statistics is the science and practice of developing human knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ... Systematic was a hard rock band from California, USA. The band was one of the first signings to Metallica drummer Lars Ulrichs record label, The Music Company (via Elektra Records). ... SNU is an acronym for: Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, Oklahoma Singapore National University Solar neutrino unit Street Narcotics Unit snu (more specifically snü): a small mythical creature discovered in germany in the early 14th century. ... The Standard Solar Model (SSM) is the best current physical model of our sun. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ...

The Russian-American collaboration has used a 518 − kCi ⁵¹Cr neutrino source to test the experimental operation. The energy of these neutrinos is similar to the solar ⁷Be neutrinos and thus makes an ideal check on the experimental procedure. The extractions for the Cr experiment took place between January and May of 1995 and the counting of the samples lasted until fall. The bulk of the analysis of the data has been completed. The result, expressed in terms of a ratio of the measured production rate to the expected production rate, is 1.0±0.15. This indicates that the discrepancy between the solar model predictions and the SAGE flux measurement cannot be an experimental artifact. For information on cleanup resources in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia Cleanup Resources CR can mean: Caloric restriction Carriage return Castle Rock, the name of several towns Challenge Rating, a term representing difficulty in Dungeons & Dragons Change Request, in industry programming terminology Channel Representative Cocoa Roach (Carracho X) College Republicans Comfort Room... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ...

Members of SAGE

SAGE was lead by the following Physicists: Many famous physicists of the 20th and 21st century are found on the list of recipients of the Nobel Prize in physics. ...

• Vladimir Gavrin
• George Zatsepin (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia)
• Tom Bowles (Los Alamos)

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ in Russian) in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (120 km north of Moscow), Russia is an international research centre for nuclear sciences, involving around 1000 scientists from eighteen states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, DPR Korea, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland,Romania, Russia... Tom Bowles is a leading Nuclear Physicist working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. ... Los Alamos usually refers to the United States national laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico which was founded during the World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb (the Manhattan Project), was one of the two laboratories developing the USAs nuclear weapons during the Cold War, and is...

See also

• Hans Bethe was the architect of the theory of nuclear fusion reactions in stars.
• The University of Washington is playing a major role in the statistical analysis of the SAGE data and in the determination of systematic uncertainties. They are very active in the remaining analysis of the Cr experiment data as well as the solar neutrino data.

Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced bay-tuh; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005), was a German-American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ... The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... STARS can mean: Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society Special Tactics And Rescue Service, a fictional task force that appears in Capcoms Resident Evil video game franchise. ... The University of Washington, founded in 1861, is a public research university in Seattle, Washington. ... Statistics is the science and practice of developing knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ...

External links

• Results of the experiments
• Hans Bethe talking about SAGE on Peoples Archive