SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France. A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Française de Télévision (later bought by Thomson) invented SECAM. It is, historically, the first European color television standard. Analog television (or analogue television) encodes television and transports the picture and sound information as an analog signal, that is, by varying the amplitude and/or frequencies of the broadcast signal. ... Henri de France was an influential French television engineer. ... This article concerns the media and entertainment company. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ...

Television encoding systems by nation

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

Technical details

Just as the other color standards adopted for broadcast usage over the world, SECAM is a compatible standard, which means that monochrome television receivers predating its introduction are still able to show the programs, although only in black and white. Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards add a second signal to the basic monochrome signal, and this signal carries the color information, called chrominance or C in short, while the black and white information is called the luminance (Y in short). Old TV receivers only see the luminance, while color receivers process both signals. Georges Valensi was a French telecommunications engineer who, in 1938, invented and patented a method of transmitting color images so that they could be received on both color and black & white television sets. ... Chrominance (chroma for short) comprises the two components of a television signal that encode color information. ... As applied to analog television signals, two different words are used, luminance and luma, meaning two different things. ...

Additionally, for compatibility, it is required to use no more bandwidth than the monochrome signal alone; the color signal has to be somehow inserted into the monochrome signal, without disturbing it. This insertion is possible because the spectrum of the monochrome TV signal is not continuous, hence empty space exists which can be utilized. This lack of continuity results from the discrete nature of the signal, which is divided into frames and lines. Analogue color systems differ by the way in which empty space is used. In all cases, the color signal is inserted at the end of the spectrum of the monochrome signal.

In order to be able to separate the color signal from the monochrome one in the receiver, a fixed frequency sub carrier has to be used, this sub carrier being modulated by the color signal.

The color space is three dimensional by the nature of the human vision, so after subtracting the luminance, which is carried by the base signal, the color sub carrier still has to carry a two dimensional signal. Typically the red (R) and the blue (B) information are carried because their signal difference with luminance (R-Y and B-Y) is stronger than that of green (G-Y).

SECAM differs from the other color systems by the way the R-Y and B-Y signals are carried.

First, SECAM uses frequency modulation to encode chrominance information on the sub carrier. Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. ... Chrominance (chroma for short) comprises the two components of a television signal that encode color information. ...

Second, instead of transmitting the red and blue information together, it only sends one of them at a time, and uses the information about the other color from the preceding line. It uses a delay line, an analog memory device, for storing one line of color information. This justifies the "Sequential, With Memory" name. The term delay line has multiple meanings: In electronics and derivative fields such as telecommunications, a delay line is rigorously defined as a single-input-channel device, in which the output channel state at a given instant, t, is the same as the input channel state at the instant t...

Because SECAM transmits only one color at a time, it is free of the color artifacts present in NTSC and PAL and resulting from the combined transmission of both signals. The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Television encoding systems by nation. ...

This means that the vertical color resolution is halved relative to NTSC. It is however not halved compared to PAL. Although PAL does not eliminate half of vertical color information during encoding, it combines color information from adjacent lines at the decoding stage, in order to compensate for "color sub carrier phase errors" occurring during the transmission of the Amplitude-Modulated color sub carrier. This is normally done using a delay line borrowed from SECAM (the result is called PAL DL or PAL Delay-Line, sometimes interpreted as DeLuxe), but can be accomplished "visually" in cheap TV sets (PAL standard). Because the FM modulation of SECAM's color sub carrier is insensitive to phase (or amplitude) errors, phase errors do not cause loss of color saturation in SECAM, although they do in PAL. In NTSC, such errors cause color shifts.

The color difference signals in SECAM are actually calculated in the YDbDr color space, which is a scaled version of the YUV color space. This encoding is better suited to the transmission of only one signal at a time. An image along with its Y, Db, and Dr components. ... A comparison of different color spaces. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

FM modulation of the color information allows SECAM to be free of the dot crawl problem commonly encountered with the other analog standards and first widely noticed with Laserdiscs. Dot crawl can be removed from PAL and NTSC-encoded signals using a comb filter. Such filters are usually only included in high-end displays. Dot crawl patterns (animated checkerboard) are easily visible along vertical lines in DVD menus displayed even by expensive (eg. plasma) displays if these displays are connected to a signal source (DVD player) using a composite PAL or NTSC connection rather than, for example, RGB. The dot crawl is the popular name for a visual defect of color analog video standards when signals are transmitted as composite video. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In signal processing, a comb filter adds a delayed version of a signal to itself, causing constructive and destructive interference. ...

The idea of reducing the vertical color resolution comes from Henri de France, who observed that color information is approximately identical for two successive lines. Because the color information was designed to be a cheap, backwards compatible addition to the monochrome signal, the color signal has a lower bandwidth than the luminance signal, and hence lower horizontal resolution. Fortunately, the human visual system is similar in design: it perceives changes in luminance at a higher resolution than changes in chrominance, so this asymmetry has minimal visual impact. It was therefore also logical to reduce the vertical color resolution.

DVD and other digital television formats have continued to exploit this visual artifact, sub sampling color both horizontally and vertically. Hence, paradoxically, VHS NTSC videos and especially NTSC Laserdiscs can have a greater vertical color resolution than DVD. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Bottom view of VHS cassette with magnetic tape exposed Top view of VHS cassette with front casing removed The Video Home System, better known by its abbreviation VHS is a recording and playing standard for analog video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC) and launched... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Pioneers LaserDisc Logo The Laserdisc (LD) was the first commercial optical disc storage medium, and was used primarily for the presentation of movies. ... DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ...

A similar paradox applies to the vertical resolution in television in general: reducing the bandwidth of the video signal will preserve the vertical resolution, even if the image loses sharpness and is smudged in the horizontal direction. Hence, video could be sharper vertically than horizontally. However, because of the interlacing, vertical resolution is effectively not as great as the number of scan lines. Additionally, transmitting an image with too much vertical detail will cause annoying flicker on television screens, as small details will only appear on a single line, and hence be refreshed at half the frequency. Computer-generated text and inserts have to be carefully low-pass filtered to prevent this.

History

Work on SECAM began in 1956. The technology was ready by the end of the fifties, but this was too soon for a wide introduction. Initially, a version of SECAM for the French 819-line television standard was devised and tested, but not introduced. Following a pan-European agreement to introduce color TV only in 625 lines, France had to start the conversion by switching over to a 625-line television standard, which happened at the beginning of the 1960s with the introduction of a second network. Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ...

The first proposed system was called SECAM I in 1961, followed by other studies to improve compatibility and image quality.

These improvements were called SECAM II and SECAM III with the later being presented at the 1965 CCIR General Assembly in Vienna. The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is a standards body subcommittee of the International Telecommunication Union relating to radio communication. ... “Wien” redirects here. ...

Further improvements were SECAM III A followed by SECAM III B, the adopted system for general usage in 1967.

Russians were involved in the development of the standard, and even created their own incompatible variant called NIR or SECAM IV, which was not deployed. The team was working in Moscow's Telecentrum under Professor Chmakov's direction. The NIR designation comes from the name of the Nautschnuiu Issledowatelskaya Rabota research institute involved in the studies. Two standards were developed: Non-linear NIR in which a process analogous to gamma correction is used and Linear NIR or SECAM IV that omits this process. ^[1] Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: , Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government  - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area  - City 1,081 km²  (417. ...

SECAM was inaugurated in France on October 1, 1967, on la deuxième chaîne (the second channel), now called France 2. A group of four men, all dressed in suits, presumably presenters and network officials, were shown standing in a studio. The image was originally black and white and suddenly switched to color; one of the people said something along the lines of "now you can see us as we really are". is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...

The first color television sets cost 5000 Francs. Color TV was not very popular initially; only about 1500 people watched the inaugural program in color. A year later, only 200,000 sets had been sold of an expected million. This pattern was similar to the earlier slow build-up of color television popularity in the USA.

SECAM was later adopted by former French and Belgian colonies, Greece, Eastern European countries, the Soviet Union and Middle Eastern countries. However, with the fall of communism, and following a period when multi-standard TV sets became a commodity, many Eastern European countries decided to switch to PAL. Map of Eastern Europe Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... This is a history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. ... Commodity is a term that refers to goods that are mined or agriculturally produced. ...

Why SECAM in France?

Some have argued that the primary motivation for the development of SECAM in France was to protect French television equipment manufacturers. However, incompatibility had started with the earlier decision to unusually adopt positive video modulation for French broadcast signals. The earlier British System A was the only other system to use positive video modulation. In addition, SECAM development predates PAL. NTSC was considered undesirable in Europe because of its tint problem requiring an additional control, which SECAM and PAL solved. The joke was that "SECAM" stood for "System Essentially Contrary to the American Method."^{[citation needed]} In Amplitude Modulated (AM) broadcast analogue television systems it is possible to modulate the video signal two ways. ... The 405-line monochrome analogue television broadcasting system was the first standard-definition electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Because the NTSC color television standard is susceptible to color errors, there is a tint control on NTSC television sets, which allows the image hue to be corrected. ...

Nonetheless, SECAM was partly developed for reasons of national pride. Henri de France's personal charisma and ambition may have been a contributing factor. PAL was developed by Telefunken, a German company, and in the post-war De Gaulle era there would have been much political resistance to dropping a French-developed system and adopting a German-developed one instead.^{[citation needed]} The word charisma (from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma), gift or divine favor, from kharizesthai, to favor, from kharis, favor: see also charism) refers to a rare trait found in certain human personalities usually including extreme charm and a magnetic quality of personality and/or appearance along with innate and powerfully... Telefunken is a German radio- and television company, founded in 1903. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Unlike some other manufacturers, the company where SECAM was invented, Thomson, still sells TV sets worldwide under different brands; this may be due in part to the legacy of SECAM. Thomson bought the company that developed PAL, Telefunken, and today even co-owns the RCA brand —RCA being the creator of NTSC. Thomson also co-authored the current American high-definition TV standard ATSC. This article concerns the media and entertainment company. ... Telefunken is a German radio- and television company, founded in 1903. ... RCA, formerly an acronym for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark owned by Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson. ... Established in 1982, the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) is the group that developed the ATSC digital television standard for the United States, also adopted by Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and recently Honduras and is being considered by other countries. ...

Why SECAM elsewhere?

The adoption of SECAM in Eastern Europe has been attributed to Cold War political machinations: Western TV was popular in the East, authorities were well aware of this, and adopted SECAM rather than the PAL encoding used in West Germany. This did not hinder mutual reception in black & white, because the underlying TV standards remained essentially the same in both parts of Germany. However, East Germans responded by buying PAL decoders for their SECAM sets. Eventually, the government in East Berlin stopped paying attention to so-called "Republikflucht via Fernsehen", or "defection via television". Later East German produced TV sets even included a dual standard PAL/SECAM decoder. In any case the majority of TV sets in East Germany were monochrome (black & white) until well into the 1980s. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... GDR redirects here. ...

However, PAL and SECAM are just standards for the color sub carrier, used in conjunction with older standards for the base monochrome signals. The names for these monochrome standards are letters, such as M, B/G, D/K, and L. See CCIR, OIRT and FCC (the standardization bodies). The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) is a standards body subcommittee of the International Telecommunication Union relating to radio communication. ... The International Radio and Television Organisation (official name in French: Organisation Internationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision or OIRT), more often called Intervision (Russian Интервидение, Polish Interwizja), was an East European network of radio and television broadcasters... The FCCs official seal. ...

These signals are much more important to compatibility than the color sub carriers are. They differ by AM or FM sound modulation, signal polarisation, relative frequencies within the channel, bandwidth, etc. For example, a PAL D/K TV set will be able to receive a SECAM D/K signal (although in black and white), while it will not be able to decode the sound of a PAL B/G signal. So even before SECAM came to Eastern European countries, most viewers could not have received Western programs —and color TV sets were not exactly widespread in the Communist bloc anyway, so the monochrome-only reception did not pose a significant problem. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. ... Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. ... This article treats polarization in electrodynamics. ...

Another, speculative political theory is that PAL was originally German, while SECAM came from a country that had better political relations with Eastern Europe after the war. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

SECAM varieties

L, B/G, D/K, H (Broadcast)

There are five varieties of SECAM:

1. French SECAM (SECAM-L), used only in France, Luxembourg (only RTL9 on CH 21 from Dudelange) and Tele Monte-Carlo Transmitters in the south of France
2. SECAM-B/G, used in the Middle East, former East Germany and Greece
3. SECAM D/K, used in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eastern Europe (this is simply SECAM used with the D and K monochrome TV transmission standards).
4. SECAM-H. Around 1983-1984 a new color identification standard ("Line SECAM or SECAM-H") has been introduced in order to make more space available inside the signal for adding teletext information (originally according to the Antiope standard). Identification bursts have been made per-line (like in PAL) rather than per-picture. Very old SECAM TV sets might not be able to display color for today's broadcasts. Although any sets manufactured after the mid-1970s should be able to receive either variant.
5. SECAM-K. France also introduced the SECAM standard to its dependencies. However, the SECAM standard used in France's overseas possessions (as well as African countries that were once ruled by France) was slightly different from the SECAM used in Metropolitan France. The SECAM standard used in Metropolitan France used the SECAM-L and a variant of the channel information for VHF channels 2-10. French overseas possessions and many French-speaking African countries use the SECAM-K standard and a mutually incompatible variant of the channel information for VHF channels 4-9 (not channels 2-10).

A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... GDR redirects here. ...  Member state  Associate member Headquarters Minsk, Belarus Working language Russian Type Commonwealth Membership 11 member states 1 associate member Leaders  -  Executive Secretary Viktor Yanukovych Establishment December 21, 1991 Website http://cis. ... A BBC Ceefax page from January 9, 2007. ... Antiope was a French teletext standard in the 1980s. ...

MESECAM (Home recording)

Reference is sometimes made to MESECAM as an alternative form of broadcast SECAM used in the Middle East. This is incorrect, MESECAM is meaningful only in terms of video recording. When a color signal is recorded onto VHS or Betamax video tape, the luminance signal is recorded in its original form (albeit with some reduction of bandwidth) but the chrominance signal of about 4.4 MHz is too sensitive to small changes in frequency caused by inevitable small variations in tape speed to be recorded directly. Instead, it is first down converted to the lower frequency of 630 kHz, and the complex nature of the PAL sub carrier means that the down conversion must be done via a superhet mixer to ensure that information is not lost. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Bottom view of VHS cassette with magnetic tape exposed Top view of VHS cassette with front casing removed The Video Home System, better known by its abbreviation VHS is a recording and playing standard for analog video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC) and launched... Sonys Betamax is the 12. ... As applied to analog television signals, two different words are used, luminance and luma, meaning two different things. ... Chrominance (chroma for short) comprises the two components of a television signal that encode color information. ... The Super Heterodyne receiver (or to give it its full name, The Supersonic Heterodyne Receiver) was invented by Edwin Armstrong in 1918. ... In telecommunications a mixer is a frequency mixer. ...

The SECAM sub carrier, being a simple FM signal, does not need such complex processing. The VHS specification requires that it be simply divided by 4 on recording to give a sub carrier of approximately 1.1 MHz, and multiplied by 4 again on playback. A true dual-standard PAL and SECAM video recorder therefore requires two color processing circuits, adding to complexity and expense. Since some countries in the Middle East use PAL and others use SECAM, the region has adopted a shortcut, and uses the PAL mixer-down converter approach for both PAL and SECAM. This works well and simplifies VCR design. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ...

The resultant signal on tape is not, of course, compatible with a true standard SECAM recording, and so is referred to as MESECAM. This is the only time the term MESECAM is meaningful. It is interesting to note that it is often possible to record SÉCAM video on an unmodified PAL VCR, thus creating MESECAM tapes, which can be played back in color through another PAL VCR into a SECAM TV. Basic PAL VCRs work better for this, ones that are more sophisticated detect the SECAM signal as "not-PAL" and refuse to record it in color.

Problems with the standard

Unlike PAL or NTSC, analog SECAM television cannot easily be edited in its native analog form. Because it uses frequency modulation, SECAM is not linear with respect to the input image (this is also what protects it against signal distortion), so electrically mixing two (synchronized) SECAM signals does not yield a valid SECAM signal, unlike with analog PAL or NTSC. For this reason, to mix two SECAM signals, they must be demodulated, the demodulated signals mixed, and are remodulated again. Hence, post-production is often done in PAL, or in component formats, with the result encoded or transcoded into SECAM at the point of transmission. Reducing the costs of running television stations is one reason for some countries' recent switchovers to PAL. Post production is the general term for the last stage of film production in which photographed scenes (also called footage) are put together into a complete film. ...

TVs currently sold in SECAM countries support both SECAM and PAL, and more recently baseband NTSC as well (though not usually broadcast NTSC, that is, they cannot accept a broadcast signal from an antenna). Although the older analog camcorders (VHS, VHS-C) were produced in SECAM versions, none of the 8 mm or Hi-band models (S-VHS, S-VHS-C, and Hi-8) recorded it directly. Camcorders and VCRs of these standards sold in SECAM countries are internally PAL. They use an internal SECAM to PAL converter for recording of broadcast TV transmitted in SECAM. The result could be converted back to SECAM in some models; most people buying such expensive equipment would have a multistandard TV set anyway and not need such a conversion. Digital camcorders or DVD players (with the exception of some early models) do not accept or output a SECAM analog signal. However, this is of dwindling importance: since 1980 most European domestic video equipment uses French-originated SCART connectors, allowing the transmission of RGB signals between devices. This eliminates the legacy of PAL, SECAM, and NTSC color sub carrier standards. Television encoding systems by nation. ... Baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured from 0 to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency; it is sometimes used as a noun for a band of frequencies starting at 0. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. ... Bottom view of VHS cassette with magnetic tape exposed Top view of VHS cassette with front casing removed The Video Home System, better known by its abbreviation VHS is a recording and playing standard for analog video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC) and launched... VHS-C is the compact VHS format used for portable video recorders. ... A Video8 cassette The 8mm video format refers informally to three related videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL/SECAM television systems. ... Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS (Super VHS) was an improved version of the VHS standard for consumer video cassette recorders. ... VHS-C is the compact VHS format used for portable video recorders. ... A 8mm Camcorder The 8mm Video Format (official name: Video8) is a type of video cassette recorder and video tape. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... REDIRECT RGB color model ...

In general, modern professional equipment is now all-digital, and uses component-based digital interconnects such as CCIR 601 to eliminate the need for any analog processing prior to the final modulation of the analog signal for broadcast. However, large installed bases of analog professional equipment still exist, particularly in third world countries. CCIR 601 is the old name of a standard published by the CCIR (now ITU-R) for encoding interlaced analogue video signals in digital form. ...

Countries and territories that use SECAM

This is a list of nations that currently authorize the use of the SECAM standard for television broadcating. Nations that have moved to PAL or DVB-T are listed separately.

Africa

Image File history File links Flag_of_Benin. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Burkina_Faso. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Burundi. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chad. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cote_d'Ivoire. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Djibouti. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Gabon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Madagascar. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mali. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Mauritius. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Niger. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Rwanda. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Senegal. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Togo. ...

Asia-Pacific

This list includes the Indian Ocean Region.

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cambodia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_French_Polynesia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_North_Korea. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Vietnam. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

Europe (Eurasia)

This list can include nations that border on the European region, but that have access to the Mediterranean Sea. Composite satellite image of the Mediterranean Sea. ...

•  Andorra
•  East Germany (defunct state, area now uses PAL or DVB-T)
•  France, SECAM broadcast to be abandoned by 2011, simulcast in PAL (ADSL) and DVB-T
•  Luxembourg
•  Libya
•  Monaco
•  Morocco
•  Syria
•  Tunisia

Image File history File links Flag_of_Andorra. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Luxembourg. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Libya. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Monaco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Morocco. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tunisia. ...

Former USSR

Due to some slight differences in the type of SECAM adopted by the former USSR, the former USSR states that adopted SECAM are listed separately.

Image File history File links Flag_of_Armenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Azerbaijan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belarus. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Georgia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kazakhstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Moldova. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Tajikistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Turkmenistan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uzbekistan. ...

Americas

• French Guiana
• Guadeloupe
• Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
•  Martinique

Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Motto: A Mare Labor(Latin) From the Sea, Work[] Anthem: La Marseillaise Capital (and largest city) Saint-Pierre Official languages French Government  - President of the General Council Stéphane Artano  - Préfet (Prefect) Yves Fauqueur Collectivité doutre-mera of France   - ceded by the UKe 30 May 1814   - Territoire d... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

Migration from SECAM to PAL

Some former SECAM countries are in the process of migrating to PAL or have already finished doing so. Most of these countries involved in this migration have been in Europe, except for Mongolia. Television encoding systems by nation. ...

Central and Western Europe

•  Bulgaria
•  Czech Republic
•  East Germany (merger with West Germany)
•  Greece
•  Hungary
•  Poland
•  Slovakia

Baltic states Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ... “East Germany” redirects here. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Greece. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Slovakia. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The Baltic states refer to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ...

•  Lithuania,  Latvia and  Estonia (separation from USSR) - already finished migration to PAL in 1999.

Eurasia Image File history File links Flag_of_Lithuania. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Latvia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Estonia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ...

•  Mongolia
•  Ukraine

Image File history File links Flag_of_Mongolia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ukraine. ...

See also

• Broadcast television systems
• Oldest television station

There are several broadcast television systems in use in the world today. ... // The title of Oldest Television Station is a controversial one, but can be assumed from several in Europe (particularly of England and Germany), and in the United States. ...

External links

• World Analogue Television Standards
• Simple explanation of color standards
• Discussion of recording SECAM vs PAL on VHS (in French)

Display standards comparison The display resolution of a digital television or computer display typically refers to the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. ... Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal on CRT devices without consuming any extra bandwidth. ... Progressive scan Progressive or noninterlaced scanning is any method for displaying, storing or transmitting moving images in which the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. ... MPEG-2 is a standard for the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information [1]. It is widely used around the world to specify the format of the digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. ... Low-definition television or LDTV refers to television systems that have a lower resolution than Standard Definition Television systems. ... Video CD (aka VCD, VideoCD, View CD, Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact Disc. ... An acronym for Standard Input Format, this video format was developed to allow the storage and transmission of digital video. ... ... ... ... Standard-definition television or SDTV refers to television systems that have a lower resolution than HDTV systems. ... Compact Disc Super Video (SVCD) logo/trademark Super Video CD (Super Video Compact Disc or SVCD) is a format used for storing video on standard compact discs. ... DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... A MiniDV Camcorder For other uses, see DV (disambiguation). ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ... PAL-M is the TV system used in Brazil. ... 480i is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... 480p is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... Television encoding systems by nation. ... 576i is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... 576p is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... Enhanced-definition television, extended-definition television, or EDTV is a CEA marketing shorthand term for certain digital television (DTV) formats. ... 480p is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... 576p is the shorthand name for a video mode. ... Projection screen in a home theater, displaying a high-definition television image. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a defunct high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, and is no longer used, the media that is intended for use of Blu-ray includes high-definition video and Whiney Sony fanboys. ... High Definition Video (HDV) is a video format designed to record compressed HDTV video on standard DV media (DV or MiniDV cassette tape). ... JOHN HERMAN SUCKS FAT DICK ... 1080i (pronounced ten eighty eye) is shorthand name for a category of video modes. ... 1080p is a format of high definition broadcast. ... Image File history File links Common_Video_Resolutions. ...