SS Andrea Doria
The S.S. Andrea Doria
Career
Owners:	Italian Line
Built:	by Ansaldo Shipyards of Genoa, Italy
Launched:	June 16, 1951
Maiden voyage:	January 14, 1953
Fate:	Capsized and sank on July 25, 1956 after colliding with the SS Stockholm
General Characteristics
Tonnage:	29,083 gross tons
Length:	700 feet (213.8 m)
Beam:	90 feet (27.5 m)
Power:	Steam turbines
Propulsion:	Twin screws
Speed:	23 knots
Passenger Capacity:	1,221

The SS Andrea Doria was an ocean liner for the Italian Line (Società di navigazione Italia) home ported in Genoa, Italy. Named after the 16th century Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, the Andrea Doria had a gross tonnage of 29,100 and a capacity of about 1,200 passengers and 500 crew. For a country attempting to rebuild its economy and reputation after World War II, the Andrea Doria was an icon of Italian national pride. Of all Italy's ships at the time, Andrea Doria was the largest, fastest and supposedly safest. Launched on June 16, 1951, the ship undertook its maiden voyage on January 14, 1953. Image File history File links S.S. Andrea Doria This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links Civil_Ensign_of_Italy. ... The Italian Line, also known as the Società di navigazione Italia, was a passenger shipping line that operated regular transatlantic service between Italy and the United States. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... There have been three ocean liners named Stockholm. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Italian Line, also known as the Società di navigazione Italia, was a passenger shipping line that operated regular transatlantic service between Italy and the United States. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Andrea Doria (disambiguation). ... A long ton (sometimes known as a gross ton or weight ton) is the name used in the US for the unit called the ton in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used (alongside the metric system) in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The maiden voyage of a ship or aircraft is the first cruise or flight in revenue service, typically following a series of shakedown cruises or test-flights. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On July 25, 1956, approaching the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts bound for New York City, the Andrea Doria collided with the eastward-bound SS Stockholm of the Swedish-American Line in what became one of history's most famous maritime disasters. Struck in the side, the list of the Andrea Doria left half of her lifeboats unusable, which might have resulted in significant loss of life, but improvements in communications and rapid responses by other ships averted a disaster similar in scale to the Titanic disaster of 1912. Most passengers and crew survived. On the Andrea Doria, 1660 people were rescued and 46 died.^[1] The evacuated luxury liner capsized and sank the following morning. is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Nantucket County Settled 1641 Incorporated 1671 Government  - Type Open town meeting Area  - Town  105. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... There have been three ocean liners named Stockholm. ... Swedish America Line (Svenska Amerika Linien) SAL was a passanger and cargo shipping line. ... This list of shipwrecks is of those sunken ships whose remains have been located. ... Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. ... For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ...

The incident and its aftermath were heavily covered by the news media. While the rescue efforts were both successful and commendable, the cause of the collision and the loss of the Andrea Doria afterward generated much interest in the media and many lawsuits. The Andrea Doria was the last major transatlantic passenger vessel to sink before aircraft became the preferred method of travel. Airplane and Aeroplane redirect here. ...

History

Features

Andrea Doria had a length of 212 m (697 feet), a beam of 27 m (90 feet), and a gross tonnage of 29,100.^[1] The propulsion system consisted of steam turbines attached to twin screws, enabling the ship to achieve a service speed of 23 knots, with a top speed of 26 knots. Andrea Doria was not the largest vessel nor the fastest of its day: those distinctions went to the RMS Queen Elizabeth and the SS United States, respectively. Instead, Andrea Doria was designed for luxury. This article is about the unit of length. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length. ... A long ton (sometimes known as a gross ton or weight ton) is the name used in the US for the unit called the ton in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as used (alongside the metric system) in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries. ... A Siemens steam turbine with the case opened. ... For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). ... A knot is a unit of speed abbreviated kt or kn. ... RMS Queen Elizabeth was a steam-powered ocean liner of the Cunard Steamship Company. ... The SS United States (also known as The Big U) is an ocean liner built in 1952 for the United States Lines. ...

Since it sailed the southern Atlantic routes, Andrea Doria was the first ship to feature three outdoor swimming pools, one for each class (first, cabin, and tourist). The ship was capable of accommodating 218 first-class passengers, 320 cabin-class passengers, and 703 tourist-class passengers, and 563 crew^[1] on ten decks.^[2] With over $1 million spent on artwork and decor of the cabins and public rooms, including a life-size statue of Admiral Doria, many consider the ship to have been one of the most beautiful ocean liners ever. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Executive class cabin in Indian (airline), the higher of the two classes offered First Class travel is a particularly high quality travel class offered by passenger airlines, railways and shipping companies. ... “USD” redirects here. ...

Safety and seaworthiness

An Italian poster announcing the entrance in service of the "greatest Italian liner".

The ship was also considered one of the safest of the time. Equipped with a double hull, Andrea Doria was divided into eleven watertight compartments. Any two of these could be filled with water without endangering the ship’s safety. The Andrea Doria also carried enough lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew. Furthermore, the ship was equipped with the latest early warning radar. Even with its technological advantages, the ship had serious flaws related to seaworthiness and safety. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A double hull is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom and sides of the ship have two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is somewhat further into the ship, perhaps... A bulkhead is an upright wall within the hull of a ship. ... Severn class lifeboat in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ...

Confirming predictions obtained from model testing during the design phase, the ship developed a huge list whenever hit by any significant force. This was especially apparent during its maiden voyage, when Andrea Doria listed twenty-eight degrees after being hit by a large wave off Nantucket. The ship's tendency to list was accentuated when the ship's fuel tanks were nearly empty, which was usual at the end of a voyage.^[3] This article describes the unit of angle. ... The Ocean Waves, see I Can Hear the Sea Ocean waves Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. ... Nantucket is an island south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, formed of glacial moraine. ...

This stability issue would become a focus during the investigation after her loss as it was a factor in both the capsizing and the crew's inability to use any of the port-side lifeboats. The bulkheads of the watertight compartments extended only up to the top of A Deck, and a list greater than 20 degrees allowed water from a flooded watertight compartment to pass over its top into adjacent compartments. Additionally, the design parameters allowed the lowering of the lifeboats at a maximum 15 degrees list. Beyond 15 degrees, up to half of the lifeboats could not be deployed.

Construction and maiden voyage

At the end of World War II, Italy had lost half its merchant fleet through wartime destruction and Allied forces' seeking war reparations. The losses included the SS Rex, a former Blue Riband holder. Furthermore, the country was struggling with a collapsed economy.^[4] To show the world that the country had recovered from the war and to reestablish the nation's pride, the Italian Line commissioned two new vessels of similar design in the early 1950s. The first was to be named Andrea Doria with the second vessel, which was launched in 1953, to be named Cristoforo Colombo after Christopher Columbus. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. ... The SS Rex was a product of Navigazione Generale Italiana (later become Italian Line - Italia Società di Navigazione). ... The Blue Riband is an award held by the ship with the record for a transatlantic crossing. ... The Cristoforo Colombo was an Italian ocean liner built in the 1950s in the wake of World War II. She is notable to most people as the sister ship of the famed and tragic Andrea Doria. ... Christopher Columbus (1451 – May 20, 1506) was a navigator and colonialist who is one of the first Europeans to discover the Americas, after the Vikings. ...

The Andrea Doria started as Yard No. 918 at Ansaldo Shipyard in Genoa. On February 9, 1950, the ship's keel was laid on the No. 1 slipway, and on June 16, 1951, the Andrea Doria was launched. During the ceremony, the ship's hull was blessed by Giuseppe Siri, Cardinal Archbishop of Genoa, and christened by Mrs. Giuseppina Saragat, wife of the former Minister of the Merchant Marine. However, amid reports of machinery problems during sea trials, the Andrea Doria's maiden voyage was pushed back from December 14, 1952, to January 14, 1953.^[5] For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... is the 40th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A slipway inside the Cobb at Lyme Regis, England A slipway, boat slip or just a slip, is a ramp on the shore by which ships or boats can be moved to and from the water. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Giuseppe Siri (20 May 1906 - 2 May 1989) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

During the ship's maiden voyage it encountered heavy storms on the final approach to New York and was delayed by minutes. Nevertheless, the Andrea Doria completed its maiden voyage on January 23 and received a welcoming delegation which included New York Mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri. Afterwards, Andrea Doria became one of Italy's most popular and successful ocean liners as it was always filled to capacity. By mid-1956, it was making its one-hundredth crossing of the Atlantic. is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For a list of the Dutch Director-Generals who governed New Amsterdam (as New York City was called when it was a Dutch-run settlement) between 1624 and 1664, see: Director-General of New Netherland. ... Vincent Richard Impellitteri (February 4, 1900 – January 29, 1987) was appointed Acting Mayor of New York City upon the resignation of then Mayor William ODwyer, on September 1, 1950. ...

Final voyage

A collision course

On the evening of Wednesday, July 25, 1956, the Andrea Doria, commanded by Captain Piero Calamai, carrying 1,134 passengers and 572 crew members, was heading west toward New York. It was the last night out of a transatlantic crossing from Genoa which began on July 17. The ship was expected to dock in New York the next morning. is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Captain is a rank or title with various meanings. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

At the same time, the SS Stockholm, a smaller passenger liner having departed New York about midday, was heading east toward Gothenburg, Sweden. The Stockholm was commanded by Captain Harry Gunnar Nordenson, though Third Officer Johan-Ernst Carstens-Johannsen was in command on the bridge at the time. The Stockholm was following its usual course east to Nantucket Lightship, making about 18 knots (33 km/h) with clear skies. Carstens estimated visibility at 6 miles (11 km if they are nautical miles). There have been three ocean liners named Stockholm. ... For other uses, see Gothenburg (disambiguation). ... Bridge of the brigantine LEtoile The bridge of a ship is an area or room where the ships navigational controls and other essential equipment related to ship operations are housed and operated. ... The Lightship Nantucket was the name given to the lightvessel which marked the hazardous Nantucket Shoals in Massachusetts. ...

As the Stockholm and the Andrea Doria were approaching each other head-on in the well-used shipping corridor, the westbound Andrea Doria had been traveling in heavy fog for hours. The captain had reduced speed slightly (from 23 to 21.8 knots), activated the ship's fog warning whistle, and had closed the watertight doors, all customary precautions while sailing in fog. However, the eastbound Stockholm had yet to enter what was apparently the edge of a fog bank, and was apparently unaware of it. Golden Gate Bridge in Fog Evening fog obscures Londons Tower Bridge from passers by. ...

The waters of the North Atlantic south of Nantucket Island were frequently the site of intermittent fog as the cold Labrador Current encountered the Gulf Stream. As the two ships approached each other at a combined speed of 40 knots, although each was aware of the presence of another ship, guided only by radar, they apparently misinterpreted each others' courses. There was no radio communication between the two ships. Nantucket is an island south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, formed of glacial moraine. ... The Labrador Current is a cold current in the north Atlantic Ocean which flows from the Arctic Ocean south along the coast of Labrador and passes around Newfoundland, continuing south along the east coast of Nova Scotia. ... For the album by Ocean Colour Scene, see North Atlantic Drift (album) The Gulf Stream is orange and yellow in this representation of water temperatures of the Atlantic. ...

In the critical minutes before the collision, the original inquiry established that Andrea Doria gradually steered to port (left), attempting a starboard-to-starboard meeting, while the Stockholm turned about 20 degrees to its starboard (right), an action intended to widen the passing distance of a port-to-port meeting. In fact, they were actually steering towards each other—narrowing rather than widening the passing distance. Compounded by the extremely thick fog which enveloped the Doria as the ships approached each other, they were quite close by the time visual contact had been established, and each realized the ships were on a collision course. By then, despite last minute maneuvers, they were unable to avoid the collision.

In the last moments before impact, the Stockholm turned hard to the starboard and was in the process of reversing its propellers attempting to stop. The Doria had remained at its cruising speed of almost 22 knots engaged in a hard turn to port, its Captain hoping to outrun the collision. At approximately 11:10 PM, the two ships collided.

SS Andrea Doria the morning after the collision with the SS Stockholm in fog off Nantucket Island.

Andrea Doria July 26, 1956 This work is copyrighted. ... Andrea Doria July 26, 1956 This work is copyrighted. ...

Impact and penetration

When Andrea Doria and the Stockholm collided at almost a 90-degree angle, the Stockholm's sharply raked ice breaking prow pierced Andrea Doria's starboard side approximately midway of its length, penetrating three cabin decks to a depth of nearly 40 feet (12 m) and into its keel. The collision smashed many occupied passenger cabins and, at the lower levels, ripped open several of Andrea Doria's watertight compartments. The gash pierced five fuel tanks on Andrea Doria's starboard side and filled them with 500 tons of seawater. Meanwhile, air was trapped in the empty tanks on the port side, contributing to an uncorrectable list. The ship's large fuel tanks were mostly empty at the time of the collision since the ship was nearing the end of its voyage. US Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002 An icebreaker is a special purpose ship designed to move through ice covered marine environments. ...

Meanwhile, on the bridge of the Stockholm, immediately after the impact, engines were placed at FULL STOP, and all watertight doors were closed. The ships were intertwined about 30 seconds. As they separated, the smashed bow of the stationary Stockholm was dragged aft along the starboard side of the Doria which was still moving forward, adding more gashes along the side. The two ships then separated and the Doria moved away into the heavy fog. Initial distress radio calls were sent out by each ship, and in that manner, they learned each others' identity. The world soon became aware that two large ocean liners had collided.

This was the SOS sent by the Andrea Doria: For other uses, see SOS (disambiguation). ...

"SOS DE ICEH SOS HERE AT 0320 GMT LAT. 40.30 N 69.53 W NEED IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE"

Assessing damage and imminent danger

Immediately after the collision, Andrea Doria began to take on water and started to list severely to starboard. Within minutes, the list was at least 18 degrees. After the ships separated, the Captain quickly brought the engine controls to FULL STOP. Many people believe that one of the watertight doors to the engine room was missing, though this issue was later determined to be moot (see Later Investigations and Study below). Much more importantly, however, crucial stability was lost by the failure earlier during routine operations to ballast the mostly empty fuel tanks as the builders had specified. (Filling the tanks with seawater as the fuel was emptied would have resulted in more costly procedures to refuel when port was reached). Due to the immediate rush of seawater flooding the starboard tanks, and the fact that the port tanks were empty, as the crossing was almost over, an even greater list occurred than would otherwise have been the case. As the list increased over the next few minutes to 20 degrees or more, Captain Calamai realized there was no hope for his ship unless the list could be corrected. Ballast is used in sailboats to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the sail. ...

In the engine room, engineers attempted to pump water out of the flooding starboard tanks to no avail. There was only a small amount of remaining fuel, and the intakes to pump seawater into the port tanks were now high out of the water, making that procedure to attempt to level the ship impossible. Progressive loss of generators due to flooding as the water rose in the engine room reduced the ability to pump even more.

On the Stockholm, the entire bow was crushed, including some crew cabins. Initially, the ship was dangerously down by the bow, but emptying the freshwater tanks soon raised the bow to within four inches of normal. A quick survey determined that the major damage did not extend aft beyond the bulkhead between the first and second watertight compartments. Thus, despite being a bit down at the bow, and having its first watertight compartment flooded, the ship was soon determined to be stable and in no imminent danger of sinking.

Casualties

Eventually, it was determined that forty-six passengers of Andrea Doria were killed in the collision area of their ship, among them Camille Cianfarra, a longtime foreign correspondent for The New York Times [1]. Five crew members of the Stockholm whose cabins were located in the bow area and were in the impact area of their ship at the time of the collision also perished, three during the collision, and two more later from mortal injuries. The deaths of two Doria passengers were related to the rescue operation. There were hundreds of injuries, some from the collision, and some sustained on the listing liner and during the evacuation process. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ...

After the ships had separated, as Stockholm crew members were beginning to survey the damage, on the deck of the Stockholm aft of the wrecked bow they discovered 14-year-old Linda Morgan without any major injury. It was soon determined that she had been an Andrea Doria passenger, and had miraculously survived the impact and been somehow propelled far onto the Stockholm deck. However, her half sister, who had also been sleeping in Cabin 52 with her on Andrea Doria, had perished, as did her stepfather, Camille Cianfarra, who had been in an adjacent cabin with her mother, who was seriously injured, and survived, but had to be extricated. The body of another less fortunate Doria passenger, a middle-aged woman, was also observed lodged in an inaccessible area of the wreckage of the Stockholm's bow. Bernabe Polanco Garcia, crewman of the S.S. Stockholm, Edward P. Morgan, ABC radio news commentator, and Linda Morgan, the miracle girl survivor of the S.S. Andrea Doria at St. ...

A search went underway for several missing Stockholm crewmen. It was determined that five had perished and those injured were taken to the ship's hospital.

On the Andrea Doria, there were serious injuries and passengers trapped in the wreckage of cabins in the impact area and many injuries from falls and so forth from other points around the ship. The lowest decks in the impact area became submerged immediately after the collision, and many of the casualties were members of immigrant families who were presumed to have drowned. A number of injured persons received medical treatment, but more significantly, it soon became clear to those on the bridge that it would be necessary to evacuate the Andrea Doria, a hazardous activity under the best conditions. Due to the list, the evacuation would prove far more difficult than perhaps any shipbuilder had envisioned.

Difficult, successful rescue operations

The Stockholm heads to New York after colliding with Andrea Doria, July 26, 1956.

On Andrea Doria, the decision to abandon ship was made within 30 minutes of impact. A sufficient number of lifeboats for all of the passengers and crew were positioned on each side of the Boat Deck. Procedures called for lowering the lifeboats to be fastened alongside the glass-enclosed Promenade Deck (one deck below), where evacuees could step out windows directly into the boats, which would then be lowered down to the sea. SS. Stockholm July 26, 1956 This work is copyrighted. ... SS. Stockholm July 26, 1956 This work is copyrighted. ...

However, it was soon determined that half of the lifeboats, those on the port side, were unlaunchable due to the severe list, which left them high in the air. To make matters worse, the list also complicated normal lifeboat procedures on the starboard side. Instead of loading lifeboats at the side of the Promenade Deck and then lowering them into the water, it would be necessary to lower the boats empty, and somehow get evacuees down the exterior of the ship to water level to board. This was eventually accomplished through ropes, jacob's ladders, and a large fishing net. Some passengers panicked and threw children to rescuers below or jumped overboard themselves.

A distress message was relayed to other ships by radio, making it clear that additional lifeboats were urgently needed. While other ships nearby were en route, the captain of the Stockholm, having determined that his ship was not in any imminent danger of sinking, and after being assured of the safety of his mostly sleeping passengers, sent some of his lifeboats to supplement the starboard boats from the Andrea Doria. In the first hours, many survivors transported by lifeboats from both ships were taken aboard the Stockholm.

Unlike the Titanic tragedy 44 years earlier, several other non-passenger ships relatively close by did receive and respond to the call for help. Radio communications included relays from the other ships as the Doria's batteries had limited range. There was also coordination on land by the United States Coast Guard from a center in New York. For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ... USCG HH-65 Dolphin USCG HH-60J JayHawk The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is at all times a branch of the United States armed forces a maritime law enforcement agency, and a federal regulatory body. ...

A major turning point in the rescue effort was the decision by Baron Raoul de Beaudean, Captain of the SS Ile de France, a large eastbound French Line passenger liner, which had passed the westbound Andrea Doria many hours earlier, to turn back to assist. The French liner had sufficient capacity to accommodate the many extra passengers, and was fully-provisioned, only a day out of New York on its planned eastbound crossing. While Captain de Beaudean steamed through the fog back west to the scene, his crew prepared to launch its lifeboats and receive those to be rescued. SS isle De France This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT), otherwise known as the French Line, was a steamship line operating through the 1960s. ...

Arriving at the scene less than 3 hours after the collision, as he neared, Captain de Beaudean became concerned about navigating his huge ship safely among the two wounded liners, other responding vessels, lifeboats and possibly even people in the water. Then, just as the Ile de France arrived, the fog lifted, and he was able to position his ship in such a way that the starboard side of the Doria was somewhat sheltered. He ordered all exterior lights of the Ile to be turned on. The sight of the illuminated Ile de France was a great emotional relief to many participants, both crews and passengers alike.

The Ile managed to rescue the bulk of the remaining passengers by shuttling its ten lifeboats back and forth to the Andrea Doria, and receiving lifeboat loads from those of the other ships already at the scene (as well as the starboard boats from the Doria). Some passengers on the Ile de France gave up their cabins to be used by the wet and tired survivors. Many other acts of kindnesses were reported by grateful survivors.

Assisted also by several smaller ships which had responded, the Doria was completely evacuated by daybreak. As a result, loss of life was limited to those killed or mortally injured on the two ships during the actual collision and the immediate aftermath. One child, four-year-old Norma Di Sandro, who suffered a head injury when dropped by her father into a waiting lifeboat, did not recover and died later at a Boston hospital. Also, an Andrea Doria passenger who, having worked strenuously to help others during the rescue, suffered a fatal heart attack the next day aboard the Stockholm while it was returning to New York.

Shortly after daybreak, the little girl and four seriously-injured Stockholm crewmen were airlifted from that ship at the scene by helicopters sent by the Coast Guard and U.S. Air Force. A number of passengers and some crew were hospitalized upon arrival in New York. Seal of the Air Force. ...

Andrea Doria capsizes and sinks

SS Andrea Doria awaiting her impending fate the morning after the collision in the Atlantic Ocean, July 26, 1956.

Once the evacuation was complete, the captain of the Andrea Doria shifted his attention to the possibility of towing it to shallow water. However, it was clear to those watching helplessly at the scene that the stricken ocean liner was continuing to roll on its side. Image File history File links The SS Andrea Doria sinking after being struck by the SS Stockholm in 1956. ... Image File history File links The SS Andrea Doria sinking after being struck by the SS Stockholm in 1956. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

After all the survivors had been transplanted onto various rescue ships bound for New York, the Doria's remaining crew began to disembark—forced to abandoned the beautiful ship. By 9:00 a.m. even Captain Calamai was in a rescue boat. The sinking began at 9:45 a.m. and by 10:00 that morning the Doria was on her side at a right angle to the sea. The Doria fully disappeared from sight at 10:09—almost exactly eleven hours after the collision with the Stockholm took place.[2]

The starboard side dipped into the ocean and the three swimming pools were seen refilling with water. As the bow slid under, the stern rose slightly, and the propellers and shafts were visible. As the port side slipped below the waves, some of the unused lifeboats ripped free of their davits. It was recorded that Andrea Doria finally sank 11 hours after the collision, at 10:09 AM on July 26. The wreck is located at 40°29′30″N 69°51′00″W / 40.49167, -69.85000^[6] so the ship had drifted 1.58 nautical miles from the point of the collision in the following 11 hours. Spectacular aerial photography of the stricken ocean liner capsizing and sinking won a Pulitzer Prize in 1957 for Harry A. Trask of the Boston Traveler newspaper. is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ... The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1957. ... The Pulitzer Prize is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in print journalism, literary achievements, and musical composition. ...

Return to New York; families

Due to the scattering of Andrea Doria passengers and crew among the various rescue vessels, some families were separated during the collision and rescue. It was not clear who was where, and whether or not some persons had survived, until after all the ships with survivors arrived in New York. This included six different vessels, including the heavily damaged Stockholm, which was able to steam back to New York under its own power with a United States Coast Guard escort, but arrived later than the other ships. USCG HH-65 Dolphin USCG HH-60J JayHawk The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is at all times a branch of the United States armed forces a maritime law enforcement agency, and a federal regulatory body. ...

During the wait, ABC Radio Network news commentator Edward P. Morgan, based in New York City, broadcast a professional account of the collision, not telling listeners that his 14-year-old daughter had been aboard Andrea Doria and feared dead. He did not know that Linda Morgan, who was soon labeled the "miracle girl," was alive and aboard the Stockholm. The following night, after learning the good news, his emotional broadcast became one of the more memorable in radio news history. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) operates television and radio networks in the United States and is also shown on basic cable in Canada. ... Bernabe Polanco Garcia, crewman of the S.S. Stockholm, Edward P. Morgan, ABC radio news commentator, and Linda Morgan, the miracle girl survivor of the S.S. Andrea Doria at St. ... Bernabe Polanco Garcia, crewman of the S.S. Stockholm, Edward P. Morgan, ABC radio news commentator, and Linda Morgan, the miracle girl survivor of the S.S. Andrea Doria at St. ...

Among Andrea Doria's passengers were Hollywood actress Ruth Roman and her four-year-old son. In the 1950 film Three Secrets, Roman had portrayed a distraught mother waiting to learn whether or not her child had survived a plane crash. She and her son were separated from each other during the collision and evacuation. Rescued, Roman had to wait to learn her child's fate which resulted in a media frenzy for photos as she waited at the pier in New York City for her child's safe arrival aboard one of the rescue ships. Actress Betsy Drake, wife of movie star Cary Grant also escaped from the sinking liner, as did Philadelphia mayor Richardson Dilworth and songwriter Mike Stoller (of the team Leiber and Stoller). ... Ruth Roman (born December 22, 1922 - died September 9, 1999) was an American actress. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... Betsy Drake (b. ... This article is about the British actor. ... Born 1898. ... Jerry Leiber (born April 25, 1933) and Mike Stoller (born March 13, 1933) are among the most important songwriters and music producers in post-World War II popular music. ...

Assisted by the American Red Cross and news photographers, the frantic parents of four-year old Norma Di Sandro learned that their injured daughter had been airlifted from the Stockholm to a hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, where the previously unidentified little girl had undergone surgery for a fractured skull. They drove all night from New York to Boston, with police escorts provided to their convoy in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. When they arrived, the child was still unconscious and the doctors said all that could be done was wait to see if she woke up. The little girl never regained consciousness, and succumbed to her injuries. A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ... “Boston” redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

Other families also had their hopes of seeing loved ones again dashed, especially those who were meeting members of several young families immigrating to the United States in hope of new lives.

The sinking produced a footnote in automotive history, as it resulted in the loss of the Chrysler Norseman, an advanced "one-off" prototype car which had been built for Chrysler by Ghia in Italy. The Norseman had been announced as a major attraction of the 1957 auto show circuit. However, it had not been shown to the public prior to the disaster, and was lost, along with other cars in the Doria's 50-car garage including a Rolls Royce. The Chrysler Norseman was a concept car built in 1956. ... For other uses, including the Chrysler Brand, see Chrysler (disambiguation). ... Ghia (Carrozzeria Ghia SpA) is one of the most famous Italian automobile design and coachbuilding firms, founded in 1921 in Turin by Giacinto Ghia (1887 - 1944). ...

Aftermath

Litigation and determination of fault: 1956–57

There were several months of hearings in New York City in the aftermath of the collision. Prominent maritime attorneys represented both the ships' owners. Dozens of attorneys represented victims and families of victims. Officers of both ship lines had testified, including the officers in charge of each ship at the time of the collision, with more scheduled to appear later when an out-of-court settlement was reached, and the hearings ended abruptly.

Both shipping lines contributed to a settlement fund for the victims. Each line sustained its own damages. For the Swedish-American Line, damages were estimated at $2 million, half for repairs to Stockholm's bow, and half for lost business during repairs. The Italian Line sustained a loss of Andrea Doria's full value, estimated to be $30 million.

A U.S. Congressional hearing was also held, and provided some determinations, notably about the lack of ballasting specified by the builders during the fatal voyage and the resulting lack of seaworthiness of the Andrea Doria after the collision.

While heavy fog would be the main reason given as the cause of the accident, and it is not disputed that intermittent and heavy fog are both frequent and challenging conditions for mariners in that part of the ocean, these other factors have been cited:

1. Andrea Doria's officers had not followed proper radar procedures or used the plotting equipment available in the chartroom adjacent to the bridge of their ship to calculate the position and speed of the other (approaching) ship. Thus, they failed to realize Stockholm's size, speed, and course.
2. Andrea Doria had not followed the proper "rules of the road"^[7] in which a ship should turn to right (to starboard) in case of a possible head-on crossing at sea. As the Stockholm turned right, Andrea Doria turned left (to port), closing the circle instead of opening it. Beyond a certain point, it became impossible to avoid a collision.
3. Captain Calamai of Andrea Doria was deliberately speeding in heavy fog, an admittedly common practice on passenger liners. The navigation rules required speed to be reduced during periods of limited visibility to a stopping distance within half the distance of visibility. As a practical matter, this would have meant reducing the speed of the ship to virtually zero in the dense fog.
4. The Stockholm and the Andrea Doria were experiencing different weather conditions immediately prior to the collision. The collision occurred in an area of the northern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Massachusetts where heavy and intermittent fog is common. Although Andrea Doria had been engulfed in the fog for several hours, the Stockholm had only recently entered the bank and was still acclimating to atmospheric conditions. The officer in charge of the Stockholm incorrectly assumed that his inability to see the other vessel was due to conditions other than fog, such as the other ship being a very small fishing vessel or a blacked-out warship on maneuvers. He testified that he had no idea it was another passenger liner speeding through fog.
5. The Andrea Doria fuel tanks were half empty and not pumped with seawater ballast in order to stabilize the ship, in accordance with the Italian line's procedures. This contributed to the pronounced list following the collision, the inability of the crew to pump water into the port fuel tanks to right the ship, and the inability to use the port lifeboats for the evacuation.
6. There was also perhaps a "missing" watertight door between bulkheads near the engine room, which was thought to have contributed to Andrea Doria 's problems.

Both lines had an incentive to limit the public discussion of Andrea Doria 's structural and stability problems. Stockholm's owners had another new ship, the Gripsholm, under construction at Ansaldo Shipyard in Italy.^[3] Andrea Doria's designers and engineers had been scheduled to testify, but the hearings were abruptly concluded before their testimony could be heard due to the settlement agreement. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGS) are published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and set out the rules of the road to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Two Swedish passenger vessels were named MS Gripsholm. ...

Resulting reforms

The Andrea Doria-Stockholm collision led to several rule changes in the immediate years following the incident to avoid a recurrence. Shipping lines were required to improve training on the use of radar equipment. Also, approaching ships were required to make radio contact with one another.

Later investigations and study

Unanswered questions about the tragedy, and questions of cause and blame, have intrigued observers and haunted survivors for almost 50 years. Captain Calamai never assumed another command, and died a broken man.

Recent discoveries using newer undersea diving technology and computer animation have shed additional light on some aspects.

1. Exploration of Andrea Doria's impact area revealed that Stockholm's bow had ripped a much larger gash in the critical area of the large fuel tanks and watertight compartments of the Italian liner than had been thought in 1956. The question of the "missing" watertight door, although still unanswered, was probably moot: Andrea Doria was doomed immediately after the collision.
2. Recent studies and computer simulations carried out by Captain Robert J. Meurn of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and based on the findings of John C. Carrothers suggest Stockholm Third Officer Carstens-Johannsen misinterpreted radar data and badly overestimated the distance between the two ships. The poor design of the radar settings, coupled with unlighted range settings and a darkened bridge, make this scenario likely. Some critics have suggested that a simple and available technology, a small light bulb on the radar set aboard the Stockholm, might have averted the entire disaster.

The United States Merchant Marine Academy is one of the five United States service academies. ...

Diving on the wreck site

A painting of the decaying SS Andrea Doria circa 2005, with its superstructure gone and hull broken after 50 years of submersion in swift North Atlantic currents.

Due to the luxurious appointments and relatively good condition of the wreck, with the top of the wreck lying initially in only 160 feet (50 m) of water, Andrea Doria is a frequent target of treasure divers and is commonly referred to as the "Mount Everest of scuba diving." The wreck is located at 40°29′30″N 69°51′00″W / 40.49167, -69.85^[8]. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... “Everest” redirects here. ... Scuba diving is swimming underwater while using self-contained breathing equipment. ...

The day after Andrea Doria sank, divers Peter Gimbel and Joseph Fox managed to locate the wreck of the ship, and published pictures of the wreck in TIME magazine. Gimbel later conducted a number of salvage operations on the ship, including salvaging the First Class Bank Safe in 1981. Despite speculation that passengers had deposited many valuables, the safe, opened on live television in 1984, yielded little other than American silver certificates and Italian bank notes. This disappointing outcome apparently confirmed other speculation that most Andrea Doria passengers, in anticipation of the ship's scheduled arrival in New York City the following morning, had already retrieved their valuables prior to the collision. The ship's bell was taken in the late 1980s, and the statue of Genoese Admiral Andrea Doria, for whom the ship was named, was removed from the first-class lounge, being cut off at the ankles to accomplish this. Examples of the ship's china have long been considered valuable mementos of diving the wreck. However, after years of removal of artifacts by divers, little of value is thought to remain. Time (whose trademark is capitalized TIME) is a weekly American newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. ... For other uses, see Andrea Doria (disambiguation). ...

As of 2007, years of ocean submersion have taken their toll. The wreck has aged and deteriorated extensively, with the hull now fractured and collapsed. The upper decks have slowly slid off the wreck to the seabed below. As a result of this transformation, a large debris field flows out from the hull of the liner. Once-popular access points frequented by divers, such as Gimbel's Hole, no longer exist. Divers call the Andrea Doria a "noisy" wreck as it emits various noises due to continual deterioration and the currents' moving broken metal around inside the hull. However, due to this decay new access areas are constantly opening up for future divers on the ever-changing wreck.

Deaths

Artifact recovery on the Andrea Doria has not been without additional loss of life. Fourteen scuba divers have lost their lives diving the wreck,^[9] and diving conditions at the wreck site are considered very treacherous. Strong currents and heavy sediment that can reduce visibility to zero pose as serious hazards to diving this site. Dr. Robert Ballard, who visited the site in a U.S. Navy submersible in 1995, reported that thick fishing nets draped the hull. An invisible web of thin fishing lines, which can easily snag scuba gear, provides more danger. Furthermore, the wreck is slowly collapsing; the top of the wreck is now at 190 feet (60 m), and many of the passageways have begun to collapse. Dr. Robert D. Ballard Robert Duane Ballard, Ph. ... The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for naval operations. ...

• 1985 — John Ormsby died after being caught in wires and drowning.^[10]
• 1998 — Craig Sicola, Richard Roost and Vincent Napoliello all died diving on the Andrea Doria.^[10]
• 1999 — Christopher Murley and Charles J. McGurr both died of apparent heart attacks preparing to dive.^[10][11]
• 2002 — William Schmoldt died from decompression sickness.^[12]
• 2006 — Researcher David Bright died from decompression sickness.^[13]

Decompression sickness (DCS), the diver’s disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body. ... David Bright (June 29, 1957 - July 8, 2006) was a professional Wreck Diver. ...

Legacy

Memorial wreath placed at Andrea Doria shipwreck site by survivors, July 2002.

Stockholm's bow was repaired at a cost of $1 million. Today, it sails as the Athena and is registered in Portugal. Image File history File links Andrea Doria Memorial Wreath 2002 This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links Andrea Doria Memorial Wreath 2002 This work is copyrighted. ...

Several books have been written about the Andrea Doria. The most recent, Alive on the Andrea Doria: The Greatest Sea Rescue in History, is by survivor Pierette Domenica Simpson. Published in 2006, in both the U.S. and in Italy (L'Ultima Notte dell'Andrea Doria), it gives eyewitness accounts and scientific explanations.[3][4] The story of the accident was retold by Alvin Moscow in his book Collision Course: The Story of the Collision Between the 'Andrea Doria' and the 'Stockholm', which was published in 1959. Author William Hoffer's Saved: the Story of the Andrea Doria-The Greatest Sea Rescue in History was published in 1979, and in 2003 Richard Goldstein wrote Desperate Hours: The Epic Rescue Of The Andrea Doria. 2004's Shadow Divers, by Robert Kurson, provides accounts of wreckage divers at the site as a precursor to the book's main story. Each of the books presented information not in the others, providing varying perspectives. Boston newspaper photographer Harry Trask, who arrived at the scene in a small airplane after many media people had left, took a series of photographs of the Andrea Doria's final moments above water which won a Pulitzer Prize. Several documentaries have been produced: National Geographic, PBS Secrets of the Dead, Discovery, History and others. The Pulitzer Prize is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in print journalism, literary achievements, and musical composition. ...

Two bronze medallions, commissioned by survivors, Pierette Domenica Simpson and Jerome Reinert, and a survivor's daughter Angela Addario, are in the South Street Seaport Museum of New York, and in the Museo del Mare of Genova, Italy. California sculptor, Daniel Oberti, created the two works called The Greatest Sea Rescue in History.[5]

Survivors went on with their lives with a wide range of experiences. Captain Calamai never accepted another command, and lived the rest of his life in sadness "as a man who has lost a son" according to his daughter. Most of the other officers returned to the sea. Some survivors had mental problems for years after the incident, while others felt their experience had helped them value their lives more preciously. A group of survivors remains in contact with each other through a web site run by the family of Anthony Grillo, an Andrea Doria survivor. Some stay in touch through a newsletter, and there have been reunions and memorial services.

The Andrea Doria was also mentioned in and served as an inspiration to the entertainment industry. In an episode of the American TV sitcom Seinfeld, George Costanza has a chance to get a new apartment, but another prospective tenant uses the fact that he was aboard the Andrea Doria at the time of the collision to gain sympathy from the condo board, much to George's annoyance. George however belittles the sufferings of the Andrea Doria passengers and wins the sympathy of the board by telling about the horrific ordeal he went through: his love life. He ultimately loses the apartment to someone who bribed the board. The Andrea Doria is featured along with the Titanic and Lusitania in a tale of doomed ships in the series Night Gallery. The movie Ghost Ship featured a ship, the Antonia Graza, which was loosely based on the Andrea Doria, and the Andrea Doria plays a significant role in the novel Serpent by Clive Cussler. The ship is also used in the Tom Clancy novel Red Storm Rising as a hiding place for a Soviet submarine due to flow noise around the wreck masking the sonar signature of the sub's nuclear reactor. Several levels in the video game Tomb Raider II are set aboard the fictional sunken ship Maria Doria, which was based on the Andrea Doria. The computer game The Ship features a level called Andrea Doria which loosely resembles the actual ship. Brazilian rock band Legião Urbana wrote a song called Andrea Doria, which is featured on their 1986 album Dois. The Andrea Doria is the 144th episode of the hit sitcom Seinfeld. ... A sitcom or situation comedy is a genre of comedy performance originally devised for radio but today typically found on television. ... This article is about the sitcom. ... George Louis Costanza (b. ... For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation). ... RMS Lusitania was a British luxury ocean liner owned by the Cunard Steamship Line Shipping Company and built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank, Scotland. ... Night Gallery was Rod Serlings follow-up to The Twilight Zone, airing on NBC from 1970 to 1973. ... Ghost Ship (2002) is a horror movie, directed by Steve Beck. ... // Clive Eric Cussler (born July 15, 1931 in Aurora, Illinois)[1][2] is an American adventure novelist and successful amateur marine archaeologist. ... Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. ... Red Storm Rising is a 1986 techno-thriller novel by Tom Clancy and Larry Bond about a Third World War in Europe between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces, set around the mid-1980s, probably in 1986 or 1987. ... “Computer and video games” redirects here. ... Tomb Raider II is a video game in the Tomb Raider series, and is the sequel to Tomb Raider. ... The Ship is a first person shooter computer game utilising Valve Softwares Source engine developed at Outerlight Ltd. ... Legião Urbana — Urban Legion in Portuguese — is one of the most successful rock bands in Brazils history. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} PBS Online - Lost Liners - Comparison Chart. Retrieved on July 30, 2006.
2. ^ Passenger Accommodation Deck Plan. Andrea Doria: Tragedy and Rescue at Sea.
3. ^ ^{a b} Othfors, Daniel. Andrea Doria. The Great Ocean Liners.
4. ^ Andrea Doria. LostLiners.com.
5. ^ The Ships: Andrea Doria. Andrea Doria: Tragedy and Rescue at Sea.
6. ^ http://www.carlonordling.se/doria/doria.html
7. ^ Navigation Rules Online (July 12, 2005). U.S. Coast Guard - Navigation Center.
8. ^ http://www.carlonordling.se/doria/doria.html
9. ^ New Jersey Scuba Diver - Dive Sites - Andrea Doria. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Divers risk all for a date with Andrea Doria. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.
11. ^ National News Briefs; Man Dies After Dive To Andrea Doria Wreck - New York Times. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.
12. ^ Diver exploring wreck off Mass. stricken, dies. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.
13. ^ Researcher dies after Andrea Doria dive - Yahoo! News. Retrieved on July 10, 2006.

40°29′30″N, 69°50′36″WCoordinates: 40°29′30″N, 69°50′36″W is the 211th day of the year (212th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

References

Print

• Alive on the Andrea Doria! The Greatest Sea Rescue in History, Pierette Domenica Simpson, 2006, Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmans, New York
• Ballard, Robert D. (1997). Lost Liners: From the Titanic to the Andrea Doria the Ocean Floor Reveals Its Greatest Ships. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6296-3. 
• Carletti, Stefano (1968). Andrea Doria '74. Gherando Casini Ed, Italy. 
• Gentile, Gary (1989). Andrea Doria: Dive to an Era. Gary Gentile Productions. ISBN 0-9621453-0-0. 
• Gladstone, Eugene W. (1966). In The Wake Of The Andrea Doria: A Candid Autobiography by Eugene W. Gladstone. McClelland and Stewart Limited, Canada. 
• Goldstein, Richard (2003). Desperate Hours: The Epic Rescue Of The Andrea Doria. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-42352-1. 
• Haberstroh, Joe (2003). Fatal Depth: Deep Sea Diving, China Fever and the Wreck of the Andrea Doria. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-457-3. 
• Hoffer, William (1982). Saved: the Story of the Andrea Doria-The Greatest Sea Rescue in History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-517-36490-5. 
• Kurson, Robert (2004). Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve One of the Last Mysteries of World War II. Random House. ISBN 0-375-50858-9. 
• Kohler, Peter C. (1988). The Lido Fleet. Seadragon Press. ISBN 0-9663052-0-5. 
• Mattsson, Algot (Translated from Swedish by Professor E. Fisher and edited by Gordon W. Paulsen) (1986). Out Of The Fog: The Sinking Of The Andrea Doria. Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-545-6. 
• McMurray, Kevin F. (2001). Deep Descent: Adventure And Death Diving The Andrea Doria. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-0062-3. 
• Meurn, Robert J. (1990). Watchstanding Guide for the Merchant Officer. Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-409-3. 
• Moscow, Alvin (1959). Collision Course. Putnam Publishing Group. ISBN 0-448-12019-4.  Noted updated version published in 1981.
• New York Times, Doria Skin Diver Dies, Was In Group Set to Film Ship-Oxygen Supply Cut Off, August 2, 1956, Page 13.

The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

Online and Film

• Alive on the Andrea Doria! The Greatest Sea Rescue in History: *http://www.pierettesimpson.com and http://www.andreadoriabook.com
• Andrea Doria - Tragedy and Rescue at Sea (July 23, 2005). AndreaDoria.org.
• Andrea Doria - The Sinking of the Unsinkable Gare Maritime
• Othfors, Daniel. Andrea Doria. The Great Ocean Liners.
• Andrea Doria: The Grand Dame of the Sea (2000). LostLiners.com
• Andrea Doria. Lost Liners: PBS Online.
• Secrets of the Dead: The Sinking of the Andrea Doria on PBS Online and also shown on The History Channel - see [6]
• In the closing frames of the film On the Waterfront (1954), the Andrea Doria can be seen underway in New York Harbour

The History Channel is a cable television channel, dedicated to the presentation of historical events and persons, often with frequent observations and explanations by noted historians as well as reenactors and witnesses to events, if possible. ... On the Waterfront is an Oscar-winning American 1954 film about mob violence and corruption among longshoremen, and it has become a standard of its kind. ... New York Harbor is a geographic term that refers collectively to the bays and tidal estuaries near the mouth of the Hudson and adjacent rivers in the vicinity of New York City. ...

External links

• Story of a Stockholm Crewmember
• Andrea Doria Crew and Passenger List
• A reconstruction of the Andrea Doria/Stockholm collision
• Yellow Submarine: a failed attempt to raise Andrea Doria

   

Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ...