SS France
SS France in Hong Kong, 1974
Career	Civil Ensign of France
Nationality:	French
Operated by:	French Line
Ordered:	July 26, 1956
Laid down:	September 7, 1957
Launched:	May 11, 1960
Named:	May 11, 1960
Maiden voyage:	February 3, 1961
Status:	decommissioned (see below)
General Characteristics
Tonnage:	66,343 GT (1961) 70,202 GT (1984) 76,049 GT (1990)
Length:	316.1 m (1,035 ft)
Beam:	33.8 m (110.6 ft) waterline
Draft:	10.8 m (34 ft)
Propulsion:	Geared CEM-Parsons turbines  quadruple screw (1961-1979)  / twin screw (1979-pres)
Speed:	31 knots (59 km/h) approx.
Complement:	1961-1974  First class: 407  Tourist class: 1,637  Crew: 1,253 1980-1990  Passengers: 1,944  Crew: 875 1994-2003  Passengers: 2,565  Crew: 875
Cost:	US $80 million approx.

The SS France was a Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, or French Line) ocean liner, constructed by the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard at Saint-Nazaire, France, and put into service in February 1961. At the time of her construction in 1960 she was the longest passenger ship ever built. Her length of 316 meters remained unchallenged until the construction of the 345 meter RMS Queen Mary 2 in 2005. The France was later renamed SS Norway and undertook mostly cruises for Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL). Image File history File links SS_France_Hong_Kong_74. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... Image File history File links Civil_and_Naval_Ensign_of_France. ... The poster Normandie (1935) is one of Cassandres most famous designs The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (shortened to and commonly named Transat), known overseas as the French Line, was a shipping company established in 1861 as an attempt to revive the French merchant marine, the poor state of... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tonnage is a measure of the size or cargo capacity of a ship. ... Tonnage is a measure of the size or cargo capacity of a ship. ... The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length. ... The draft of a ships hull is the vertical distance from the bottom of the hull to the waterline. ... ISO 4217 Code USD User(s) the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States Inflation 2. ... The poster Normandie (1935) is one of Cassandres most famous designs The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (shortened to and commonly named Transat), known overseas as the French Line, was a shipping company established in 1861 as an attempt to revive the French merchant marine, the poor state of... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Batillus oil tanker at the end of its construction in Saint-Nazaire, being refueled by the Port-Vendres Chantiers de lAtlantique is one of the worlds largest shipyards, based in Saint-Nazaire, France. ... Saint-Nazaire is also a commune of the Gard département of France. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. ... The RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner Queen Mary, which was in turn named after Mary of Teck, the Queen Consort of George V. At the time of her construction in 2003, the QM2 was the longest, widest and... A cruising sailboat anchored in the San Blas Islands, in Panama. ... Norwegian Cruise Line NCL America Orient Lines Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is a company operating cruise ships, headquartered in Miami, Florida. ...

Characteristics

The SS France was the French Line flagship from 1961 to 1974, combining regular transatlantic crossings - six days and nights - with occasional winter cruises, as well as two world circumnavigations. A flagship is the ship used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ... The term transatlantic refers to something occurring all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. ...

As the SS Norway she was the flagship of the Norwegian Cruise Line from 1980 to approximately 2001. Norwegian Cruise Line NCL America Orient Lines Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is a company operating cruise ships, headquartered in Miami, Florida. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ...

Some, like ship historian John Maxtone-Graham, believe that the France was purpose built to serve as both a liner and a cruise ship, stating: "Once again, the company had cruise conversion in mind... for cruises, all baffle doors segregating staircases from taboo decks were opened to permit free circulation throughout the vessel."^[1] However, many others, such as ship historian William Miller, have asserted that the France was the "last purposely designed year-round transatlantic supership."^[2]

History

Concept and construction

The ship was constructed to replace the line's other aging ships like the SS Ile de France and SS Liberté, which by the 1950s were considered old and outdated. Without these vessels, however, the French Line had no ability to compete against their rivals, most notably Cunard Line, which also had plans for constructing a new modern liner. It was rumoured that this ship would be a 75,000 ton replacement for their ships RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth. (This ship would eventually be the 68,000 ton RMS Queen Elizabeth 2.) Further, the United States Lines had put into service in 1952 the SS United States, which had broken all speed records on her maiden voyage, with an average speed of 35.59 knots (65.91 km/h). SS isle De France This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The SS Europa was one of a pair of fast ocean liners built in the late twenties for the North German Lloyd line (NDL) for the transatlantic passenger service. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... Cunard may refer to: Samuel Cunard (1787–1865), British shipping magnate. ... types/51 sh/sh liner/36 qma/qma. ... RMS Queen Elizabeth was a steam-powered ocean liner of the Cunard Steamship Company. ... RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. ... United States Lines was a shipping company that operated ocean liners from 1921 to 1969, most famously the SS United States. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The SS United States (also known as The Big U) is an ocean liner built in 1952. ...

SS France at her fitting out berth, 1960

At first, the idea of two 35,000 ton running mates was considered to replace the Ile de France and Liberté. However, Charles de Gaulle (the future President of France) opined that it would be better for French national pride (which was flagging due to the then ongoing Algerian War of Independence) to construct one grand ocean liner as an ocean going showcase for France, in the tradition of the SS Normandie. The idea of the liner caused some controversy, with some for and others against it, as its construction would be publicly funded, leading to raucous debates in the French parliament. The dealing lasted three and a half years, and though the letter commissioning the construction was finally signed by the Chairman of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, Jean Marie, on July 25, 1956, debate about the form, cost and construction schedule for the France lasted a further year.^[3] Image File history File linksMetadata Fance-construct. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Fance-construct. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The President of France, known officially as the President of the Republic (Président de la République in French), is Frances elected Head of State. ... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Mostefa Benboulaïd Ferhat Abbas Hocine Aït Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Larbi Ben MHidi Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Messali Hadj General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Bachaga Said Boualam... The Normandie was a French ocean liner built in Saint-Nazaire France for Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. ... Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Beyond the luxuries, the French Line had to also face the realities that transatlantic passenger trade was, at that time, forecast to decline due to increased use of the airplane. Also, costs to operate ships were increasing, mostly due to prices of crude oil. Thus, the new ship would be larger than the Ile, but smaller and cheaper to operate than the Normandie. She would also only be a two-class liner, which would, like the recently built SS Rotterdam, be able to be converted from a segregated, class restricted crossing mode to a unified, classless cruising mode, thereby allowing the ship to be more versatile in its operations. Despite these requirements, she was still to be the longest ship ever built, as well as one of the fastest, meaning not only an advanced propulsion system, but also a hull design which would withstand the rigours of the North Altantic at high speed. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Rotterdam V, also known as The Grande Dame, is one of the most famous post-War liners and amongst the most successful passenger vessels of all time. ... “Atlantic” redirects here. ...

Aujoud'hui à Saint-Nazaire cover announcing the launch of the SS France.

Hull G19 was built by Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard, in Saint-Nazaire, France, her keel being laid down on September 7, 1957. She was built in a non-conventional manner: rather than constructing a skeleton which was then covered in steel hull plating, large parts of the ship were prefabricated in other cities (such as Orléans, Le Havre and Lyon). She was built with a unique double bottom that enabled her to carry 8,000 tons of fuel - enough for the trip to New York and back. The hull was fully welded, leading to weight savings, and had two pairs of stabilizing fins.^[3] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 191 × 264 pixelsFull resolution (191 × 264 pixel, file size: 109 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From: http://perso. ... The Batillus oil tanker at the end of its construction in Saint-Nazaire, being refueled by the Port-Vendres Chantiers de lAtlantique is one of the worlds largest shipyards, based in Saint-Nazaire, France. ... Saint-Nazaire is also a commune of the Gard département of France. ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Orléans (Latin, meaning golden) is a city and commune in north-central France, about 130 km (80 miles) southwest of Paris. ... Le Havre is a city in Normandy, northern France, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Seine. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: (Franco-Provençal: Forward, forward, Lyon the best) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Rhône-Alpes Department Rhône (69) Subdivisions 9 arrondissements Intercommunality Urban Community of Lyon Mayor Gérard Collomb  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... A double bottom is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom of the ship has two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is somewhat higher in the ship, perhaps a few... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

She was blessed by the Bishop of Nantes, Monseigneur Villepelet, and launched on May 11, 1960, at 4:15 pm, by Madame Yvonne de Gaulle, wife of the President, and was then named France, in honour both of the country, and of the two previous CGT ships to bear the name. By 4:22 pm the France was afloat and under command of tugs.^[3] President De Gaulle was also in attendance at the launch, and gave a patriotic speech, announcing that France had been given a new Normandie, they were able to compete now with Cunard's Queens, and the Blue Riband was within their reach. In reality, however, the 35 knot speed of the United States would prove impossible to beat. Traditional city flag City coat of arms Motto: Favet Neptunus eunti (Latin: Shall Neptune favour the traveller) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country Region Pays de la Loire Department Loire-Atlantique (44) Mayor Jean-Marc Ayrault  (PS) (since 1989) City Statistics Land area¹ 65. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Yvonne de Gaulle was the wife of Charles De Gaulle. ... The Blue Riband is an award held by the ship with the record for a transatlantic crossing. ...

After the launch, the propellers were installed (the entire process taking over three weeks), the distinctive funnels affixed to the upper decks, the superstructure completed, life boats placed in their davits, and the interiors fitted out.

The France undertook her sea trials on November 19, 1960, and averaged an unexpected 35.21 knots. is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

With the French Line satisfied, the ship was handed over, and undertook a trial cruise to the Canary Islands with a full complement of passengers and crew. During this short trip she met, at sea, the Liberté on her way to the scrap yard.^[4] Anthem: Arrorró Capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 13th  7,447 km²  1. ...

Service history as SS France

The France's maiden voyage to New York took place on February 3, 1961, with many of France's film stars and aristocracy aboard. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

On December 14, 1962, the France carried the Mona Lisa from Le Havre to New York, where the painting was to embark on an American tour. is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda (La Joconde), is a 16th century oil painting on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci. ...

Poster advertising the SS France's 1965 Christmas and New Year's cruise to the West African coast.

From July 13 to July 26, 1967, the France docked at the Île Notre-Dame in Montreal, acting as a secondary French pavilion at the 1967 World's Fair, Expo '67.^[5] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (283x638, 104 KB) From: http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (283x638, 104 KB) From: http://www. ... Christmas is an annual holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus. ... New Years Eve is December 31, the final day of the Gregorian year, and the day before New Years Day. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 207th day of the year (208th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... ÃŽle Notre-Dame is an artificial island built from earth excavated for the Montreal metro in 1965. ... Nickname: Motto: Concordia Salus (well-being through harmony) Coordinates: , Country Province Founded 1642 Established 1832 Government  - Mayor Gérald Tremblay Area [1][2][3]  - City 365. ... Worlds Fair is any of various large expositions held since the mid-19th century. ... The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply Expo 67 was the General Exhibition Category 1 Worlds Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from April 27 to October 29, 1967. ...

She sailed the North Atlantic run between Le Havre and New York for thirteen years. However, by the beginning of the 1970s jet travel was by far more popular than ship travel, and the costs of fuel was ever increasing. The France, which had always relied on subsidies from the French government, was forced to take advantage of these more and more. Le Havre is a city in Normandy, northern France, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Seine. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ...

Using the ship's versatile design to its full potential, the CGT began to send the France on more cruises during the winter, which was off-season for the Atlantic trade. One design flaw, however, was revealed when the ship reached warmer waters: her two swimming pools, one each for first and tourist class, were both indoors; the first class pool deep within the ship's hull, and the tourist class pool on an upper deck, but covered with an immovable glass dome. The latter, perhaps, was the more aggravating in hot weather. She also had limited outdoor deck space, with much of what was available protected behind thick glass wind-screens; useful on the North Atlantic, but frustrating when blocking cooling breezes in the tropics. (The Queen Elizabeth 2 suffered from a similar design flaw as well.) This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Nonetheless, the France's cruises were popular, and her first world cruise took place in 1972. Too large to traverse the Panama and Suez Canals, she was forced to sail around Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope. That same year, with the destruction of the Seawise University (former RMS Queen Elizabeth) by fire in Hong Kong, the France became the largest passenger ship in the world. Year 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... Cape Horn from the South. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ...

Still, as the opening years of the decade progressed, the cruise market expanded, seeing the construction of smaller, purpose built cruise ships which could also fit through the Panama Canal. Worse, in 1973 the Oil Crisis hit and the price of oil went from $35 US to $95 US per barrel. When the French government, at the end of the Trente Glorieuses, realised that keeping the France running would necessitate an addition ten million dollars a year, they opted instead to subsidise the then developing Concorde. Without this government money, the French Line could not operate, and with a press release issued in 1974 it was announced that the France would be withdrawn from service on October 25 that year. Pacific Sky sails under Sydney Harbour Bridge A cruise ship or a cruise liner is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ships amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... The 1973 Oil Crisis began in earnest on October 17, 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, as a result of the ongoing Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum... The Trente Glorieuses (Thirty Glorious Years) were the years between 1945 (end of the Second World War) and 1974 (following the 1973 energy crisis) as seen from a French perspective. ... For other uses, see Concorde (disambiguation). ... is the 298th day of the year (299th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

At that, the crew decided to take matters into their own hands: an eastbound crossing on September 6, her 202nd crossing, was delayed several hours while the crew met to decide whether to strike then and there, in New York, or six days later outside Le Havre; Le Havre won, and the ship was commandeered by a group of French trade unionists who anchored the France in the entrance to the port, thereby blocking all incoming and outgoing traffic. The 1200 passengers aboard had to be ferried to shore on tenders, while approximately 800 of the crew remained aboard. The hijackers demanded that the ship be allowed to continue to serve, along with a 35% wage increase for themselves. However, their mission failed, and the night of the hijacking proved to be the ship's last day of service for the CGT. It took over a month for the stand-off to end, and by December 7, 1974, the ship was moored at a distant quay in Le Havre, known colloquially as the quai de l'oubli - the pier of the forgotten.^[6][7] is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Le Havre is a city in Normandy, northern France, on the English Channel, at the mouth of the Seine. ... A trade union or labor union is an organization of individuals associated through employment, or labour. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1974 (MCMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ...

By that time the France had completed 377 crossing and 93 cruises (including 2 world cruises), carried a total of 588,024 passengers on trans-Atlantic crossings, and 113,862 passengers on cruises, and had sailed a total of 1,860,000 nautical miles.^[8] A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. ...

First decommissioning

The mothballing of the France was met with dismay by much of the French population, resulting in a song by Michel Sardou, titled Le France. Michel Sardou Michel Sardou (born January 26, 1947) is a French singer. ...

The ship sat in the same spot for approximately four years, with the interiors, including all furniture, still completely intact. There were no plans to scrap the ship, nor to sell it. However, in 1977 Saudi Arabian millionaire Akram Ojjeh expressed an interest in purchasing the vessel for use as a floating museum for antique French furniture and artworks, as well as a casino and hotel off the coast of the south-east United States. Though he purchased the ship for $24 million, this proposal was never realised, and others were rumoured to have floated, including bids from the Soviet Union to use her as a hotel ship in the Black Sea, and a proposal from China to turn her into a floating industrial trade fair.^[9] Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country on the Arabian Peninsula. ... Akram Ojjeh (1923-1991) was a Syrian born Saudi businessman. ... For other uses, see Black Sea (disambiguation). ...

In the end, the ship was sold in 1979 to Lauritz Kloster, the owner of Norwegian Cruise Line, for $18 million, and for conversion by him into the world's largest cruise ship. Just before the France was renamed Norway one last marriage was performed aboard the ship at the quay in Le Havre. The wedding was performed by Rev. Agnar Holme, the Norwegian Seaman's Priest. Greg Tighe, Director of Research and Corporate Development for NCL, was married to Lorraine Anne Evering (Tighe) in the France's chapel. Witnesses included the ship's Captain, and several members of NCL's management team. This marked the last marriage to be performed aboard the SS France, which had hosted hundreds of weddings over its transatlantic career. Also: 1979 by Smashing Pumpkins. ... Norwegian Cruise Line NCL America Orient Lines Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is a company operating cruise ships, headquartered in Miami, Florida. ... The term transatlantic refers to something occurring all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. ...

By August of that year the Norway was moved to the Hapag-Lloyd shipyards in Bremerhaven, Germany, where she would undergo renovations to the cost of $80,000,000 US.^[10] Hapag-Lloyd is a German transportation company comprising a cargo container shipping line and a cruise line. ... Bremerhaven is a city in the federal state of Bremen, Germany. ...

Service history as SS Norway

The SS Norway was registered in Oslo, given the call sign LITA (literally meaning "small"), and was re-christened on April 14, 1980, as the first superliner employed in cruise service. On her maiden call to Oslo, senior steward Wesley Samuels of Jamaica, in the presence of King Olav V, hoisted the United Nations flag as a sign of the ship's international crew. The Norway remains the only ship given permission to fly the UN flag. County District Østlandet Municipality NO-0301 Administrative centre Oslo Mayor (2004) Per Ditlev-Simonsen (H) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 224 454 km² 426 km² 0. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... His Majesty King Olav V (July 2, 1903 - January 17, 1991) reigned as King of Norway from 1957 to 1991. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

She began her maiden voyage to Miami that same year, amidst speculation about her future in the cruise industry. The France had been built as an ocean liner: for speed; long, narrow, with a deep draft, as well as an array of cabin shapes and sizes designed in a compact manner more for purpose travel than languid cruising. But the Norway proved popular, and made the notion of the ship being a destination in itself credible. This article is about the city in Florida. ...

Her size, passenger capacity, and amenities revolutionized the cruise industry and started a building frenzy as competitors began to order bigger and larger ships. As cruise competition attempted to take some of Norway's brisk business, the Norway herself was upgraded several times in order to maintain her position as the "grande dame" of the Caribbean, including the addition of new decks to her superstructure. While many ship aficionados believe the new decks spoiled her original clean, classic lines, the new private veranda cabins on the added decks were instrumental in keeping Norway financially afloat during the later years of her operation, as these became a common feature throughout the cruise industry. Competition eventually overtook the Norway, and she even started taking a backseat to other ships in NCL's lineup itself. No longer the "Ship amongst Ships", her owners severely cut back on her maintenance and upkeep. She experienced several mechanical breakdowns, fires, incidents of illegal waste dumping, and safety violations for which she was detained at port pending repairs. Despite the cutbacks, the ship remained extremely popular among cruise enthusiasts, some of whom questioned the owner's actions in light of the continuing successful operation of the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, which had become a well-maintained rival operating 5-star luxury cruises still for Cunard. “West Indian” redirects here. ... // Sociological concept In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. ... RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. ... The Cunard Line, formerly Cunard White Star Line, is a British cruise line, operator of ocean liners RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) and RMS Queen Mary 2 (QM2). ...

In spite of this, the cutbacks continued and problems mounted even as the ship continued to sail with full occupancy. A turbo-charger fire erupted on the Norway as she entered Barcelona in 1999, which pulled her out of service for three weeks. Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ...

Slated for retirement, the Norway sailed out of Manhattan's west side piers for the last time on September 9, 2001, on yet another transatlantic crossing to Greenock, Scotland, and then on to her home port of Le Havre, France. Her passengers would learn of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington two days later, while in mid-ocean. However, as the cruise industry reeled from the aftermath of the terrorist attacks, her owners decided to place her back into service - operating bargain-basement cruises from Miami, after a brief cosmetic refit that failed to address her mounting mechanical and infrastructure problems. For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Greenock (disambiguation). ... This article is about the country. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Florida. ...

On May 25, 2003, after docking in Miami at 5:00 a.m., the Norway was seriously damaged by a boiler explosion at 6:30 a.m. that killed seven crew members, and injured seventeen, as superheated steam flooded the boiler room, and blasted into crew quarters above through ruptured decking. None of the passengers were affected. On June 27, 2003, NCL/Star decided to relocate the Norway, and she departed Miami under tow, although at first NCL/Star refused to announce her destination. However, she headed towards Europe and eventually arrived in Bremerhaven on September 23, 2003. NCL announced that constructing a new boiler was not possible, however boiler parts were available to repair her. In Bremerhaven she was used as accommodation for NCL crew training to take their places on board the line's new Pride of America. is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 178th day of the year (179th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 266th day of the year (267th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Second decommissioning

SS Norway anchored in Bremerhaven, Germany, February 2004

"France will never sail again," it was announced on March 23, 2004, by NCL Chief Executive Colin Veitch. The ship's ownership was transferred to NCL's parent company, Star Cruises. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 453 KB) Description: Ship Norway anchoring in Bremerhaven, Germany Source: Photographed it myself in february 2004 Photographer: Thorsten Pohl Thpohl File links The following pages link to this file: SS France (1961) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 453 KB) Description: Ship Norway anchoring in Bremerhaven, Germany Source: Photographed it myself in february 2004 Photographer: Thorsten Pohl Thpohl File links The following pages link to this file: SS France (1961) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added... is the 82nd day of the year (83rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Star Cruises largest ship, SuperStar Virgo, lying at anchor near Phuket, Thailand Star Pisces at Ocean Terminal, Hong Kong harbour Star Cruises is the third-largest cruise line in the world behind Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean, and dominates the Asia-Pacific market. ...

Due to large amounts of asbestos aboard the ship (mostly in machine and bulkhead areas), the Norway was not allowed to leave Germany for any scrap yards due to the Basel Convention. However, after assuring the German authorities that Norway would go to Asia for repairs and further operation in Australia, she was allowed to leave port under tow. It was reported that the art from her two dining rooms, children's playroom, stairtower, and library were removed and placed in storage, to possibly be utilized on board a revitalized SS United States, or another ship in the NCL fleet.^[11] However, later photos of the ship at the scrapyards of Alang, India, would prove this statement to be untrue. The Norway left Bremerhaven under tow on May 23, 2005, and reached Port Klang, Malaysia on August 10. For other uses, see Asbestos (disambiguation). ... The Basel Convention (verbose: Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal) is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent dumping of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). ... The SS United States (also known as The Big U) is an ocean liner built in 1952. ... Bremerhaven is a city in the federal state of Bremen, Germany. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Port Klang (Malay: Pelabuhan Klang) is the main port of Malaysia, located in the district of Klang in the state of Selangor. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In fact, the ship was sold to an American naval demolition dealer for scrap value in December of 2005. After eventually reselling the ship to a scrap yard, the ship was to be towed to Bangladesh or India for demolition. However, in light of protests from Greenpeace, potentially lengthy legal battles due to environmental concerns over the ship's breakup, and amidst charges of fraudulent declarations made by the company to obtain permission to leave Bremerhaven, her owners cancelled the sale contract, refunded the purchase price, and left the ship where she was.^[12] Greenpeace protest against Esso / Exxon Mobil. ...

SS Blue Lady

On April 24, 2006, Indian media reported that Star Cruises, parent company of NCL, had sold the SS Norway. The ship was renamed SS Blue Lady in preparation for scrapping, and left anchored in waters off the Malaysian coast, with a skeleton crew aboard for minor maintenance. The beginning of a move of the Blue Lady towards Indian waters was reported three weeks later, and subsequently Gopal Krishna, an environmentalist and an anti-asbestos activist, filed an application before the Supreme Court of India to ensure that the ship, reportedly containing asbestos, complied with court's October 14, 2003, order which sought prior decontamination of ships in the country of export before they could be allowed entry into Indian waters. is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 287th day of the year (288th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The ship was sold to Haryana Ship Demolition Pvt. Ltd. by Bridgend Shipping Limited of Monorovia, Liberia, which in turn had bought it from Star Cruises. Earlier the government of Bangladesh refused the Blue Lady entry into their waters due to the asbestos. In mid-May it was announced that she had left Malaysian waters for the United Arab Emirates for repairs, and to take on new crew and supplies. But this information may have been a ruse, as contrasting documents asserted that the vessel was towed directly to India.^[13][14] Indeed, it was documented that on May 17, 2006, Kalraj Mishra expressed his "concern over environmental pollution due to an incoming ship from Malaysia and a need to formulate a policy on ship breaking" to the Indian Parliament, and requested that the government put a halt to it. The ship, however, did not arrive in Indian waters, 100 km off the coast, until mid July, after departing Fujairah, UAE, on June 14.^[15][16] She was allowed to do so due to the Indian Supreme Court's lifting of any ban on the ship's entry. This also cleared the way for her scrapping at Alang, in Gujarat, pending an inspection of the on-board asbestos by experts from the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB).^[17] June 14 is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. ... Safety is our motto reads this welcome sign at Alang, a statement heavily criticized Alang is a coastal town in the State of Gujarat in India. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... The Government of Gujarat constituted the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) on 15. ...

After GPCB chairman, K.V. Bhanujan, said the Board had constituted an experts' committee for inspection Blue Lady was docked in Pipavav, Kutch District. On August 2, 2006, after a five day inspection, the experts declared the ship safe for beaching and dismantling in Alang.^[18] However, this prompted a fury of controversy over the legality of such an act, including a press release from the NGO Platform on Shipbreaking that critiqued the technical report, alleging that the Technical Committee was under undue pressure to allow the ship to be beached, and had failed to follow the Basel Convention and the Supreme Court of India's order that ships must be decontaminated of hazardous substances such as PCBs and asbestos, and, in any case, must be fully inventoried and formally notified prior to arrival in the importing country.^[19][20] No such notification was made by either Malaysia (last country of departure) nor Germany (country where the ship became waste). The NGO Platform on Shipbreaking also announced that it was prepared to launch a global campaign against Star Cruises and their subsidiary Norwegian Cruise Lines for corporate negligence in this case.^[21] Pipavav is located at Latitude 2054N and Longitude 7130E on the cost of Gujarat. ... is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Safety is our motto reads this welcome sign at Alang, a statement heavily criticized Alang is a coastal town in the State of Gujarat in India. ...

Contrary to inaccurate reports which emerged in mid August, 2006, stating that the Blue Lady had been beached in Alang, and citing the Supreme Court's approval for the move, photos revealed that she was still partially afloat off the coast; her bow on dry beach at low tide, and the ship fully afloat at high tide. The photos also showed that neither NCL nor Star Cruises had removed any of the ship's onboard furniture or artworks (including the murals in the Windward Dining Room and Children's Playroom, and the Steinway piano in Le Bistro), as had previously been reported. Fans of the France became concerned about the future of the art pieces, both due to the ship lying at anchor in a very humid environment without power for air conditioning, and due to lack of concern for preservation on the part of the scrappers.^[22][23] Still, it was stated that as of early September of 2006, the ship's owner had signed contracts with various buyers, including auctioneers and a French museum, to sell the artworks. Other fittings were to be sold by the ton.^[24] Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Steinway & Sons is a piano manufacturing firm, currently based in New York and Hamburg, Germany. ...

Gopal Krishna again moved an application seeking compliance with the Basel Convention, and three days later the Indian Supreme Court decided that the scrapping was to be postponed, stipulating that the Technical Committee, which earlier approved the scrapping, were to write a new report to be submitted before the Court's final decision.^[25] Thereafter, the scrappers continued to winch the ship further ashore in a zig-zag pattern. A zigzag is a pattern made up of many small corners at an acute angle, tracing a path between two parallel lines; it can be described as both jagged and fairly regular. ...

The vessel is currently still beached at Alang.

Design

Exterior

When the France was commissioned in 1956 the French Line asked for a ship which was to be the longest ever built, as well as one of the fastest. But beyond the technicalities, the ship was also to be a Ship of State - an ocean going symbol of France - and thus had to be artfully designed. Her 316 meter (1,035 ft) hull was designed with a traditional tumble-home, but with a flared stem line at the bow, which ended in a bulbous bow beneath the waterline, evoking similar lines on the Normandie. Also similar to the Normandie, the France was equipped with a whaleback on her bow. The hull also included a unique double bottom that enabled her to carry 8,000 tons of fuel - enough for the trip to New York and back. The shafts which turned her quadruple screws were the longest yet built, and the rudder weighed 74 tons. Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The ship of state is a famous and oft-cited metaphor put forth by Plato in book VI of ‘’Platos Republic’’. It likens the governance of a city-state to the command of a naval vessel - and ultimately argues that the only men fit to be captain of this... A hull is the body or frame of a ship or boat. ... The bulbous bow of the U.S. Navy carrier USS Ronald Reagan is clearly visible in this photograph. ... The Normandie was a French ocean liner built in Saint-Nazaire France for Compagnie Générale Transatlantique. ... A double bottom is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom of the ship has two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship, and a second inner hull which is somewhat higher in the ship, perhaps a few... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

Deckhouses on the France's superstructure were built of aluminium, to reduce the ship's weight, and therefore conserve fuel in her operation. Within the superstructure a full length outdoor promenade deck was designed into both sides of the Pont Canots. However, unlike on many other ships, this deck did not wrap completely around the ship, being blocked at the forward end by cabins built in behind the bridgescreen. // Sociological concept In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. ... General Name, symbol, number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, period, block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Standard atomic weight 26. ... The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats. ...

One of the France's most distinguishable features was her funnels, designed not only to be eye-catching but practically functional as well. They were constructed with two wings on the sides, each to lead the exhaust fumes outwards into the ship's slipstream, where they would be caught by the wind and carried away from the passenger decks below. In addition, each stack had a device that filtered all solids from the outlet, returned it into the depths of the ship and then disposed of it into the ocean. dddeath ...

Despite the modern appearance of the France, she was painted in the traditional CGT colours, used since the 19th century, of a black hull with red boot-topping and white superstructure, and funnels in red with black cap-bands. // Public flight demonstration of an airplane by Alberto Santos-Dumont in Paris, November 12, 1906. ...

SS France docking at New York's Hudson River piers at the end of her maiden trans-Atlantic voyage.

The ship's exterior remained unchanged during her thirteen years of service. However, through conversion of the France into a ship used for cruising, many alterations were made to her exterior decks. Image File history File links France_7. ... Image File history File links France_7. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami, Muhheakantuck, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and...

Most notably, vast areas of deck space were opened up, and extended at the stern. A large lido deck was created at the very aft, built so wide, to accommodate as many sunbathing passengers as possible, that it cantilevered over the hull below, which narrowed in towards the stern at that point. The terrace off of the First Class Smoking Room was lost in the construction of an outdoor buffet restaurant, and the Patio Provencal on the Sun Deck was filled in with a top-side swimming pool. This last addition created an odd space on the Norway, where a tunnel-like space remained around the tank of the pool, into which the original exterior windows and doors of the surrounding cabins, which once looked into the Patio Provencal, still opened, all in their original 1960s colours. Lido and the Venetian Lagoon. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

At the forecastle, behind the whaleback, giant davits were installed to hoist two two-story, 11 knot tenders, built by Holen Mekaniske Verksted in Norway, and used to transfer passengers between the Norway and island docks where the harbour would not allow for the ship's 9 m (35 ft) draft. These tenders were named Little Norway I and Little Norway II, and were each themselves registered as ships, making the Norway the only ship in the world to carry ships. (The tenders and davits are illustrated here.) forecastle with figurehead Grand Turk Focsle of the Prince William, a modern square rigged ship, in the North Sea. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Lifeboat tender of the Oosterdam; note the face mask over the front windows, and the rolled-up tarp that can be brought down over the entry port to make the boat watertight A ships tender, usually referred to as a tender, is a boat used to service a ship...

Below the waterline, as the forward engine room had been dismantled, the two original outboard propellers were removed. Location of a ships engine room In a ship, an engine room is where the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, fuel/lubrication oil purifiers and other major machinery are located. ... For other uses, see Propeller (disambiguation). ...

Her operation was revived three further times, in 1990, 1997, and 2001, after machinery, decks, and recreational facilities were renovated. During her 1990 refit, two further decks were added to the top of her structure that featured luxury suites with private verandas. This addition raised her overall tonnage to 76,049 (winning her back the title of largest passenger ship in the world, from the 73,000 ton MS Sovereign of the Seas), her passenger capacity to 2,565, and gave her a competitive edge against newer ships being built at that time which featured more and more private balcony suites for their passengers. But ship aficionados were incensed that these new decks, built with very rectilinear lines to accommodate the prefabricated cabin units within, ruined the original sweeping lines of the France, and made the Norway appear top-heavy. Sovereign of the Seas is one of the cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International. ... Fans of Janet Jackson, at Much Music in Toronto The word fan refers to someone who has an intense, occasionally overwhelming liking of a person, group of persons, work of art, idea, or trend. ...

Interior

SS France

Chambord dining room on the SS France, showing the grande descente from Pont Principal

The France's interiors were where the ship displayed it's purpose as a showcase of modern French art and design. However, the interior designers were burdened with the pressure of living up to France's last great Ship of State, the SS Normandie, whose interiors had been on a scale never surpassed before or after her construction. On top of this they had to work within the more strict fire regulations laid down after the end of World War II, which gave them a limited palette consisting of few woods and much aluminium, Formica, and plastic veneers. This was very much like the interiors of the SS United States, put into service nearly ten years previous, and inspired the design of the public rooms on the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 eight years later.^[26] Also, fire regulations would not allow the France to have the grand vistas that were constructed through the Normandie's main First Class rooms. The France's only double height spaces were the theatre, First Class smoking room, and both First and Tourist Class dining rooms. Image File history File links France-diningroom. ... Image File history File links France-diningroom. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The SS United States (also known as The Big U) is an ocean liner built in 1952. ... RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2) is a Cunard Line ocean liner named after the earlier Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth. ...

One area given an unusual amount of attention was the ships kitchens; 1,500 square meters in area, and placed almost amidships, between the two dining rooms which the one kitchen served. It was thought by the CGT directors that the France would not only display the best in French art and design, but also French cuisine. The kitchens were equipped with the most advanced machinery available, as well as many traditional cooking aides, including a stove that was 12 meters long and 2.5 meters wide. Staffed with 180 of France's best cooks, sauce and pastry chefs, rotisserie cooks, head waiters and wine stewards, this team made the France one of the finest restaurants in the world,^[27] and the food on board prompted food critic Craig Claiborne to state the France's Grille Room was the "best French restaurant in the world." Cuisine (from French cuisine, cooking; culinary art; kitchen; ultimately from Latin coquere, to cook) is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. ... Craig Claiborne (September 4, 1920 - January 22, 2000) was a food writer and former Food Editor of the New York Times. ...

The France's dog kennels were located on the Sun Deck, and, as they served both European and American dogs, a passenger could choose to have their pet's run installed with a Parisian milestone or a New York City fire hydrant."^[28]

For First Class passengers, the Pont Veranda (Veranda Deck) held most of the public rooms. These included the Library and Reading Room, Smoking Room, Grand Salon, and balcony of the theatre, which was dedicated to First Class passengers only. These rooms were arranged down the centre of the ship, with large, glass enclosed promenades to either side. The Library was a circular room with glass and lacquered aluminum enclosed book-cases all around, holding 2,200 editions, and was overseen by an attendant who regulated the borrowing and returning of books, as well as assisting passengers with their choices. The Grand Salon was had a raised ceiling in the centre, over the abstract grey and white marble mosaic dance floor, with lower more intimate spaces at the corners. The theatre, which functioned both as a Proscenium and cinema, sat 185 in the balcony, and 479 on the orchstra level, and had a projection booth which could handle 16, 35, and 70 mm film. Until the 1990s it was the largest theatre ever constructed on a ship. However, one of the main showpieces of the First Class salons was the Smoking Room at the very aft of the Pont Veranda. Two stories high, with a raised section in the centre flanked by large columns, and double-height windows to port and starboard, the room was one of the most imposing aboard the ship. The interior of the Auditorium Building in Chicago built in 1887. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

One level down was Pont Promenade, the main Tourist Class deck. The main lounges and rooms here were the Library, Smoking Room, Grand Salon, and orchestra level of the theatre. Like the Pont Veranda, Pont Promenade also had a glass enclosed promenade along the port and starboard sides of the ship, though the windows did not run full height, nor were the spaces as long.

Pont A held both First Class and Tourist Class dining rooms. These rooms served as the gastronomic counterparts to the smoking rooms, in terms of importance, and thus of form and decor. The First Class Dining Room was located amidships, and spanned the full width of the ship, accommodating 400 passengers. The centre of the space rose to a circular dome, some 5.5 m (18 ft) high, and as on the Normandie, passengers entered from one deck up (Pont Principale) and descended a grand, central staircase to the main dining room floor. Glassware, of which there was 4,800 wine and water glasses, was provided by Saint-Louis crystal factory, and tableware consisted of 22,000 china items, with 25,500 pieces of silverware. The Tourist Class Dining Room similarly was two decks high, but differed in that it had dining on the upper level, with only a well betweel the two floors, and no connecting staircase. It was placed aft of the kitchens, and sat 826 people. Next to the upper level of this dining room was the Children's Dining Room, which allowed both First and Second class parents to dine without the "inconvenience" of young children.

After the first few of the France's cruises, CGT executives realised that there was a problem regarding the naming of the public rooms. After her entrance into service, the rooms were simply known as the "First Class Grand Salon," "First Class Dining Room," "Tourist Class Library," etc. However, during a cruise, where class barriers were withdrawn and all passengers were allowed to use all the spaces equally, it became a slight embarrassment for a passenger traveling in a large cabin to ask a steward for directions to the Tourist Class Dining Room. Hence, proper names were applied to each room to avoid the issue:

• First Class Salon - Salon Fontainebleau
• First Class Music Room - Salon Debussy
• First Class Card Room - Salon Monaco
• First Class Smoking Room - Salon Riviera
• First Class Dining Room - Salle à Manger Chambord
• Tourist Class Salon - Salon Saint Tropez
• Tourist Class Music Room - Salon Ravel
• Tourist Class Smoking Room - Cafe Rive Gauche
• Tourist Class Dining Room - Salle à Manger Versailles

Some anomalies that contravened the class lines were the Bar du l'Atlantique, essentially an after-hours club for drinking and dancing late into the night which was open to both First and Second Class passengers, the Tourist Children’s' Playroom, and the Chapel, open as well to both classes, all of which were located on First Class Pont Veranda.

Fragments of the continuous mural on all walls of the Chambord/Windward dining room

The decor of the rooms was regarded itself as art, with many notable French designers and artists commissioned to create the most striking spaces at sea. Beyond this, many pieces of artwork were especially ordered to adorn the walls of the dining rooms, lounges and cabins. Within the Salon Rivierra the tapestry by Jean Picart le Doux dominated the entire forward wall, at 17.4 m (57 ft) long. In the same room two paintings by Roger Chapelain-Midy occupied niches in opposite corners to the aft. The overall interior was designed by Arbus, who had previously worked with Chapelain-Midy to design sets for a performance of Les Indes galantes at the Palais Garnier in 1952. Slightly forward, the Salon Fontainebleau was decorated by Maxime Old, and within was contained three tapestries by Lucien Coutaud (Les femmes fleurs), two by Claude Idoux (Jardin magique, Fée Mirabelle) and Camille Hilaire (Sous-bois, Forêt de France). Near to that room was the Salon Debussy (Music Room) with thee bronze lacquered panels by Bobot, and a bronze abstract sculpture of a young woman playing a flute, by Hubert Yencesse. The theatre's interior was done in red, grey and gold by Peynet, with the ceiling in grey mosaic tile, and the port and starboard walls in vertical gold lacquered aluminum panels, tilted outwards to allow for recessed lighting from behind. The Chapel's interior was created by Anne Carlu Subes (daughter of Jacques Carlu) in silver annodized aluminum panels arranged in a 45 degree grid pattern. Jacques Noël created trompe l'oeil panels for all four walls of the First Class Children's Playroom in a Renaissance theme, and Jean A. Mercier painted a full mural entitled Une nouvelle arche doe Noe (A New Noah's Arc) for the Tourist Class Childrens' Playroom, using an abstract rendition of the France as the Arc. The Bar du l'Atlantique contained two ceramics by Pablo Picasso, as well three other ceramic sculptures (Faune cavalier, Portrait de jacqueline,and Joueur de flûte et danseuse) by the artist in the Salon Saint Tropez. Image File history File linksMetadata Murals-Norway. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Murals-Norway. ... Les Indes galantes is an opéra-ballet consisting of a prologue and four entrées (acts) by Jean-Philippe Rameau with libretto by Louis Fuzelier. ... The Palais Garnier, Paris The Palais Garnier, also known as the Opéra de Paris as well as the Opéra Garnier, is a 2,200 seat opera house in Paris, France. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jacques Carlu (July 4, 1890 Bonnières-sur-Seine March 12, 1976 Paris) was a French architect and was respsonsible for decorating the Eaton Auditorium and other venues. ... [[: Le Image:Mural de Narbonne. ... The Renaissance (French for rebirth, or Rinascimento in Italian), was a cultural movement in Italy (and in Europe in general) that began in the late Middle Ages, and spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century. ... Noahs Arc (2005) is an American television series. ... “Picasso” redirects here. ...

Lower down the dining rooms were fitted out with the intention that the rooms would be visual equivalents of the excellent food served within them. The Chambord dining room was decorated by Mrs. Darbois-Gaudin in gold anodized aluminum, with monochrome chairs in red, orange, and cream. The dome, painted black, contained an array of recessed pot-lights, and sat within a circular band of transluscent fluorescent lit panels, all on a truncated rotunda of gold aluminum. Around all four walls of the room Jean Mandaroux's continuous mural, painted on 17 lacquered aluminum sheets, was entitled Les plaisirs de la vie: The Pleasures of Life. Less sumptuous in design, the Versailles dining room was done by Marc Simon in tones of green, white and grey. The walls were produced from Polyrey and Formica with a decoupaged gold leaf abstract pattern. Only the forward wall held a mural done in 14 engraved glass panels by Max Ingrand, as well as two tapestries, Les amoureux du printemps by Marc Saint-Saëns, and Paysage provençal by Auvigné. Lowest in the ship, the walls of the First Class swimming pool were covered with back-lit engraved glass panels by Max Ingrand, and a ceramic sculptural fountain by Jean Mayodon sat at the forward end of the room. These inexpensive carabiners have an anodised aluminium surface that has been dyed and are made in many colors. ... Species very many, see text Formica is a genus of ants. ... Decoupage technique incorporates newsprint into this cubist painting by Juan Gris. ...

The Salon Riviera above, and its later incarnation as the Club International below.

The First Class cabins also showcased design and art, especially in the Apartements de Grande Luxe. There were two aboard the France, amidships, on the port and starboard sides, on Pont Superieur. Each had a salon, dining room, two bedrooms, and three bathrooms. The Apartement de Grande Luxe Île de France held a painting, La place de la Concorde, by Bernard Lamotte, as well as one, Parc de Versailles, by Jean Carzou, who also designed the suite's main slaon. Slightly less expensive were the Apartements de Luxe, of which there were 12. Each of these was decorated by artists, including the bathrooms where mosaic artwork adorned the walls around tubs and showers.^[29] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 417 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (834 × 1200 pixel, file size: 511 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Self-created montage Bottom image from: http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 417 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (834 × 1200 pixel, file size: 511 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Self-created montage Bottom image from: http://www. ... Capital Paris Land area¹ 12,011 km² Regional President Jean-Paul Huchon (PS) (since 1998) Population  - Jan. ... Bernard Lamotte (1903-1983) was a Paris-born artist, illustrator, painter and muralist. ... This article is about the city of Versailles. ... Jean Carzou (1907 Aleppo, Syria – August 12, 2000 Marsac-sur-l’Isle, Dordogne) was born to an Armenian family (his name was Garnik Zouloumian). ...

SS Norway

After the ship was purchased by Lauritz Kloster in 1979 many of the original 1960s interiors were lost as rooms were either demolished within larger renovations, or redecorated to suit Caribbean cruising, under the direction of maritime architect Tage Wandborg and New York interior designer Angelo Donghia.^[30] Areas that were completely remodeled included all of the Tourist Class public rooms, and their indoor promenade areas were filled with prefabricated "junior suite" cabins. The former Versailles dining room, now the Leeward, saw the least remodeling, the wall finish and etched glass mural remaining; however, carpeting and furniture was replaced, the open well was lined with smoked glass and aluminum handrails, an aluminum chandelier was placed over the two-storey space, and a spiral staircase was installed to connect the two levels. The former Salon Saint Tropez became the Norway's North Cape Lounge for cabaret and other shows; the decor more dark and muted. Further forward on the same deck, the old Cafe Rive Gauche was transformed into the ship's Monte Carlo casino. With the promenade windows now within cabins, no daylight penetrated to the casino, and so all windows were filled in. The Tourist Class swimming pool, its glass dome gone after the construction of the open pool deck above, was filled with neon lights and covered with a glass dance floor as part of the remodeling of the entire space into the ship's A Club Called Dazzles disco. The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Leeward is the side of a boat away from the direction where the wind is coming (i. ... Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue — a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting around the tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. ... Monte Carlo is a very wealthy section of the city-state of Monaco known for its casino, gambling, beaches, glamour, and sightings of famous people. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

However, most First Class rooms were left intact, save for the Salon Rivierra and Salon Fontainbleu. The former was transformed into the Club International (dubbed Club-I by Norway affectionados), where every element of the original decor was removed. The square columns were made round with vertical aluminum fluting, the walls were repainted in a cream with baby-blue in the ceiling and wall niches, and all the original artwork and furniture was removed. In the corner niches oversized, crystal encrusted Neptune statues were placed, and similar crystal garlanded busts sat on brackets on the forward bulkhead. Lounge seating, sofas and ratan chairs were placed amongst potted ferns, giving the room an overall Miami art-deco feel. Only the railings and bronze, star-shaped light fixtures were original to the room. For other uses, see Neptune (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Florida. ... The Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building in New York, built 1928–1930 City Hall of Buffalo, New York, an Art Deco masterpiece Art Deco was a popular design movement from 1920 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as...

Windward dining room on the SS Norway, with virtually all original decor from its incarnation as the Chambord dining room

The latter space was gutted and remade into Checkers Cabaret; a small show lounge with abstract chrome palm trees around the columns, red lacquered wall panels, and a black and white checker board dance floor, again evoking a 1920s jazz club. The First Class Library remained untouched, and still used for the same purpose, while the Salon Debussy was turned into a shop, though its bronze decor and distinctive ceiling remained intact. To either side of these rooms ran the original First Class promenade decks, which were now turned into main circulation halls along the ship's principal public deck; the starboard dubbed Fifth Avenue and the port as Champs-Élysées, complete with columnar advertising posts similar to those found in Paris. Image File history File links Norwayraoulwind. ... Image File history File links Norwayraoulwind. ... “Checkers” redirects here. ... The 1920s is a decade that is sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... Street sign at corner of Fifth Avenue and East 57th Street Fifth Avenue, early morning photograph, looking south from Thirty-eighth Street Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the center of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. ... The Champs-Élysées (pronounced  ) is the most prestigious and broadest avenue in Paris. ... This article is about the capital of France. ...

Power plant

The main engine room aboard the SS Norway, little changed from its original construction.

The France was constructed by the CGT with speed and comfort in mind, and used the most advanced technology of the time in the design of the ship's propulsion system and other power generating machinery. Fuel costs were also an added factor. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 297 × 188 pixelsFull resolution (297 × 188 pixel, file size: 40 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From: http://perso. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 297 × 188 pixelsFull resolution (297 × 188 pixel, file size: 40 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) From: http://perso. ...

Her engines consisted of eight high-pressure, super-heating boilers delivering 65 kg per cc and 500 degrees Celsius, all weighing 8,000 tons. This delivered 175,000 hp, and provided for a maximum speed of 35 knots, with a fuel consumption of 750 tonnes of oil in a 24 hour period; a savings, compared to the Normandie, of 40 to 50%. The machinery turning the four screws was divided into two fore and aft groups, as was the electrical generating plant.^[3] This article is about a unit of measurement. ...

When the France was converted into the Norway, the speed for trans-Atlantic crossing was not needed, and so the forward boilers and engines were shut down and eventually dismantled. This move cut down fuel consumption to 250 tonnes per 24 hours. The remaining four boilers and engine room were made fully automated, and operated from either a central control station below decks, or from the bridge. Five bow and stern thrusters, developing 10,600 hp, were also installed to increase manoeuvreability in ports without the assistance of tugs.^[30]

See also

• SS France (1912)

The SS France, from a 1912 postcard. ...

External links

Image galleries

• Norway Farewell Transatlantic 2001 - Many photos of the Norway, including interiors and details of artwork
• Slide show of SS France/Norway images
• Pictures of the SS Blue Lady at Alang, India: exterior and interior
• Pictures galleries and personal stories from SS France and SS Norway: Webpage
• Online forum with current discussion on SS Norway and other issues: Forum

Other

• The Classic Liners of Long Ago: France
• Compagnie Générale Transatlantique
• Letter regarding the 2003 boiler explosion filed at the Indian Supreme Court

RMS Queen Elizabeth was a steam-powered ocean liner of the Cunard Steamship Company. ... A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. ... MS Sovereign of the Seas is one of three large cruise ships of the Sovereign class operated by Royal Caribbean International. ... MS Sovereign of the Seas is one of three large cruise ships of the Sovereign class operated by Royal Caribbean International. ... A passenger ship is a ship whose primary function is to carry passengers. ... Carnival Destiny is a cruise ship that is owned and operated by Carnival Cruise Lines. ...

Footnotes

1. ^ Maxtone-Graham, John; Liners to the Sun; Pg. 71
2. ^ Miller, William H.; Famous Ocean Liners; Patrick Stephens Ltd.; 1987; Pg. 107
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Offrey, Charles; 303 Arts, recherces et créations:SS Normandie/SS France/SS Norway: The France, the Last French Passenger Liner
4. ^ SS France (III)/Norway
5. ^ France: Sommaire
6. ^ SS France (III)/Norway
7. ^ SS France: Quai de l'oubli
8. ^ SS Norway: Timeline
9. ^ SS France (III)/Norway
10. ^ France Norway
11. ^ Some Interior Elements Removed in Bremerhaven
12. ^ SS Norway ex France
13. ^ Letter of Pennisular Malaysia Marine Department, May 19, 2006
14. ^ Khaleej Times: Did mystery ship owners lie over fate of SS Norway?
15. ^ SS France/Norway Project Dubai
16. ^ Khaleej Times: Dubai bid to save historic cruise liner
17. ^ Maritime Matters Shipnews
18. ^ BBC: 'Toxic ship' cleared for breaking
19. ^ Toxic Trade News; Irregularities alleged in the functioning of the Technical Committee on Blue Lady; August 3, 2006
20. ^ NGO Platform on Shipbreaking; Comments on the Indian Committee Inspection Report on the Hazardous Materials Onboard the SS Blue Lady; July 31, 2006
21. ^ Toxic Trade News; Cruise Line Called on to Take Responsibility for Toxic Cruise Ship; July 26, 2006
22. ^ The Times of India; 'Blue Lady' gets ready for shipbreaking; Aug 15, 2006
23. ^ the Last of SS Norway Web Auctions: Images
24. ^ SS Norway: Timeline
25. ^ http://www.vg.no/pub/vgart.hbs?artid=126919 Ege, Rune Thomas; VG Net; Her ligger hun på stranden; August 17, 2006 (Article in Norwegian)
26. ^ SS France (III)/Norway
27. ^ Siriex, Françoise and Conquer, Philippe; 303 Arts, recherces et créations: SS Normandie/SS France/SS Norway: The Interior Design of the France
28. ^ SS France (III)/Norway
29. ^ Les ponts et ses amenagements: Ses Intérieurs
30. ^ ^{a b} Conquer, Philippe; 303 Arts, recherces et créations: SS Normandie/SS France/SS Norway: Love's Labours... Lost?