Saccharomyces
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Saccharomyces
Species
Saccharomyces bayanus Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces bulderi Saccharomyces cariocanus Saccharomyces cariocus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces chevalieri Saccharomyces dairenensis Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Saccharomyces martiniae Saccharomyces monacensis Saccharomyces norbensis Saccharomyces paradoxus Saccharomyces pastorianus Saccharomyces spencerorum Saccharomyces turicensis Saccharomyces unisporus Saccharomyces uvarum Saccharomyces zonatus

Saccharomyces is a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast. Saccharomyces is from Latin meaning sugar fungi. Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production. One example is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used in making wine, bread, and beer. Other members of this genus include Saccharomyces bayanus, used in making wine, and Saccharomyces boulardii, used in medicine. Image File history File links S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. ... Subphyla/Classes Archaeascomycetes Euascomycetes Hemiascomycetes or Pezizomycotina Laboulbeniomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes Dothideomycetes (and many more) Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes Taphrinomycotina Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes The Ascomycota, formerly known as the Ascomycetae, or Ascomycetes, are a Division of Fungi, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi, which produce spores... Classes Saccharomycetes Saccharomycotina is an subphylum of the phylum Ascomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. ... Orders Saccharomycetales Saccharomycetes is a class in the kingdom of fungi, and is also known as Hemiascomycetes. ... Families Ascoideaceae Cephaloascaceae Dipodascaceae Endomycetaceae Eremotheciaceae Lipomycetaceae Metschnikowiaceae Phaffomycetaceae Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycodaceae Saccharomycopsidaceae Saccharomycetales is an order in the kingdom of fungi that comprises the budding yeasts. ... Genera Ascobotryozyma Citeromyces Debaryomyces Dekkera (Brettanomyces) Eremothecium Issatchenkia Kazachstania Kluyveromyces Kodamaea Kregervanrija Kuraishia Lachancea Lodderomyces Nakaseomyces Pachysolen Pichia (Hansenula) Saccharomyces Saturnispora Tetrapisispora Torulaspora Vanderwaltozyma Williopsis Zygosaccharomyces Saccharomycetaceae is a family of yeast in the order Saccharomycetales that reproduce by budding. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces bayanus Saccardo, 1895 Saccharomyces bayanus is a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces, and is used in winemaking and cider fermentation. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces boulardii Henri Boulard Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical strain of yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces pastorianus Nguyen & Gaillardin ex. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces uvarum Nguyen & Gaillardin ex. ... For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Fungi (singular fungus) are a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota Basidiomycotina (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of budding yeast. ... A glass of red wine This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... A selection of bottled beers A selection of cask beers Beer is the worlds oldest[1] and most popular[2] alcoholic beverage, selling more than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) per year - producing total global revenues of $331. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces bayanus Saccardo, 1895 Saccharomyces bayanus is a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces, and is used in winemaking and cider fermentation. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces boulardii Henri Boulard Saccharomyces boulardii is a tropical strain of yeast first isolated from lychee and mangosteen fruit in 1923 by French scientist Henri Boulard. ...

Morphology

Colonies of Saccharomyces grow rapidly and mature in 3 days. They are flat, smooth, moist, glistening or dull, and cream to tannish cream in color. The inability to utilize nitrate and ability to ferment various carbohydrates are typical characteristics of Saccharomyces. In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) means several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey etc. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ...

Cellular morphology

Blastoconidia (cell buds) are observed. They are unicellular, globose, and ellipsoid to elongate in shape. Multilateral (multipolar) budding is typical. Pseudohyphae, if present, are rudimentary. Hyphae are absent. A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament that, with other hyphae, forms the feeding thallus of a fungus called the mycelium. ...

Saccharomyces produces ascospores, especially when grown on V-8 medium, acetate ascospor agar, or Gorodkowa medium. These ascospores are globose and located in asci. Each ascus contains 1-4 ascospores. Asci do not rupture at maturity. Ascospores are stained with Kinyoun stain and ascospore stain. When stained with Gram stain, ascospores are gram-negative while vegetative cells are gram-positive. Agar is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae or seaweed. ... Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ... Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ...

History

The presence of yeast in beer was first suggested in 1680, although the genus was not named Saccharomyces until 1837. It was not until 1876 that Louis Pasteur demonstrated the involvement of living organisms in fermentation and in 1888, Hansen isolated brewing yeast and propagated leading to the importance of yeast in brewing. The use of microscopes for the study of yeast morphology and purity was crucial to understanding their functionality. Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. ...

Use in brewing

Brewing yeast are polyploid and belong to the Saccharomyces genera. The brewing strains can be classified into two groups; the ale strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, generally used for ale and stout) and the lager strains (Saccharomyces pastorianus or Saccharomyces uvarum). Lager strains are a hybrid strain of S. cerevisiae (ale strains) and S. bayanus (wine strains) and are often referred to as bottom fermenting. In contrast, ale strains are referred to as top fermenting strains, reflecting their separation characteristics in open square fermenters. Although the two species differ in a number of ways including their response to temperature, sugar transport and utilisation, the S. pastorianus and S. cerevisiae species are closely related within the Saccharomyces genus. Polyploidy refers to cells or organisms that contain more than two copies of each of their chromosomes. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces pastorianus Nguyen & Gaillardin ex. ... Binomial name Saccharomyces uvarum Nguyen & Gaillardin ex. ...

Saccharomyces yeasts can form symbiotic matrices with bacteria, and are used to produce kefir and ginger beer. Grains of kefir Kefir (alternately kephir, kewra, talai, mudu kekiya, milkkefir, búlgaros) is a fermented milk drink that originated in the northern Caucasus is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheeps milk with kefir grains. ... Ginger beer is a type of carbonated beverage, flavored primarily with ginger, lemon and sugar. ...

See Also

• Mating of yeast
• Yeast

Bakers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a simple eukaryote that demonstrates simple sex differentiation and mating and is hence of great interest to science. ... Typical divisions Ascomycota Saccharomycotina (true yeasts) Taphrinomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts) Basidiomycota Basidiomycotina (club fungi) Urediniomycetes Sporidiales Yeasts are unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. ...

References

External links

• Saccharomyces at NCBI taxonomy browser