NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Saionji Kinmochi

Prince Saionji Kinmochi (西園寺公望, Saionji Kinmochi ^?), (23 October 1849 –24 November 1940) was a Japanese politician, statesman and twice Prime Minister of Japan. As the last surviving genro, he was Japan's most honored statesman of the 1920s and 30s. Image File history File linksMetadata Kinmochi_Saionji. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... KyÅto ) (lit. ... November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... Katsura Taro Marquess Katsura Taro (æ¡‚ å¤ªéƒŽ Katsura TarÅ), (1848-01-04â€“1913-10-10) was a Japanese soldier, politician and Prime Minister of Japan. ... Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) ) was one of the main political parties in pre-war Japan It was also known as simply the â€˜Seiyukaiâ€™. Founded in September 1900 by ItÅ Hirobumi, the Seiyukai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseito. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... November 24 is the 328th day (329th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ... The Genro (å…ƒè€) were retired elder Japanese statesmen, who served as informal advisors to the emperor, during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japanese history. ...

Early Life

Kinmochi was born in Kyoto as the son of Udaijin Tokudaiji Kin'ito (1821-1883), head of a kuge family of court nobility. He was adopted by another kuge family, the Saionji in 1851. However, he grew up near his biological parents, since both the Tokudaiji and Saionji lived very near the Imperial Palace. The young Saionji Kinmochi was frequently ordered to visit the palace as a playmate of the young prince who later became Emperor Meiji. Over time they became close friends. Kinmochi's biological brother Tokudaiji Sanetsune later became the Grand Chamberlain of Japan. Kinmochi's close relationship to the Imperial Court helped him in his political career. In his later political life, he was an influence on both the Taisho and Showa emperors. KyÅto ) (lit. ... Udaijin (å³å¤§è‡£), most commonly translated as Minister of the Right, was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. ... The kuge (公家) was a Japanese aristocratic class that dominated the Japanese imperial court in Kyoto until the rise of the Shogunate in the 12th century at which point it was eclipsed by the daimyo. ... Emperor Mutsuhito Mutsuhito or Mitsuhito (睦仁), the Meiji Emperor (明治天皇, literally wise ruling heaven emperor) (3 November 1852–30 July 1912) was the 122nd Emperor of Japan. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Emperor Taisho (å¤§æ£å¤©çš‡ TaishÅ TennÅ) (August 31, 1879 â€“ December 25, 1926), whose given name was Yoshihito (å˜‰ä»), was the 123rd imperial Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, from 1912 until his death in 1926. ... Hirohito (裕仁), the Shōwa Emperor (昭和天皇), (April 29, 1901 - January 7, 1989) reigned over Japan from 1926 to 1989. ...

Meiji Restoration

As the heir of a noble family, Saionji participated in politics from an early age and was known for his brilliant talent. During the Boshin War, which some noblemen at the Imperial Court considered to be a private dispute between samurai, Saionji held the strong opinion that the Imperial Court should seize the initiative and take part in the war and participated in various battles as an imperial representative. The Boshin War (戊辰戦争 Boshin Sensō, literally War of the Year of the Dragon) was fought in 1868-1869 between the Tokugawa Shogunate and the pro-Imperial forces in Japan. ... Japanese samurai in armour, 1860s. ...

Overseas Career

After the Meiji Restoration, he went to France in 1871 for nine years to research European culture, institutions and law, and lived in Paris. While in Paris, he made many acquaintances, including that of Georges Clemenceau. The Meiji Restoration ), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to a change in Japans political and social structure. ... Part of the Paris skyline with from left to right: Montparnasse Tower, Eiffel Tower, and in the background, towers of neighboring La DÃ©fense. ... Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau[1] (28 September 1841 â€“ 24 November 1929) was a French statesman, doctor and journalist. ...

On his return to Japan, he founded the Meiji Law School, which later evolved into Meiji University. Meiji UniversitySchool house. ...

In 1882, Ito Hirobumi visited Europe in order to research the constitutional systems of each major European country, and he asked Saionji to accompany him, as they knew each other very well. After the trip, he was appointed ambassador to Austria-Hungary, and later to Germany and Belgium. Born in Hagi, Yamaguchi, Prince ItÅ Hirobumi (ä¼Šè—¤ åšæ–‡ ItÅ Hirobumi 16 October 1841â€“26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the countrys first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

Political Career

Returning to Japan again, Saionji joined the Privy Council, and served as president of the House of Peers. He also served as Minister of Education in the 2nd and 3rd Ito administrations (1892-1893, 1898) and 2nd Matsukata administration. During his tenure, he strove to improve the quality of the educational curriculum towards an international (i.e. western) standard. The Privy Council of Japan (Sumitsu-in) was an advisory council to the Emperor of Japan that operated from 1888 to 1947. ... The House of Peers (è²´æ—é™¢ Kizokuin) was the upper house of the Imperial Diet under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (in effect from 11 February 1889 to 3 May 1947). ... Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (æ–‡éƒ¨ç§‘å¦çœ; monbukagakushÅ), also known as MEXT, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government. ... Matsukata Masayoshi (松方 正義; February 25, 1835–July 2, 1924) was a Japanese politician and the 4th (May 6, 1891 - August 8, 1892) and 6th (September 18, 1896 - January 12, 1898) Prime Minister of Japan. ...

In 1900, Ito founded the Rikken Seiyukai political party, and Saionji joined as one of the first members. Due to his experiences in Europe, Saionji had a liberal political point of view and supported parliamentary government. He was one of the few early politicians who claimed that the majority party in parliament had to be the basis for forming a cabinet. Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government) ) was one of the main political parties in pre-war Japan It was also known as simply the â€˜Seiyukaiâ€™. Founded in September 1900 by ItÅ Hirobumi, the Seiyukai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseito. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... Alternative meanings: Parliamentary system, Parliament (band), Parliament (cigarette). ...

Saionji replaced Ito as president of the Privy Council in 1900, and as president of the Rikken Seiyukai in 1903.

Prime Minister

From 7 January 1906 – 14 July 1908, and again from 30 August 1911 – 21 December 1912, Saionji served as Prime Minister of Japan. January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ...

Saionji's political philosophy was heavily influenced by his background; he believed the Imperial Court should be guarded and that it should not participate directly in politics - the same strategy employed by noblemen and the Court in Kyoto for hundreds of years. This was another point in which he was opposed by nationalists in the Army, who wished for the Emperor to participate in Japanese politics directly and thus weaken both parliament and the cabinet. Nationalists also accused him of being a 'globalist'. Imperial Court in Kyoto was the nominal ruling government of Japan since 794 until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo and was integrated into the Meiji government. ...

Elder Statesman

Saionji was appointed a genro in 1913, and his main function was that of “kingmaker” – to nominate candidates for Prime Minister to the Emperor for approval. Saionji favored party politicians only when they looked strong enough to form an effective government, and did not hesitate to nominate military men or non-party politicians when he felt necessary. The Genro (å…ƒè€) were retired elder Japanese statesmen, who served as informal advisors to the emperor, during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japanese history. ... A political party is an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ...

In 1919 Saionji led the Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference although his role was largely symbolic due to ill health. In 1920 he was given the title koshaku (Prince) as an honor for a life in public service. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was a conference, organized by the victors of World War I to negotiate the peace treaties between the Allied and Associated Powers and the defeated Central Powers. ...

In his last days, Saionji tried to diminish the influence of the Imperial Japanese Army in political issues. He was one of the most liberal of Emperor Hirohito's advisors, and favored friendly relations with Great Britain and the United States. However, he was careful to pick his battles, and often accepted defeat to the militarists when placed into a position from which he could not easily win, and thus was unable to prevent the military from invading China. The Imperial Japanese Army (: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸åœ‹é™¸è» Shinjitai: å¤§æ—¥æœ¬å¸å›½é™¸è» Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945 when it was Imperial Japan. ... Militarism expounds that the foundation of a societys security is its military capacity, and claims that the development and maintenance of the military to ensure that capacity is the most important goal for that society. ...

External links

Categories: 1849 births | 1940 deaths | Meiji Restoration | Prime Ministers of Japan | Kazoku | Japanese statesmen | Japanese politicians | People from Kyoto Prefecture The Prime Minister of Japan (å†…é–£ç·ç†å¤§è‡£ Naikaku sÅri daijin) is the usual English-language term used for the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Minister of the Cabinet. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... Prince ItÅ Hirobumi , 16 October 1841â€“26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the countrys first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). ... Kuroda Kiyotaka (黒田 清隆; October 16, 1840–August 25, 1900), also known as Ryōsuke, was a Japanese politician of the Meiji era, and the second Prime Minister of Japan from April 30, 1888 to October 25, 1889. ... Yamagata Aritomo (å±±çœŒ æœ‰æœ‹; April 22, 1838â€“February 1, 1922) was a Japanese military leader and politician, and the fourth (December 24, 1889â€“May 6, 1891) and 11th (1898â€“1900) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Matsukata Masayoshi (松方 正義; February 25, 1835–July 2, 1924) was a Japanese politician and the 4th (May 6, 1891 - August 8, 1892) and 6th (September 18, 1896 - January 12, 1898) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Prince ItÅ Hirobumi , 16 October 1841â€“26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the countrys first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). ... Matsukata Masayoshi (松方 正義; February 25, 1835–July 2, 1924) was a Japanese politician and the 4th (May 6, 1891 - August 8, 1892) and 6th (September 18, 1896 - January 12, 1898) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Prince ItÅ Hirobumi , 16 October 1841â€“26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the countrys first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). ... Okuma Shigenobu (大隈重信 Okuma Shigenobu 16 February 1838–10 January 1922) was a Japanese politician and the 8th (June 30, 1898–November 8, 1898) and 17th (April 16, 1914–October 9, 1916) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Yamagata Aritomo (å±±çœŒ æœ‰æœ‹; April 22, 1838â€“February 1, 1922) was a Japanese military leader and politician, and the fourth (December 24, 1889â€“May 6, 1891) and 11th (1898â€“1900) Prime Minister of Japan. ... Prince ItÅ Hirobumi , 16 October 1841â€“26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the countrys first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). ... 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