NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sakha language

Sakha, or Yakut, is a Turkic language with around 363,000 speakers spoken in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation. Its speakers are known as the Sakha or the Yakuts. The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Yakut: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Current distribution of Human Language Families A language family is a group of related languages said to have descended from a common proto-language. ... Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... Altaic is a putative language family which would include 60 languages spoken by about 250 million people, mostly in and around central Asia. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Writing systems of the world today. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languagesâ€”Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainianâ€”and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... Capital Yakutsk Area - total - % water Ranked 1st - 3,103,200 kmÂ² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 58th - est. ... ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family. ... ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. ... ISO 639-3 is in process of development as an international standard for language codes. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1350x625, 54 KB) Summary Map made from Image:BlankMap-World. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Phonetics (from the Greek word Ï†Ï‰Î½Î®, phone meaning sound, voice) is the study of the sounds of human speech. ... Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Capital Yakutsk Area - total - % water Ranked 1st - 3,103,200 kmÂ² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 58th - est. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ...

Classification

Sakha is a member of the Northern Turkic family of languages, which includes Shor, Tuvan, and Dolgan in addition to Sakha. The Northern Turkic family is a subgroup of the Turkic languages, which some linguists believe to be member of the disputed Altaic language family. The Shor language is one of the Turkic languages. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ‹Ð» Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ...

Like Finnish, Hungarian, and Turkish, Sakha has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually Subject Object Verb. Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. ... It has been suggested that Agglutination be merged into this article or section. ... In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... In linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV) is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence appear (usually) in that order. ...

Geographic distribution

Sakha is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Sakha in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan language, a close relative of Sakha, considered by some a dialect, is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region. Sakha is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic. The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Yakut: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Khabarovsk Krai (Хаба́ровский кра́й) (1995 pop. ... The Dolgans (Ð”Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ð½Ñ‹ in Russian; self-designation: Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ð½, Ñ‚Ñ‹Ð°-ÐºÐ¸Ñ…Ð¸, ÑÐ°Ñ…Ð°) are a Turkic -Mongoloid people, who inhabit the Taymyria region in the Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. ... The Dolgans (Russian: ; self-designation: Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ð½, Ñ‚Ñ‹Ð°-ÐºÐ¸Ñ…Ð¸, ÑÐ°Ñ…Ð°) are a Turkic people, who inhabit Taymyr Autonomous Okrug in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. ... Krasnoyarsk Krai (Красноя́рский край) (2002 pop. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Yakut: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ...

Sounds

One characteristic feature of Sakha is vowel harmony. For example, if the first vowel of a Sakha word is a front vowel, the second and other vowels of the same word are usually the same vowel or another front vowel: кэлин (kelin) "back": э (e) is open unrounded front, и (i) is close unrounded front. Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. ...

Consonants

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. ... Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. ... Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ... Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ... Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ... The vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the human larynx. ... A stop or plosive or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... A nasal consonant is produced when the velumâ€”that fleshy part of the palate near the backâ€”is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another. ... Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants. ...

Vowels

In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek Î´Î¯Ï†Î¸Î¿Î³Î³Î¿Ï‚, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ...

Writing system

Sakha is written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Sakha alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of the usual Russian characters but with 5 additional letters: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү. The Cyrillic alphabet (pronounced , also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languagesâ€”Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainianâ€”and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ...

Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Semivowels (also glides, more rarely: semiconsonants) are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with syllabic vowels. ... The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of writing in that language. ...

Grammar

Syntax

The typical word order can be summarized as subject adverb - object - verb; possessor - possessed; noun - adjective. The subject of a sentence is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other being the predicate. ... An adverb is not a part of speech. ... An object in grammar is a sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. ... It has been suggested that Verbal agreement be merged into this article or section. ... Possession, in the context of linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, one of which possesses (owns, rules over, has as a part, has as a relative, etc. ... Possession, in the context of linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, one of which possesses (owns, rules over, has as a part, has as a relative, etc. ... Noun or noun substantive is a lexical category which is defined in terms of how its members combine with other grammatical kinds of expressions. ... In grammar, an adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. ...

Nouns

Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as [-лар (-lar)], [-лэр (-ler)], [-лөр (-lør)], [-лор (-lor)], [-тар (-tar)], [-тэр (-ter)], [-төр (-tør)], [-тор (-tor)], [-дар (-dar)], [-дэр (-der)], [-дөр (-dør)], [-дор (-dor)], [-нар (-nar)], [-нэр (-ner)], [-нөр (-nør)], or [-нор (-nor)], depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender, but the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini) to refer to human beings and ол (ol) to refer to all other things. In linguistics, grammatical gender is a morphological category associated with the expression of gender through inflection or agreement. ... In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun phrase. ...

Pronouns

Personal pronouns in Sakha distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.

Questions

Question words in Sakha remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) "what", ким (kim) "who", хайдах (xaydax) "how", хас (xas) "how much", ханна (xanna) "where", and ханнык (xannɯk) "which".

Literature

The first printing in Yakut was a part of a Nicolaas Witsen's book published in 1692 in Amsterdam. Events February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft. ... Nickname: Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig (Valiant, Determined, Compassionate) Location of Amsterdam Coordinates: Country Netherlands Province North Holland Government - Mayor Job Cohen (PvdA) - Aldermen Lodewijk Asscher Hennah Buyne Carolien Gehrels Tjeerd Herrema Maarten van Poelgeest Marijke Vos - Secretary Erik Gerritsen Area [1][2] - City 219 kmÂ² (84. ...

References

Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3.

See also

Yakuts, self-designation: Sakha, are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. ... The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: ; Yakut: Ð¡Ð°Ñ…Ð° Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ‚Ð°) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... Semyon Novgorodov Semyon Andreyevich Novgorodov (February 13, 1892 â€“ 28 February 1924) was a Yakut democrat, Yakut linguist and the creator of a national written language for the masses. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the â€œInternational Phonetic Alphabetâ€. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

External links

Image File history File links Incubator-notext. ... Wikipedia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Incubator logo The Wikimedia Incubator is a wiki run by Wikimedia Foundation. ...

Language-related

Content in Sakha

Categories: Turkic languages | Languages of Russia | Vowel harmony languages | Sakha Unicode is an industry standard designed to allow text and symbols from all of the writing systems of the world to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. ... Altaic is a proposed language family which includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... The Mongolic languages are a group of thirteen languages spoken in Central Asia. ... Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ... The Buyeo (PuyÅ) languages are a hypothetical language family that would relate the languages of Buyeo, Goguryeo, Baekje and the Japonic languages, and possibly place them together as a family under the hypothetical Altaic family. ... The Japonic languages or Japanese-Ryukyuan languages constitute a language family that is agreed to have descended from a common ancestral language known as Proto-Japonic or Proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan. ... The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with an estimated 140 million native speakers and tens of millions of second-language speakers. ... Bulgar (also BolÄŸar), also Proto-Bulgarian is the language of the Bulgars, now extinct, whose classification is unclear. ... Chuvash language (pronounced /ËˆÊ§u. ... The Hunnic language is an extinct language of the Huns. ... Language spoken by the medieval Khazar tribe. ... The Turkic language spoken by the GÃ¶ktÃ¼rks and used on the Orkhon inscriptions. ... Aini is a Turkic language spoken in western China known as Aini, variously spelled Aynu or Ainu, though it is unrelated to the Ainu language of Japan and Russia. ... The Chagatai language is an extinct Turkic language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia. ... Ili Turki is a language spoken primarily in China. ... Uyghur (â€Ž//, or â€Ž//)[1] is a Turkic language spoken by the Uyghur people in Xinjiang (also called East Turkestan or Uyghurstan), formerly also â€œSinkiangâ€ and â€œChinese Turkestan,â€ a Central Asian region administered by China. ... The Kypchak languages (also known as the Kipchak, Qypchaq, or Northeastern Turkic languages), are a major branch of the Turkic language family spoken by more than 12 million people in an area spanning from Lithuania to China. ... ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... Cuman language was a Turkic language spoken by the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans) similar to todays Crimean Tatar language. ... The Karachay-Balkar language (ÐšÑŠÐ°Ñ€Ð°Ñ‡Ð°Ð¹-ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐºÑŠÐ°Ñ€ /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language of the Karachays and Balkars. ... The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ... Karakalpak is a Turkic language mainly spoken by Karakalpaks in Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan), as well as by Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Nogay. ... Kazakh, also Kazak, Qazaq, Khazakh, Kosach, and Kaisak (ÒšÐ°Ð·Ð°Ò› Ñ‚Ñ–Ð»Ñ– in Cyrillic, Qazaq tili in the Latin alphabet, and Ù‚Ø§Ø²Ø§Ù‚ ØªØ¡Ù‰Ù„Ø¡ÙŠ in the Arabic alphabet) is a Western Turkic language closely related to Kyrgyz, Nogai and Karakalpak. ... The Kipchak language was an extinct Turkic language of Kipchak-Bolghar group. ... Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ... Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar, and Kumyki) is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200 thousands speakers (the Kumyks) in the Dagestan republic of Russian Federation. ... Nogai (also Nogay or Nogai Tatar), is a Turkic language spoken in southwestern Russia. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Altay is a language of the Turkic group of languages. ... Kyrgyz or Kirghiz (ÐšÑ‹Ñ€Ð³Ñ‹Ð· Ñ‚Ð¸Ð»Ð¸) is a Northwestern Turkic language, and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan. ... The Oghuz languages, a major branch of the Turkic language family, are spoken by more than 110-130 million people (including second language speakers) in an area spanning from the Balkans to China. ... Afshar or Afshari, is a Turkic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Iran. ... Crimean Tatar language (QÄ±rÄ±mtatar tili, QÄ±rÄ±mtatarca), also known as Crimean (QÄ±rÄ±m tili, QÄ±rÄ±mca) and Crimean Turkish (QÄ±rÄ±m TÃ¼rkÃ§esi) is the language of the Crimean Tatars. ... The Gagauz language (Gagauz dili) is a Turkic language, used by Gagauz people, official language of Gagauzia, Republic of Moldova. ... Khorasani Turkish (ØªØ±ÙƒÙŠ Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø§Ù†ÙŠ / Xorasan TÃ¼rkÃ§eÉ™sÄ±) is a Turkic language with around 400,000 speakers that is spoken in northern Khorasan in Iran. ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: â€Ž ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Pecheneg language is the extinct Turkic language spoken by the Pechenegs in Eastern Europe, similar to Cuman. ... Qashqai (also spelled Ghashghai, Qashqai, Qashqay, and Kashkai) is a Turkic language. ... Salar is a Turkic language spoken by the Salar people, who mainly live in the provinces of Qinghai and Gansu in China. ... Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in Georgia. ... Khalaj is a language spoken primarily in Iran and Afghanistan. ... Chulyum also known as Chulym-Turkic , Chulym Tatar (not at all related to the Tatar language), or KÃ¼erik is a language of Chulyms. ... The Dolgan Language, is a Turkic language with around 5,000 speakers that is spoken in the Taymyr Peninsula in the Russian Federation. ... FuyÃ¼ GÃ¯rgÃ¯s or Fu-Yu Kirgiz is the easternmost Turkic language. ... Khakas is a Turkic language spoken by the Khakas people, who mainly live in the southern Siberian Khakas Republic, or Khakassia, in Russia. ... The Shor language is one of the Turkic languages. ... Tofa, also known as Tofalar or Karagas, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Tuvan (Tuvan: Ð¢Ñ‹Ð²Ð° Ð´Ñ‹Ð» Tyva dyl), also known as Tuvinian, Tyvan, or Tuvin, is one of the Turkic languages. ... Western Yugur and Eastern Yugur are terms coined by Chinese linguists to distinguish between the Turkic and Mongolic Yugur language, both spoken within the Yugur nationality. ... A mixed language is a language that arises when speakers of different languages are in contact and show a high degree of bilingualism. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

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