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Encyclopedia > Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat

The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (Arabic: الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال; French: Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat, GSPC; also known as Group for Call and Combat) is a militant Sunni Islamist group which aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state. It is Wahhabist, although its members prefer to call themselves Salafis. The group has declared its intention to attack Algerian, French, and American targets. Arabic ( or just ), is the largest member of the family of Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew, Amharic, and Aramaic. ... Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam. ... This article is about political Islamism. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Wahhabism (Arabic: الوهابية, Wahabism, Wahabbism) is an Islamic movement, named after Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703–1792). ... This article is on an Islamic movement. ...


The GSPC has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State. The U.S. State Departments list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations is a list of non-US organizations that are designated as terrorist by the United States Secretary of State in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). ... The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States Government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. ...

Contents

History

The GSPC was founded by Hassan Hattab, a former Armed Islamic Group (GIA) regional commander who broke with the GIA in 1998 in protest over the GIA's slaughter of civilians. After an amnesty in 1999, many former GIA fighters laid down their arms, but a few remained active, including members of the GSPC.[1] Estimates of the number of GSPC members vary widely, from a few hundred to as many as 4000.[2] In September 2003, it was reported that Hattab had been deposed as national emir of the GSPC and replaced by Nabil Sahraoui (Sheikh Abou Ibrahim Mustapha), a 39 year-old former GIA commander who was subsequently reported to have pledged the GSPC's allegiance to al-Qaeda,[3] a step which Hattab had opposed.[4][1] Following the death of Sahraoui in June 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud became the leader of the GSPC.[5] Abdelmadjid Dichou is also reported to have headed the group.[citation needed] Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ... The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic al-Jamaah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) is a militant Islamist group with the declared aim of overthrowing the Algerian government and replacing it with an Islamic state. ... During the bloody Algerian civil conflict of the 1990s, a variety of massacres occurred. ... Nabil Sahraoui (d. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...


A splinter of Hattab's group, the Free Salafist Group (GSL), has been linked with the kidnapping of 32 European tourists in Algeria in early 2003.[1] Other sources claim the involvement of the Algerian intelligence services.[6]


By March 2005, sources say that the GSPC "may be prepared to give up the armed struggle in Algeria and accept the government's reconciliation initiative."[7]. In March 2006, the group's former leader, Hassan Hattab, called on its members to accept a government amnesty under which they can lay down their guns in return for immunity from prosecution.[8] Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ...


In September of 2006 the top Al-Qaida leader Ayman al-Zawahri announced a "blessed union" between the groups in declaring France an enemy. They said they would work together against French and American interests.[9] Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Ayman al-Zawahiri (in Arabic, ايمن الظواهري) (born June 19, 1951) is a prominent member of the al-Qaeda group and formerly the head of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad paramilitary organization. ...


The Group appears now to be headed by Emir Abu Musab Abdelwadoud (real name Abdel Malik Droukdel).


=Events

  • In September 1998, Hassan Hattab breaks away from the GIA to found the GSPC[1]
  • On October 15, 2001, 11 village guards are killed in an ambush while fetching water in the Tebessa region near the Tunisian border. Reports blame about 20 GSPC militants.[10]
  • On May 5, 2002, 15 government soldiers are killed in an ambush near Tizi Ouzou, in the Kabylie region of northern Algeria. About 50 members of the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) were blamed for the assault.[11]
  • On September 19, 2002, 15 people are reported to have been arrested in Kabylie under suspicion of providing money and logistical help to the GSPC[12]
  • Between 22 February and 24 March 2003, the Free Salafist Group or GSL, a splinter group of the GSPC led by Amari Saïfi (Abderrazak “El Para”), allegedly captures 32 European tourists in southern Algeria. On 13 May 2003, seventeen hostages are released and 2 militants are killed in a gun battle (not sure - the release also could have been a fake) in the Algerian desert. The remaining fighters, with fifteen hostages, flee to northern Mali. After receiving a purported €5 million ransom paid by the German government,[13] the GSL/GSPC releases the fourteen remaining hostages on 19 August, 2003.[14] The fifteenth hostage, a German, died of heat exhaustion. [15]
  • In September 2003, Nabil Sahraoui was reported to have replaced Hassan Hattab as leader of the GSPC but other media reports have denied that any change has taken place.[3]
  • On February 7, 2004, the Algerian Army attacks the band of militants in northern Mali, from where they are chased eastward across northern Niger and into Chad.[14]
  • On March 9, 2004, members of the GSL/GSPC fight a gun battle with troops from Niger and Chad, supported by U.S. Special Forces, just inside Chad. 43 Salafi fighters from several West and North African countries are killed. The band's leader and the GSPC's overall number two, Amari Saïfi, escapes but is later captured by a Chadian rebel group, Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad or MDJT).[14]
  • On June 20, 2004, Sahraoui is reported killed in gun battles with Algerian Army, along with many other high-level members of the group.[16]
  • On June 21, 2004, a car bomb injures 11 people and damages the main electricity plant in the capital Algiers. The GSPC claims responsibility.[17]
  • In Autumn 2004, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud (aka Abdel Malik Daroqedel, Abdelmalik Dourkdal or Abou Mossaab Abdelouadoud) succeeds Nabil Sahraoui as head of the GSPC.[5]
  • At the end of October 2004, Amari Saïfi ("El Para") is handed over to the Libyan government, which sent him to be tried in Algeria.[14]
  • On June 6, 2005, days before American soldiers arrive in the Sahel region for a military exercise named "Flintlock 2005", 15 Mauritanian soldiers are killed in an attack on the Lemgheity army base on the north-eastern border with Algeria and Mali. The Mauretanian authorities blame the GSPC, pointing to a statement on a GSPC-affiliated website as evidence. Others doubt the GSPC is responsible and suspect involvement of the Algerian security forces. Mauretanian journalists say that the report has not been independently verified and that they have been denied access to the wounded in hospital.[2]
  • On June 9, 2005, an explosive device kills 13 local government guards in a truck in Algeria's M'sila region southeast of Algiers.[18]
  • The GSPC deputy head Amari Saïfi is imprisoned for life on 25 June 2005.[19]
  • In a September 2005 interview, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud condemns the Algerian government's "peace and reconciliation agreement". He claims to have cut ties with the GSPC's founder, Hassan Hattab who supports the agreement and calls on the GSPC to lay down its arms.[5][4]
  • On November 17, 2005, three Algerian nationals are arrested in Naples, Italy on suspicion of planning a terrorist attack. They are said to have had contacts with Salafist groups in Algeria, notably the GSPC. [20]
  • On February 1, 2006, the Algerian daily Liberté reports that spiritual leader Ahmed Abou al-Baraa (real name Ahmed Zarabib) has been killed by Algerian government forces in the mountains near Toudja on January 17.[21]
  • On March 30, 2006, Hassan Hattab, a founder of the group, is reported to have called on its remaining members to accept an amnesty offered by the Algerian government.[8]
  • On September 14, 2006, al-Qaeda announced it will will join the GSPC in their fight against France. They plan to attack France, the United States, and their allies.[22][23]

The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic al-Jamaah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) is a militant Islamist group with the declared aim of overthrowing the Algerian government and replacing it with an Islamic state. ... October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tebessa is a wilaya of Algeria. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Tizi Ouzou (Arabic: تيزي وزو ) is a major Kabyle town and capital of Tizi Ouzou province, Algeria. ... Kabylie or Kabylia is a mountainous area in the north of Algeria. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Kabylie or Kabylia is a mountainous area in the north of Algeria. ... Nabil Sahraoui (d. ... Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ... February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (French: Mouvement pour la democratie et la justice au Tchad, abbreviated as MDJT) is a Chadian rebel group that tried to oust the government of the current Chadian president Idriss Déby from October 1998-2003. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 21 is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 193 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining // 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... See also Sahel, Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. ... Forces from the Republic of the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces Joint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces who are stationed outside of the United States by holding the training exercises... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... MSila is a wilaya of Northern Algeria. ... This article is about the capital of Algeria. ... Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Bay of Naples Naples (Italian: , Neapolitan: Nàpule, from Greek Νεάπολη < Νέα Πόλις Néa Pólis New City) is the largest city in southern Italy and capital of the Campania region and the Province of Naples. ... February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (90th in a leap year). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ... September 14 is the 257th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (258th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

Speculation about international links

GSPC Area of Operations & Pan-Sahel Initiative nations
GSPC Area of Operations & Pan-Sahel Initiative nations

Algerian officials and authorities from neighbouring countries have long speculated that the GSPC may be active outside Algeria. However, these activities most likely have to do with the GSPC's long-standing involvement with the black economy - smuggling, protection rackets and money laundering across the borders of Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Libya and Chad - which provides the group's financial underpinnings.[1] However, recent developments seem to indicate that a splinter group may have sought refuge in the Tuareg regions of northern Mali and Niger following crackdowns by Algerian government forces in the North and South of the country since 2003.[14] Image File history File links GSPC_map. ... Image File history File links GSPC_map. ... The black market is the sector of economic activity involving illegal economic dealings, typically the buying and selling of merchandise illegally. ... For other senses of this name, see Tuareg (disambiguation). ...


A number of observers have voiced strong doubts regarding the GSPC's capacity to carry out large-scale attacks such as the one in northeastern Mauritania during the "Flintlock 2005" military exercise.[24] They suspect the involvement of Algeria's Department of Intelligence and Security (DRS) in an effort to improve Algeria's international standing (as a credible partner in the "war against terrorism") and to lure the United States into the region.[6] Forces from the Republic of the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces Joint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces who are stationed outside of the United States by holding the training exercises... ...


Allegations of GSPC's links to al-Qaeda predate the attacks of September 11, 2001. As followers of a Qutbist strand of jihadist Salafism, the members of the GSPC are thought to share al-Qaeda's general worldview. After the desposition of the group's founder, Hassan Hattab, in 2003, various leaders of the group have pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. However, the GSPC is committed to a nationalist agenda (jihad inside Algeria) and uninterested in al-Qaeda's objectives of global jihad. Some observers believe that the GSPC's connection to al-Qaeda is most likely nominal (i.e. opportunistic), not operational.[14] Claims of GSPC activities in Italy[25] are disputed by other sources, who say that there is no evidence of any engagement in terrorist activities against US, European or Israeli targets: "While the GSPC [...] ha[s] established support networks in Europe and elsewhere, these have been limited to ancillary functions (logistics, fund-raising, propaganda), not acts of terrorism or other violence outside Algeria."[1] Investigations in France and Britain have concluded that young Algerian immigrants sympathetic to the GSPC or al-Qaeda have taken up the name without any real connection to either group.[2] Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Sayyid Qutb (9 October 1906 in Musha – executed on 29 August 1966) was an important theoretician of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. ... Jihad, sometimes spelled Jawwad, Jahad, Jehad, Jihaad, Jiaad, Djehad, or Cihad, (Arabic: ‎ ) is an Islamic term, meaning to strive or struggle in the way of God, and is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it has no official status. ... This article is on an Islamic movement. ... Hassan Hattab was the leader and founder of the Algerian Islamist rebel group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...


Similar claims of links between the GSPC and Abu Musab Al Zarqawi in Iraq[26] are based on purported letters to Zarqawi by GSPC leader Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud.[27] In a September 2005 interview, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud hailed Zarqawi's actions in Iraq.[5] Like the GSPC's earlier public claims of allegiance to al-Qaeda, they are thought to be opportunistic legitimation efforts of the GSPC's leaders due to the lack of representation in Algeria's political sphere.[1] Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in one of eight photos from Rewards for Justice, all undated. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...


After years of absence, the United States has begun to show renewed military interest in the region[28][29] and staged the "Flintlock 2005" exercise, which involved US Special Forces training soldiers from Algeria, Senegal, Mauritania, Mali and Chad. The United States alleges that the Sahel region has become a training ground for Islamist recruits.[30] Yet the two most important pieces of evidence of 'terrorist activity' - the tourist kidnapping of 2003 and the attack on the Mauritanian army base just as "Flintlock" got underway - have been called into question.[31][24] Forces from the Republic of the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces Joint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces who are stationed outside of the United States by holding the training exercises... See also Sahel, Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. ... Forces from the Republic of the Solomon Islands receive instruction on the FN FAL rifle from American Special Forces Joint Combined Exchange Training or JCET programs are exercises designed to provide training opportunities for American Special Forces who are stationed outside of the United States by holding the training exercises...


Observers say that the region's governments have much to gain from associating[32] local armed movements and long-established smuggling operations with al-Qaeda and a global 'War on Terrorism'.[24][14] In June 2005, while the "Flintlock" exercise was still underway, Mauritania asked "Western countries interested in combating the terrorist surge in the African Sahel to supply it with advanced military equipment."[33] Al-Qaeda (Arabic: &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577;, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ... Combatants Participants in Operations: United States United Kingdom Turkey South Korea Australia Canada Israel Spain Pakistan Portugal Afghanistan Romania Italy Poland Greece Philippines Ethiopia Jordan Saudi Arabia NATO Government of Iraq Kurdish forces Armenia Transitional Federal Parliament and others Targets of Operations: al-Qaeda Taliban Baathist Iraq Baath...


Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Islamism, Violence and Reform in Algeria: Turning the Page (Islamism in North Africa III) International Crisis Group Report, 30 July 2004
  2. ^ a b c BBC Documentary about increased US military focus on the Sahara region. August 2005.
  3. ^ a b Algerian group backs al-Qaeda, BBC News, 23 October 2003
  4. ^ a b Interview with the Former Leader of the Salafist Group for Call and Combat, Ash-Sharq al-Awsat, 17 October 2005
  5. ^ a b c d Interview with Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud, commander of the GSPC, 26 September 2005 (globalterroralert.com website) (pdf)
  6. ^ a b El Para, the Maghreb’s Bin Laden - who staged the tourist kidnappings? by Salima Mellah and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire, Le Monde Diplomatique, February 2005
  7. ^ Georges Rassi, "End of Insurgency", al-Mustaqbal, as reported in MidEast Mirror, 24 March 2005. Quoted in Islamist Terrorism in the Sahel: Fact or Fiction?
  8. ^ a b Top Algerian Islamist slams Qaeda group, urges peace, Reuters, 30 March 2006
  9. ^ [1]Al-Qaida joins Algerians against France, AP, 14 September 2006
  10. ^ Killings in Algeria ambush, BBC News, 15 October 2001
  11. ^ Algerian ambush leaves 15 dead, BBC News, 6 May 2002
  12. ^ Algerian army kills 24 guerrillas, BBC News, 19 September 2002
  13. ^ Newspaper: Berlin paid ransom to free hostages, Deutsche Welle 6 August 2004
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Islamist Terrorism in the Sahel: Fact or Fiction? - International Crisis Group Report, 31 March 2005
  15. ^ Craig Whitlock. "Taking Terror Fight to N. Africa Leads U.S. to Unlikely Alliances", The Washington Post, 2006-10-28, p. A01. Retrieved on 2006-10-28.
  16. ^ Algerian terror leader killed The Australian, 20 June 2004
  17. ^ Algiers blast 'was car bombing', BBC News, 7 July 2004
  18. ^ Algeria militants kill 13 guards, BBC News, 9 June 2006
  19. ^ Algerian rebel gets life sentence, BBC News, 25 June 2005
  20. ^ Italy holds three terror suspects, BBC News 17 November 2005
  21. ^ Salafist leader killed in Algeria Al-Jazeerah, 2 February 2006
  22. ^ Al-Qaida joins Algerians against France AP, 14 September 2006
  23. ^ Al-Qaeda's Far-Reaching New Partner: Salafist Group Finds Limited Appeal in Its Native Algeria, Washington Post, October 5, 2006
  24. ^ a b c US targets Sahara 'terrorist haven', BBC News, 8 August 2005
  25. ^ GSPC in Italy: The Forward Base of Jihad in Europe by Kathryn Haar, Jamestown Foundation, 9 February 2006)
  26. ^ (Ash-Sharq al-Awsat, 3 July 2005)[citation needed]
  27. ^ Algerian terror group seeks Zarqawi's help, UPI 2 May 2006
  28. ^ General Sees Expanding Strategic Role for U.S. European Command In Africa by Charles Cobb Jr., American Enterprise Institute, 16 April 2004
  29. ^ Africa Command Not European Command, Says Official by Charles Cobb Jr., American Enterprise Institute, 4 May 2004
  30. ^ DoD Press Release about the "Flintlock 2005" military exercise, 17 June 2005
  31. ^ L'attaque contre la garnison de Lemgheity toujours à la une, Panapress, Jeune Afrique, 16 June 2005
  32. ^ Un Marocain arrêté en Mauritanie pour terrorisme, La Libération (Casablanca), 8 June 2006
  33. ^ Mauritanian authorities transform Lemgheity post into military base, Al-Akhbar website in Arabic 1410 gmt 22 Jun 05, BBC Monitoring Service.

The International Crisis Group is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization whose mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts through field-based analysis and high-level advocacy. ... Ash-Sharq al-Awsat (The Middle-East) is one of the leading pan-Arab daily newspaper, with a circulation of 200 000. ... The International Crisis Group is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization whose mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts through field-based analysis and high-level advocacy. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 28 is the 301st day of the year (302nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 64 days remaining. ... ... October 5 is the 278th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (279th in Leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Jamestown Foundation (founded 1984) is an American think tank whose mission is to inform and educate policy makers about events and trends which are current strategic importance to the United States. ... Ash-Sharq al-Awsat (The Middle-East) is one of the leading pan-Arab daily newspaper, with a circulation of 200 000. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research is a conservative think tank founded in 1943 whose stated mission is to support the foundations of freedom - limited government, private enterprise, vital cultural and political institutions, and a strong foreign policy and national defense. ... The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research is a conservative think tank founded in 1943 whose stated mission is to support the foundations of freedom - limited government, private enterprise, vital cultural and political institutions, and a strong foreign policy and national defense. ...

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