Salvia
Meadow sage Salvia pratensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Salvia L.
Species
see List of Salvia species For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) are one of the major groups of modern plants, comprising those that produce seeds in specialized reproductive organs called flowers, where the ovulary or carpel is enclosed. ... Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants. ... Families See text The Order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. ... Genera Many, see text Ref: Delta 2002-07-22 Lamiaceae, or the Mint family, is a family of plants in about 180 genera and some 3,500 species. ... Carl Linnaeus, Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as  , (May 13, 1707[1] – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist[2] who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. ... Genus Salvia Salvia aethiopis L. Salvia amissa Epling Salvia apiana Jepson Salvia argentea L. Salvia arizonica Gray Salvia azurea Michx. ...

Salvia is a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as sage. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to common sage (Salvia officinalis); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. This genus includes approximately 700 to 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals with almost world-wide distribution. The center of diversity and origin appears to be Central and South Western Asia.^[1] Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants.^[2] The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name Salvia. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Genera Many, see text Ref: Delta 2002-07-22 Lamiaceae, or the Mint family, is a family of plants in about 180 genera and some 3,500 species. ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... Binomial name L. Sage leaves - first variety Sage leaves - second variety Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... A herb (pronounced hurb in Commonwealth English and urb in American English) is a plant grown for culinary, medicinal, or in some cases even spiritual value. ... Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Peas are an annual plant. ... Petunia This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

The closely related genera Perovskia and Phlomis are also known as sage. Some species of the unrelated genus Artemisia are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of sagebrush. Smudge bundles are made with various grey-leaved species of Artemisia and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is Salvia apiana, which has a delightful scent when burned. Species 7, including: Perovskia atriplicifolia (Russian Sage) Perovskia abrotanoides Perovskia is a genus in the lamiaceae or mint family, comprising seven species, including the garden plant commonly known as Russian Sage. ... Species About 100, including: Phlomis alpina Phlomis armeniaca Phlomis bovei Phlomis bracteosa Phlomis cashmeriana Phlomis chrysophylla Phlomis ferruginea Phlomis fruticosa Phlomis grandiflora Phlomis herba-venti Phlomis italica Phlomis lanata Phlomis longifolia Phlomis lychnitis Phlomis lycia Phlomis milingensis Phlomis pratensis Phlomis pungens Phlomis purpurea Phlomis rotata Phlomis russeliana Phlomis samia Phlomis... Species See text Artemisia abrotanum (Southernwood) Artemisia absinthium (Absinth Wormwood) Artemisia alba Artemisia Powys Castle Artemisia californica (California Sagebrush) leaves Artemisia mauiensis (Maui Wormwood) Artemisia pontica (Roman Wormwood) Artemisia pycnocephala (Beach Sagewort) flowers Dried Artemisia absinthium (Absinth Wormwood) Artemisia absinthium (Absinth Wormwood) Artemisia cina (Levant Wormseed) Artemisia is a large...

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, and a few woody based sub-shrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. The flowers are produced in spikes, racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, with out bearded throats, and divided into 2 parts or lips, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are 2-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and the lower spreading. The lower lip typically has 3 lobes with the middle lobe longest. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are 2-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets. In common parlance, a stem is any elongated, usually narrow, extension or supporting structure of an object. ... Genera Many, see text Ref: Delta 2002-07-22 Lamiaceae, or the Mint family, is a family of plants in about 180 genera and some 3,500 species. ... For other uses, see Flower (disambiguation). ... Look up spike in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This inflorescence of the terrestrial orchid Spathoglottis plicata is a typical raceme. ... White-fruited Rowan (Sorbus glabrescens) corymb; note the branched structures holding the fruits. ... The word calyx has several possible meanings: Look up calyx in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Stamens of the Amaryllis with prominent anthers carrying pollen Insects, while collecting nectar, unintentionally transfer pollen from one flower to another, bringing about pollination The stamen (from Latin stamen meaning thread of the warp) is the male organ of a flower. ...

Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including (but not limited to) the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on S. aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on S. pratensis). A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Subdivisions See Taxonomy of Lepidoptera and Lepidopteran diversity. ... Bucculatricidae is a family of moths. ... Coleophora is a very large genus of moths of the family Coleophoridae with over 750 described species. ...

Selected species

Main article: List of Salvia species

• Salvia apiana - White sage, California white sage.
• Salvia argentea - Silver sage.
• Salvia arizonica - Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual.
• Salvia austriaca - Austrian sage.
• Salvia azurea - Blue sage, Azure blue sage; very big bright blue flowers.
• Salvia candelabrum - a blue-flowering scented sage.
• Salvia carnosa - a blue-flowering annual, native to the Arizona desert.
• Salvia clevelandii - Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage.
• Salvia coccinea - Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial
• Salvia columbariae - Chia, Chia sage, California chia.
• Salvia divinorum - Diviner's sage.
• Salvia dorrii - Ute Tobacco Sage (mild hallucinogen when smoked)
• Salvia farinacea - Mealycup sage, annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters
• Salvia forreri
• Salvia fulgens - Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial
• Salvia funerea – Death Valley sage
• Salvia glutinosa
• Salvia greggii - Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent
• Salvia guaranitica - Anise sage or hummingbird sage.
• Salvia hispanica - the Chia of commerce.
• Salvia leucantha - Mexican bush sage, velvety spikes of violet-purple and white, 3' tall.
• Salvia leucophylla - Purple sage.
• Salvia libanotica - Mediterranean or middle eastern sage
• Salvia longistyla - Mexican sage.
• Salvia lyrata - Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage.
• Salvia mexicana - Mexican sage, medium blue to violet and lavender, 8' to 10' tall.
• Salvia miltiorrhiza - Chinese sage
• Salvia officinalis - Common sage.
• Salvia patens - a blue-flowering annual.
• Salvia polystachya - Chia sage, Chia seed.
• Salvia potus - Chia.
• Salvia pratensis - Meadow clary or Meadow sage.
• Salvia roemeriana - Cedar Sage; this species prefers shady moist areas
• Salvia sclarea - Clary or Clary sage.
• Salvia spathacea - Pitcher sage or Hummingbird sage.
• Salvia splendens - Scarlet sage.
• Salvia verbenaca - Wild clary, Wild sage.
• Salvia verticillata - Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary
• Salvia viridis (syn.: S. horminum) - Painted sage.

Genus Salvia Salvia aethiopis L. Salvia amissa Epling Salvia apiana Jepson Salvia argentea L. Salvia arizonica Gray Salvia azurea Michx. ... Binomial name Salvia apiana Jepson White sage (Salvia apiana), also known as Sacred sage, is an evergreen perennial shrub of the genus Salvia, the sages. ... Binomial name Salvia argentea L. Silver Clary (Salvia argentea), also known as Silver Sage, is a biennial or short-lived perennial plant. ... Binomial name Gray Salvia arizonica is a species of sage known commonly as desert indigo sage and Arizona sage. ... [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{{diversity}}} Binomial name Salvia columbariae Benth. ... Binomial name Epling & Játiva[1] Salvia divinorum, also known as Diviners Sage,[2] Magic Mint,[2] María Pastora,[3] Sage of the Seers, or simply Salvia (although the genus name is shared among many plants), is a powerful psychoactive plant, a member of the sage genus and... Binomial name (Kellogg) Abrams Salvia dorrii,[1][2] also known as Tobacco sage or Dorrs sage or Purple or Mint sage is a plant in the genus Salvia, commonly called the sages, in the family Lamiaceae. ... The Utes (; yoots) are an ethnically related group of American Indians now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. ... Binomial name Salvia forreri is a ground-covering plant, dormant in Winter, which will rapidly spread over an area of about 3ft. ... Binomial name M.E. Jones Death Valley sage (Salvia funerea), is a spiny-leaved shrub found in washes and limestone canyon walls in the Death Valley region of California. ... Binomial name Salvia glutinosa L. Salvia glutinosa is native to Central and East Europe, and West Asia. ... Binomial name Salvia greggii, commonly known as Autumn Sage, is a species of sage (genus Salvia) native to Texas and Mexico. ... Hummingbird sage is a name applied to at least two species of sages, Salvia spathacea and Salvia guaranitica. ... Binomial name Salvia hispanica L. For other uses, see Chia (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Salvia leucophylla Greene Salvia leucophylla (Purple Sage) is an aromatic sage native to the southern coast of California and Baja California, with a range stretching from Santa Maria southward, at 50–800 m altitude. ... Binomial name Boiss. ... Binomial name Salvia longistyla is a Mexican species, which flowers in mid-Autumn. ... Binomial name Salvia lyrata L. Salvia lyrata (Lyre-leafed Sage), is a species of sage native to the eastern United States, from Connecticut west to Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas. ... Binomial name Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia miltiorrhiza (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: dǎnshēn), also known as Red sage, Chinese sage, tan shen, or dan shen, is a shade-growing perennial flowering plant in the genus Salvia, highly valued for its roots in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). ... Binomial name Salvia officinalis Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. ... Binomial name Salvia pratensis L. Salvia pratensis (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage; syn Salvia virgata Ait. ... Binomial name Salvia sclarea L. ref. ... Binomial name Salvia spathacea Greene Salvia spathacea (Pitcher Sage or Hummingbird sage) is a species of sage native to southern California. ... Binomial name Salvia splendens Sellow ex J.A. Schultes Salvia splendens (Scarlet Sage or Tropical Sage) is a species of sage native to Brazil. ... Binomial name Salvia verticillata is widespread throughout central Europe and Western Asia. ... Binomial name Salvia viridis L. Salvia viridis (Annual Clary; syn. ... In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ...

Cultivation and uses

History

The sage species used as herbs come from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Sage has also been grown in central Europe since the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

The name Salvia derives from the Latin salvere, which means "to heal". Indeed this herb is highly regarded for its healing qualities. An ancient proverb states, "Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?". The ancient Greeks used it to treat consumption, ulcers and snake bites. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ... Snakebite can refer to several things: A cocktail made from lager beer and cider (hard cider); see snakebite (cocktail). ...

The Ancient Romans considered sage to be a sacred herb and followed an elaborate ceremony when harvesting it. A sage gatherer would use a special knife (not made of iron as it reacts with the sage), have to have clean clothes and clean feet and a sacrifice of food would have to be made before he could begin. The Romans would use it for toothpaste; they also believed it to be good for the brain, senses and memory.^{[citation needed]} Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Part of the ceremony of the Changing of the Guard in Whitehall, London. ...

The Chinese also were quite partial to this herb. 17th century Dutch merchants found that they would trade one chest of sage leaves for three of their teas [1].

Sages are also used by several Native American cultures. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ...

Medicinal uses

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Several types of Salvia are used medicinally: Image File history File links Question_book-3. ...

• aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented leaves, also used as herbs)
• non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent)
• Chia sages
• Divinorum (Diviner's sage) contains a diterpenoid used for spiritual and recreational purposes.
• Alzheimer's disease, research has shown that it improves cognitive function over a period of several months ^[3].

The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or tinctures to prevent coughs. Less aromatic species of Salvia are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief. Look up foliage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Binomial name Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum (also known as diviners sage or simply salvia) is a psychoactive plant, a member of the sage genus and the Lamiaceae (mint) family. ... Alzheimers disease was first described by psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and neurologist Alois Alzheimer. ... In medicine, a tincture is an alcoholic extract (e. ...

Common sage (Salvia officinalis) drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance milk production. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy and medicine. Binomial name L. Sage leaves - first variety Sage leaves - second variety Common sage (Salvia officinalis) is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. ... A glass of cows milk. ... An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants. ... It has been suggested that Aromatherapy Candles be merged into this article or section. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ...

White sage (Salvia apiana) is a very strong general anti-inflammatory, used as tea or tincture. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a perfume. This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks. Binomial name Jepson White sage (Salvia apiana), also known as Sacred sage, is an evergreen perennial shrub of the genus Salvia, the sages. ... Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ... For other uses, see Perfume (disambiguation). ...

Pineapple sage (Salvia elegans, old: S. rutilans) is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the scented geraniums, a sweet-smelling Pelargonium species. Binomial name Salvia elegans Vahl Pineapple sage (Salvia elegans) is a tender perennial plant with tubular red flowers and an attractive scent to the leaves. ... Species About 200: Pelargonium radens Pelargonium scabrum Pelargonium triste et al. ...

Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine. Binomial name Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia miltiorrhiza (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: dǎnshēn), also known as Red sage, Chinese sage, tan shen, or dan shen, is a shade-growing perennial flowering plant in the genus Salvia, highly valued for its roots in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). ... Traditional Chinese medicine shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. ...

Chia sages. The seeds of these species are used as bulk laxatives, much like the seeds of Psyllium (Plantago spp.) or linseed. Chia has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its mucilaginous qualities by Mexican natives. Psyllium or Ispaghula is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage. ... Binomial name Linum usitatissimum L. Linnaeus, 17?? Common flax (also known as linseed) is a member of the Linaceae family, which includes about 150 plant species widely distributed around the world. ... Binomial name Salvia hispanica L. Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a plant of the genus Salvia of the mint family. ... Mucilage is a thick gluey substance, often produced by plants. ...

Diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum) also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just Salvia, is a plant that differs from all the other sages. It is a Mexican visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true cultivar. It is known to have strong psychoactive (specifically psychedelic) properties. Binomial name Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum (also known as diviners sage or simply salvia) is a psychoactive plant, a member of the sage genus and the Lamiaceae (mint) family. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... For psychedelics, see psychedelic drug. ...

References and external links

• A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0-88192-369-9. An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available.
• [2] ITIS 32680 2002-09-06
• Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p

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Salvia

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References